Operational Law Handbook - Higgins Counterterrorism Research ...

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PREFACEThe Operational Law Handbook is a “how to” guide for Judge Advocates practicing operational law.It provides references and describes tactics and techniques for the practice of operational law. Itsupports the doctrinal concepts and principles of FM 3-0 and FM 27-100. The Operational LawHandbook is not a substitute for official references. Like operational law itself, the Handbook is afocused collection of diverse legal and practical information. The handbook is not intended toprovide “the school solution” to a particular problem, but to help judge advocates recognize, analyze,and resolve the problems they will encounter in the operational context.The Handbook was designed and written for the Judge Advocates practicing operational law. Thesize and contents of the Handbook are controlled by this focus. Frequently, the authors were forcedto strike a balance between the temptation to include more information and the need to retain theHandbook in its current size and configuration. Simply put, the Handbook, “cargo pocket sized” ismade for the soldiers, marines, airmen, sailors, and coast guardsmen of the service judge advocategeneral’s corps, who serve alongside their clients in the operational context. Accordingly, theOperational Law Handbook is compatible with current joint and combined doctrine. Unlessotherwise stated, masculine pronouns apply to both men and women.The proponent for this publication is the International and Operational Law Department, The JudgeAdvocate General’s Legal Center and School (TJAGLCS). Send comments, suggestions, and workproduct from the field to TJAGLCS, International and Operational Law Department, Attention: MAJEric Jensen, Charlottesville, Virginia 22903-1781. To gain more detailed information or to discussan issue with the author of a particular chapter or appendix call MAJ Jensen at DSN 521-3383;Commercial (434) 971-3383; or email eric.jensen@hqda.army.mil.The 2004 Operational Law Handbook is on the Internet at www.jagcnet.army.mil. After accessingthis site, Enter JAGCNet, then go to the Operational Law sub-directory. The 2004 edition is alsolinked to the CLAMO General database under the keyword Operational Law Handbook – 2004edition. The digital copies are particularly valuable research tools because they contain manyhypertext links to the various treaties, statutes, DoD Directives/Instructions/Manuals, CJCSInstructions, Joint Publications, Army Regulations, and Field Manuals that are referenced in the text.If you find a blue link, click on it and Lotus Notes will retrieve the cited document from the Internetfor you. The hypertext linking is an ongoing project and will only get better with time. A word ofcaution: some Internet links require that your computer contain Adobe Acrobat software.To order copies of the 2004 Operational Law Handbook, please call CLAMO at (434) 971 3339 oremail CLAMO@hqda.army.mil.ii
TABLE OF CONTENTSLegal Basis for the Use of Force ......................................................................................Chapter 1Law of War ......................................................................................................................Chapter 2Human Rights ..................................................................................................................Chapter 3Law of War in Military Operations Other Than War ......................................................Chapter 4Rules of Engagement .......................................................................................................Chapter 5National Security Structure and Strategy .........................................................................Chapter 6Air, Sea, and Space Law ..................................................................................................Chapter 7Civilian Personnel Supporting Operations .......................................................................Chapter 8Claims, Foreign and Deployment ....................................................................................Chapter 9Criminal Law .................................................................................................................Chapter 10Environmental Law in Operations .................................................................................Chapter 11Fiscal Issues in Operations .............................................................................................Chapter 12Deployment Contracting and Battlefield Acquisition .....................................................Chapter 13Intelligence Law .............................................................................................................Chapter 14Administrative Law .......................................................................................................Chapter 15International Agreements & SOFAs ..............................................................................Chapter 16Legal Assistance ............................................................................................................Chapter 17Combating Terrorism .....................................................................................................Chapter 18Domestic Operations ......................................................................................................Chapter 19Information Operations ..................................................................................................Chapter 20Non-combatant Evacuation Operations .........................................................................Chapter 21Special Operations .........................................................................................................Chapter 22United Nations & Peace Operations ..............................................................................Chapter 23Reserves Component Soldiers and Operations ...............................................................Chapter 24Joint Operations .............................................................................................................Chapter 25Department of DefenseJoint Command & StaffAir ForceArmyMarinesNavyCoast GuardNATOMedia Relations: Dealing with the Press .......................................................................Chapter 26Military Decision Making Process & OPLANS ............................................................Chapter 27Center for Law and Military Operations (CLAMO) .......................................................Chapter 28World Wide Web sites and other Electronic Resources .................................................Chapter 29GLOSSARYINDEXiii
Page 1: OPERATIONAL LAW HANDBOOK(2004)MAJ J
Page 6 and 7: as well as other multilateral inter
Page 8 and 9: The questions that inevitably arise
Page 10 and 11: extension of anticipatory self defe
Page 12 and 13: the direction of the National Comma
Page 14 and 15: NOTESChapter 1Legal Basis for the U
Page 16 and 17: the legal sources of the law, the c
Page 18 and 19: or munition would be deemed to caus
Page 20 and 21: etention and use (even in retaliati
Page 22 and 23: E. Effect of legal review. The weap
Page 24 and 25: (9) Biological. The 1925 Geneva Pro
Page 26 and 27: D. Undefended places. The attack or
Page 28 and 29: phony network of camps manned by se
