Guide to Nongovernmental Organizations for the Military

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About the International Health Division OASD(HA)-IHD The International Health Division (IHD) advises the assistant secretary of defense (Health Affairs) on policy related to interaction of the military health system with host nation civilians and their health infrastructure in stability operations, counterinsurgency, and humanitarian assistance/disaster response. The IHD is supervised and resourced by the deputy assistant secretary of defense for force health protection and readiness. In accordance with DOD instructions, IHD is committed to partnerships in policy with NGOs, the Interagency, allies, private groups and others. IHD identifies gaps in knowledge, policy and capabilities, and informs OASD(HA)’s continuous quality improvement to meet the challenges of disaster response, complex emergencies, fragile states, and conflict zones. In these circumstances, DOD recognizes it is rarely the health lead except by default; however, MHS must be able to effectively support other agencies and, when necessary, take lead in areas that are too dangerous or otherwise inaccessible to nonmilitary agencies and assets. A Guide to NGOs for the Military 6
Introduction This book is about nongovernmental organizations (NGOs), often referred to as private voluntary organizations (PVOs), nonprofits, charities, and (humanitarian) aid organizations. Its aim is to orient the military with NGOs: their operations, strengths, limitations, budgets, practices, and other characteristics that make them unique actors in a large and dynamic humanitarian community. Every NGO is unique: no two have exactly the same objectives, missions, operating procedures, or capacities. To provide a cohesive body of information, generalizations are often made and detail may be sacrificed. This book has been produced specifically for uniformed services personnel, but it may prove useful to others in understanding some of the military-specific issues in foreign aid. The annexes in this book play an important part in constructing an understanding of NGOs and the NGO community. Designed as a quick reference, annex 2 is a compilation of the most informative websites highlighted in different sections of the book. Annex 1 covers the basics for NGOs commonly found in humanitarian emergencies around the world and ones the military are likely to encounter. In addition, a more comprehensive and searchable database of NGOs can be found at www.globalhealth.org. This publication was initially written in the spring and summer of 2002 by Grey Frandsen, at the time a project officer for CDHAM and a graduate student at the Johns Hopkins University School for Advanced International Studies (SAIS). Mr. Frandsen served as special assistant to Ambassador Carlos Pascual, who headed the Office of the Coordinator for Reconstruction and Stabilization (S/ CRS) at the State Department, and S/CRS advisor on NGO-military relations. Using the original text as a guide, the book was rewritten and updated in 2009. Many people contributed to this effort and are designated as authors in the chapter they wrote or edited. Additional editorial help came from Jennifer Espititu MD, MPH (UNC-Chapel Hill), Warner Anderson (IHD), Charlie Beadling, and Kevin Riley (CDHAM). The extensive NGO list in annex 1 was researched and written by Kristen Saenger and Helen Barnhardt, both first-year medical students at Uniform Services University of the Health Sciences, with the help of Gregg Nakano (CDHAM). We are grateful to everyone who helped in this revision. This publication was funded and published by the Center for Disaster and Humanitarian Assistance Medicine, but does not express the opinion, findings, or position of CDHAM, the Uniformed Services University system, or the U.S. Department of Defense. For feedback, suggestions, or additions, contact Dr. Lynn Lawry at llawry@ihresearch.org A Guide to NGOs for the Military 7
Page 1 and 2: edited by Lynn Lawry MD, MSPH, MSc
Page 3 and 4: Copyright restrictions pertain to c
Page 5: About CDHAM: Advancing medicine in
Page 9 and 10: DLA Defense Logistics Agency DODD U
Page 11 and 12: SecDef Secretary of Defense SHAPE S
Page 13 and 14: Chapter 1. Policies and Definitions
Page 15 and 16: The U.S. Agency for International D
Page 17 and 18: The Paris Declaration on Aid Effect
Page 19 and 20: organizational integrity, finances,
Page 21 and 22: • Food security declines, possibl
Page 23 and 24: of medical materiel and medical and
Page 25 and 26: Chapter 2. Introduction to NGOs Non
Page 27 and 28: • In the United States, legal cha
Page 29 and 30: international governments, military
Page 31 and 32: international, domestic, or host co
Page 33 and 34: • The onset of the emergency (acu
Page 35 and 36: first stages of an emergency are co
Page 37 and 38: sometimes an organization will spec
Page 39 and 40: • It has a comparative advantage
Page 41 and 42: • Empowering orientation incorpor
Page 43 and 44: An NGO’s board is legally liable
Page 45 and 46: The Sphere Project The aim of Spher
Page 47 and 48: • obstetrics in remote settings,
Page 49 and 50: Chapter 5. NGO Personnel and Polici
Page 51 and 52: Table 5.1. Mid-Level NGO Job Requir
Page 53 and 54: Many of these personnel have at lea
Page 55 and 56: often bringing a unique blend of ou
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of the executive director’s plann
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An anonymous World Vision Australia
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of professionalism and expertise. P
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Conclusion: NGO Staff Are Good to G
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while catering specifically to need
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Many times these frustrated goods e
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Assistance Committee (DAC), could s
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Perhaps one of the best-known NGOs
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NGOs, InterAction sought to leverag
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strategic access to Muslim populati
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Source: Organisation for Economic C
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was a recognition of the changing f
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Table 6.2 Total Giving by Donor Typ
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Bhutan, Maldives, Guyana, Antigua a
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Education, Design (TED) forums are
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Chapter 7. NGO Coordination Coordin
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If NGO B coordinates with other NGO
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which can include (but may not be l
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• InterAction (www.interaction.or
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Chapter 8. NGO Identification and P
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NGOs use many of the same types of
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Part 2. NGO Capacities and Services
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• developing public health infras
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Early Warning System (FEWS) Forum o
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NGOs are effective at rapid assessm
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More clearly, in gradual onset emer
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an obvious advantage to having a sm
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Regional know-how and connections m
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Conclusion: NGOs Lead the Way NGOs,
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To get an idea of the variety of si
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Obtaining Equipment and Tools NGOs
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Chapter 11. NGOs and Health Service
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Generally, four indicators are cent
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Most NGOs hire local health workers
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NGOs, in almost all cases, rely ext
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The process often looks like the fl
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Strengths NGOs provide medical serv
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most food aid distribution around t
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Figure 12.2 Sample of NGO Food Oper
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project is to develop a tool to bet
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• hand washing with soap can redu
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• Providing a minimum survival le
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system,” while urging use of the
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Another set of NGOs who recognize p
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events, allowing aid agencies and a
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part because of liability (personne
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Part 3. NGO Operations Executive Su
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Many NGOs have developed in-house l
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International procurement is also n
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Figure 15.1 Procurement Process Fie
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Figure 15.3 Transportation Process
