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Egyptian Journal of Medical Microbiology, April 2010 Vol. 19, No. 2transplantation. Chest infection, cholangitis andbacteremia were the most common types ofinfections following LT caused mainly withgram negative bacilli .Efforts should be made toprevent and promptly manage these infectionsto obtain good outcome of liver transplantation.REFERENCES1. Chen CC and Concejero AM (2007):Early post-operative complications inliving donor liver transplantation:prevention, detection and management.Hepatobiliary Pancreat Dis Int ; Vol 6 , No4 :343-347.2. Gilbert JR, Pascual Mascual M,Schoenfeld DA, Rubin RH, DelmonicoFL, and Cosimi AB (1999): Evolvingtrends in liver transplantation: an outcomeand charge analysis.Transplantation; 67:246-253.3. Janis E. Blair and Shimon Kusne (2005):Bacterial, Mycobacterial, and Protozoalinfections after liver transplantation- part 1Liver Transplantation ,Vol 11, No.12(December):pp 1452-1459.4. Gardner RV, Velez MC, and Ode DL,(2004): Gamma/delta T-cell lymphoma asa recurrent complication aftertransplantation. Leuk Lymphoma; 45(11):2355-9.5. Shepherd RW, Turmelle Y, Nadler M,Lowell JA, Narkewicz MR, McDiarmidSV, Anand R, and Song C (2008): Riskfactors for rejection and infection inpediatric liver transplantation. Am JTransplant ; 8:396–403.6. Austin MT, Feurer ID, Chari RS,Gorden DL, Wright JK, and Pinson CW(2005): Survival after pediatric livertransplantation: why does living donationoffer an advantage? Arch Surg.;140:465–4707. George DL, Arnow PM, andThistlethwaite JR (1992): Whitington PF.Patterns of infection after pediatric livertransplantation. Am J Dis Child; 146:924–929.8. George DL, Arnow PM, and Fox AS(1991): Bacterial infection as acomplication of liver transplantation:epidemiology and risk factors. Rev InfectDis. ;13:387–396.9. Singh N. (1997): Infections in solid-organtransplant recipients. Am J Infect Control.;25:409–417.7410. Fishman JA, and Rubin RH (1998).Infection in organ-transplant recipients. NEngl J Med. ;338:1741–1751.11. Hamilton-Miller JMT and Maple PAC(1993): Antibiogram typing of MethecillinresistantS. aureus: a comparison withphage typing, biotyping and API Staph. IntJ Med. Microbiol Virol Parasitol InfectDis;279:214-224.12. Winn W, Allen S Janda W, Koneman Eand Woods G (2006): Non fermentativegram –negative bacilli: In Konemans ColorAtlas and Textbook of DiagnosticMicrobiology, Lippincott Williams andWilkins, USA, 6th ed., p :304-39113. Collee JG, Fraser AG, Marmion BP andSimmons A (2002): Practical medicalmicrobiology. Thirtenneth ed., Vol. (1),Churchill, Edinburgh, London, New York.14. Ramzy I, Abd El-Aziz AO, and El-KholyA (2006): Early Postoperative InfectiousProblems in Living Donor LiverTransplantation among Egyptians.ArabJGastroenterol 2006;7(1):19-22.15. Kim JE, Oh SH, Kim KM, and Choi BH(2010): Infections after Living Donor LiverTransplantation in Child en. J Korean MedSci. April; 25(4): 527–531.16. Losada I, Cuervas Mons V, and Millan I,(2002): Infeccion precoz en el pacientecon trasplante hepatico: Incidencia,gravedad, factores de riesgo y sensibilidadantibiotica de los aislados bacterianos.[early infection in liver transplantrecipients: Incidence, severity, risk factorsand antibiotic sensitivity of bacterialisolates]. Enferm Infecc Microbiol Clin;20(9):422-30.17. GarbinoJ,Romandb J-A, Pittetc D, Andsuterb P, (2005): Infection and rejection inliver transplantation patient:a 10-yearSwiss single – center experience . SwissMED WKLY,135: 587-593.18. Odakowska Jedynak U, Paczek L, andKrawczyk M, (2003): Resistance of grampositivepathogens to antibiotics is atherapeutic challenge after livertransplantation: Clinical experience in onecenter with linezolid. Transplant Proc;35(6):2304-6.19. Bouchut JC, Stamm D and Floret D(2001): Postoperative infectiouscomplications in paediatric livertransplantation: a study of 48 transplants.Paediatr Anaesth.; 11:93–98.20. Torbenson M, Wang J, Nichols L, JainA, Fung J, and Nalesnik MA (1998):Causes of death in autopsied liver
Egyptian Journal of Medical Microbiology, April 2010 Vol. 19, No. 2transplantationpatients. Mod Pathol; 11:37-46.21. Lin CC, Chuang FR, and Wang CC(2004): Early postoperative complicationsin recipients of living donor livertransplantation. Transplant Proc;36(8):2338-41.22. Torre Cisneros J, Herrero C,and CanasE, (2002): High mortality related withstaphylococcus aureus bacteremia afterliver transplantation. Eur J Clin MicrobiolInfect Dis; 21(5):385-8.23. Engelhard D, Geller N, and Paterson DL(2003): Gram-positive and Gram-negativeinfections after hemopoietic stem cell orsolid organ transplantation.In: Bowden RA,Ljungman P, Paya CV, editors. Transplantinfections. 2nd ed.London: LippincottWilliams & Wilkins; pp.237–9.24. Singh N. (2001): Preemptive therapyversus universal prophylaxis withganciclovir for cytomegalovirus in solidorgan transplant recipients. Clin Infect Dis;32(5):742-51.25. Singh N (2005): Late-OnsetCytomegalovirus Disease as a SignificantComplication in Solid Organ TransplantRecipients Receiving AntiviralProphylaxis: A Call to Heed the MountingEvidence., Clinical infectious Diseases 4:1214,704-708.26. Razonable RR (2008): Cytomegalovirusinfection after transplantation: Currentconcepts and challenges., World JGastroenterology 21:14 (31) 4849- 4860.27. Lee TC, Savoldo B, Rooney CM andGoss JA. (2005): Quantitative EBV viralloads and immunosuppression alterationscan decrease PTLD incidence in pediatricliver transplant recipients. Am JTransplant.; 5:2222–2228.28. Souza MV, Barth A L,Alvares –da SilvaARL and Machado ARL (2007):Infection aft liver transplantation in adults:data from university hospital in southBrazil(1996-2000).ArqGasroenterlogy . Vol 44-No.2-apr.-jun.29. Kibbler CC. (1995): Infections in livertransplantation: Risk factors and strategiesfor prevention. J Hosp Infect; 30 Suppl:209-17.30. Urata K, Kawasaki S, and Matsunami H(1995): Calculation of child and adultstandard liver volume for livertransplantation. Hepatology; 21(5):1317-21.31. Kawasaki S, Makuuchi M, and IshizoneS, (1992): Liver regeneration in recipientsand donors after transplantation. Lancet;339 (8793):580-1.32. Garcia S, Roque J, Ruza F, Gonzalez M,Madero R, Alvarado F, and HerruzoR.(1998): Infection and associated riskfactors in the immediate postoperativeperiod of pediatric liver transplantation: astudy of 176 transplants. Clin Transplant.;12:190–197.33. Paya CV and Hermanan PE (1989):Bacterial infection after livertransplantation. Eur J Clin Microbiol. Dis;8(6) : 499-504.75
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