Page 30 and 31: e. CUSTOMS—prepare for customs in
Page 32 and 33: g. Shipwrecked members of the armed
Page 34 and 35: offenses causing the death of one o
Page 36 and 37: 1. The role of the ICRC as an impar
Page 38 and 39: Law of War, the preparation for tri
Page 40 and 41: . Geneva Protocol I, Article 44 - C
Page 42 and 43: D. Treachery and Perfidy - Feigning
Page 44 and 45: A. Fight only enemy combatants.B. D
Page 46 and 47: CHAPTER 3HUMAN RIGHTSREFERENCES1. G
Page 48 and 49: 6. Taking of hostages,7. Punishment
Page 50 and 51: D. This “self-execution” doctri
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APPENDIXUNIVERSAL DECLARATION OF HU
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2. No one shall be arbitrarily depr
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CHAPTER 4LAW OF WAR IN MILITARY OPE
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Although in theory understanding th
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10. To understand the contemporary
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APPENDIX ATREATMENT OF PERSONSVI.FO
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G. When applying law by analogy, lo
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APPENDIX BTREATMENT OF PROPERTYIX.T
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APPENDIX CDISPLACED PERSONSX. TREAT
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3. No statutory limit to the length
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CHAPTER 5RULES OF ENGAGEMENTREFEREN
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D. Purpose. The purpose is twofold:
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defense is often different and will
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3. Accordingly, the drafting of ROE
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imperative format. Although such an
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CJCSI 3121.01A15 January 20005. Def
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CJCSI 3121.01A15 January 2000I -- D
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CJCSI 3121.01A15 January 2000(3) Pa
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CJCSI 3121.01A15 January 2000b. Nat
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CJCSI 3121.01A15 January 2000b. Col
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CJCSI 3121.01A15 January 2000(1) U.
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CJCSI 3121.01A15 January 2000(c) Re
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CJCSI 3121.01A15 January 2000(9) RO
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Peace Enforcement: KFOR (Kosovo, Ju
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Armed Conflict: OPERATION IRAQI FRE
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CHAPTER 6NATIONAL SECURITY STRUCTUR
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4) Operational Elements.(3) Regiona
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c) Combatant Commander Authorityi)
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CHAPTER 7LAW OF THE SEA, AIR, AND S
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a. Straight Baselines may be utiliz
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• Status of Forces Agreements. Th
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their navigation and submarines may
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• Ships engaged in the slave trad
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CHAPTER 8CIVILIAN PERSONNEL SUPPORT
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G. Notice of the anthrax vaccine re
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determines areas entitled to receiv
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obtain a local license for the coun
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NOTESChapter 8Civilian Personnel122
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4. TYPES OF CLAIMS APPLICABLE DURIN
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e. Claims Cognizable under Internat
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countries where the Department of t
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exclude claims arising from “war
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APPENDIX AAssignment of Single-Serv
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APPENDIX BUNIT CLAIMS OFFICER DEPLO
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Enclosure 1 - Unit Claims Officer A
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Enclosure 2 - Investigators Intervi
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9. Findings. Fully describe the inc
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G. Secure a supply of the forms lis
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APPENDIX DSAMPLE DEPLOYMENT CLAIMS
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D. Forward a brief monthly claims r
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Enclosure 1 - Claims Chronology She
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Enclosure 3 - Request for Ex Gratia
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Enclosure 4 - Example Implementing
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Enclosure 5 - FCC Data SheetFOREIGN
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Enclosure 7 - Partial Claims Settle
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NOTESChapter 9, Appendix DClaims158
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Field Manual (FM) 27-100 lists four
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If authority is not present, JAs sh
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For courts-martial this is largely
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Army commanders may impose NJP on p
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For statute of limitations purposes
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Extremely dangerous wartime offense
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AppendicesA. Sample Transfer of Jur
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5. COMMAND AND SIGNAL. Basic Planni
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Appendix CDESERT SHIELD GENERAL ORD
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JTF 190 (HAITI) GENERAL ORDER NO.11
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ALLIED FORCE/ALLIED HARBOR (Balkans
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NOTESChapter 10, Appendix BCriminal
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d) As a final introductory matter,
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project that is prohibited or stric
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implement Executive Order 12,114. I
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that this translation takes a form
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agreements or issues. The Army must
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simple breach only requires parties
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to the three element threshold set
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THE OIL POLLUTION ACT OF 1990 - 33
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NOTESChapter 11Environmental Law200
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37. Executive Order No. 11958, Jan.