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that the supplies or materials are
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Distribution Once relief material o
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Figure 15.6 HQ-Field Relationship U
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COTS technology is cheap and effici
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Conclusion: Differing Logistical Sy
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Chapter 16. NGO Use of Information
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civil society organizations (CSOs),
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During rapid onset emergencies and
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Over the past several years, humani
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NGOs. Intense development is ongoin
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Over the past decade use of solar p
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Chapter 17. NGOs and Security Gregg
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• uncertain environments, in whic
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• Do you have a clear sense of yo
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assessing the potential threat huma
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Interior • Is there a lockable, s
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Transportation Reliable transportat
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specific targeting of NGO staff for
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Chapter 18. NGOs and the Military N
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management team. Furthermore, DOD i
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have been successful at developing
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Afghanistan, and Albania are exampl
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Almost all these points are false.
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center, run by the U.S. military, w
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Conclusion: Who Leads the Way in Hu
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� www.js.pentagon.mil/doctrine/je
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Joint Chiefs of Staff. Joint Doctri
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Annex 1. Selected NGOs Academy for
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Budget Annual revenue (FY 2007): $4
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Functions/Sectors Education and nut
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Aid to Artisans 1030 New Britain Av
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Alliance to End Hunger 50 F Street
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Serbia, Slovenia, Spain, Tajikistan
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Net gain from sales of assets: $7,7
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Regions Latin America and Caribbean
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Regions Angola, Argentina, Armenia,
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Conferences and special events: $25
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f: 623-321-7076 e: info@civicworldw
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Total allocations: $149,638,780 Sum
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Interest on savings and temporary c
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Trinidad & Tobago, Turkmenistan, Ug
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Regions Africa, Asia and Pacific, E
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Functions/Sectors Agriculture, educ
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Regions Armenia, Australia, Azerbai
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Educational Concerns for Hunger Org
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programs in the immigrant and refug
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Investment income: $2,427 Honorariu
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Grants & cooperative agreements: $4
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Revenue source breakdown Grant inco
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Regions Russian Federation (incl. N
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Regions Albania, Argentina, Armenia
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Revenue source breakdown Individual
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Humane Society International 2100 L
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Summary The Hunger Project is a str
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Other income: $14,445 Expenses $10,
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Functions/Sectors Disaster and emer
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Functions/Sectors Serves as a bridg
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Non-federal awards and private gran
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Summary IIRR’s mission is to: wor
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International Reading Association 4
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Regions Africa, Asia, Caucasus, Mid
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Total expenses: $22,170,313 Summary
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Total expenses: $2,262,705 Summary
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Latter Day Saint Charities 50 East
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w: www.msh.org Regions North Americ
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Medical Teams International 14150 S
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Summary Mercy-USA for Aid and Devel
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Regions North America, Africa Funct
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Summary Conflict, poverty and clima
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Direct public support: $58,761,307
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PATH 1455 NW Leary Way, Seattle, WA
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Net assets released from restrictio
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see the complex web of causes and e
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Special missionary support: $353,29
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Refugees International 2001 S Stree
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t: 202-783-7100 f: 202-783-2818 e:
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Contributions: $3,987,337 (74 perce
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Other: $8,977 Interest: $3,233 Summ
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U.S. Institute for Peace 1200 17th
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UNHCR helps refugees and other disp
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e: info@vabonline.org w: www.vabonl
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f: 202-884-8366 w: www.womenthrive.
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with others. Empowering women with
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Government grants: $3,550 Investmen
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Neighbors takes a big-picture, inte
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e: wspa@wspausa.org w: www.wspa-usa
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Annex 2. Selected Humanitarian Reso
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developing and supporting data stan
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Consortium of U.S.-based humanitari
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• Humanitarian Review www.ngovoic
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• World Food Program (WFP) www.wf
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NGO Security • Security manuals h
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Annex 3. Selected Humanitarian Publ
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Weiss, Thomas, and Cindy Collins. H
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use the assistance we receive to re
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Annex 5. How the U.S. Government Pr
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y aiding in the demobilization of c
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ICRC: International Committee of th
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• taking the lead in creating and
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The American Red Cross’s annual b
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did not strictly adhere to its conf
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Annex 7. Key United Nations Agencie
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EHA to find ways to ensure surveill
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In fact, most of the work of UNHCR
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Médecins sans Frontières delivers
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perception of these principles. Her
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instance when your armed teams prov
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Finally, I’d like to read you a p
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International Federation of the Red
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Guide to Nongovernmental Organizations for the Military

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