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Nov. 4, 1997. The election is bindi
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subdivisions); 31 U.S.C. 1517; DFAS
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a. This authority applies to deploy
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3) The first pillar is commonly ref
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Command (who is the senior rater fo
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8) Anti-Terrorism Assistance, which
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crime control and police training s
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advising that may engage United Sta
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cost” recovery when the services
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5. Summary. As reflected in the for
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concerns resulted in refusal to acc
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were reasonably related to DoD purp
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the HCA project. The promotion of t
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U.S. combat units are not participa
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Iraq until on or about 1 May 03. Th
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MMC funds, not O&M, for all permane
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1990, President Bush invoked this a
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NOTESChapter 12Fiscal Law238
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multiplier, deployment contracting
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word-processing documents. Translat
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award (low-cost, technically-accept
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ii. Extent of obligation.iii. Prici
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deployment region. For example, the
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without compensation to the owner.
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c. The resulting contract would oth
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APPENDIX ASF 44INSTRUCTIONS FOR THE
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SF 44BOTTOM HALFChapter 13, Appendi
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INSTRUCTION TO COMMANDERS1. You mus
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RECEIPTThis is a receipt for your p
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a. DoD 5240.1-R is the sole authori
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APPENDIX AREFERENCESThe attached li
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NavySECNAVINST 3300.2, Combating Te
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NOTESChapter 14, Appendix AIntellig
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1. The applicant for CO status must
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a. The Joint Ethics Regulation (JER
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AR 735-5, Policies and Procedures f
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(1) Simple negligence - the failure
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(2) Direct responsibility.(a) An ob
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c. No involuntary withholding for t
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Administrative Investigations. AR 1
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4) Formal Procedures. These board w
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(5) Possible criminal implications
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APPENDIXARMY REGULATION 15-6INVESTI
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PRELIMINARY MATTERS1. Appointing au
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c. Although AR 15-6 does not requir
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investigation is complete. This pre
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2. Investigative Plan.a. Does the i
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Negotiating an agreement.Implementi
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4) The most important authority tha
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a. Types of Criminal Jurisdiction A
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United States may, at its discretio
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value; or cash. In addition, ACSA a
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a. During combat readiness exercise
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STEPS WORK CENTER REQUIRED ACTION1
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e. Immunizationsf. HIV Testing not
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c. During an exercise, judge advoca
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e. Establishment of good working re
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CHECKLISTSTable 3: Sample Ready Box
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JA 260JA 261JA 262JA 263JA 265JA 26
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34. National Defense Authorization
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to inflict mass casualties. Histori
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C. NSC’s Counterterrorism & Natio
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N. Military Authority. Upon notific
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1. Exclusive jurisdiction means tha
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A. Legal Basis for Military Use of
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In addition to the Military Commiss
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I. INTRODUCTIONA. “Information Op
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a. IA ensures the “availability,
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III. INTERNATIONAL LEGAL CONSIDERAT
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deliberate actions of one belligere
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ecords, telephone number or other s
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FOREIGN INTELLIGENCE INFORMATION: I
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NOTESChapter 19Information Operatio
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31. AR 700-131, Loan and Lease of A
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. “Civil support (CS)” is not d
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(2) A member of the National Guard
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a. Criminal Sanctions. 2 years impr
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(1) Military Working Dog Team. A sp
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Support to Law Enforcement Agencies
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3710.01. Example: For certain missi
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1. Military forces shall not be use
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. As a prerequisite, the Governor m
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ESF 3 - Public Works and Engineerin
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a. Unlike the GARDEN PLOT Rules of
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operated by PSYOP personnel, with t
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National Defense Authorization Act,
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THE SECRETARY OF DEFENSE1000 DEFENS
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Guard counterdrug ground reconnaiss
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DEPUTY SECRETARY OF DEFENSE101 DEFE
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The Director of Administration and
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International Security Affairs (ASD
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c. WLG also serves as coordinator w
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D. Status of Personnel. In NEOs, co
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NOTESChapter 21NEO394
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39. Rescue Mission Report, August 1
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commands within USASOC such as the
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the deployed detachments. This is a
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1. This activity covers a broad spe
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2) CA activities are activities per
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operations centralize the populatio
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21) DoD also conducts operations ou
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H. Counterproliferation (CP) of Wea
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made by a seasoned SF NCO. Any CD m
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NOTESChapter 22Special Operations41
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strategy for resolving internationa
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P.L. 107-46, which authorizes payme
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2. Whereas peace operations are aut
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- Second generation peacekeeping 40
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- Outline proposals for the movemen
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- Permissions to operate UN vehicle
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2) (U.S./UN). U.S./UN forwards the
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c. Section 551 Foreign Assistance A
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APPENDIX ACONVENTION ON THE PRIVILE
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SECTION 13. Where the incidence of
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SECTION 30. All differences arising
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Recognizing that United Nations ope
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Article 8Duty to release or return
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Article 16Mutual assistance in crim
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2. For each State ratifying, accept
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1. With consent: RC members may be
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NOTESChapter 24Reserve Component448
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III. The Deputy Secretary of Defens
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Chapter 25Joint Operations - DoD452
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IV.MILITARY SERVICE CHIEFSThe milit
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ARMYYou can fly over a land forever
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C. There are different types of div
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III.ROLE OF THE ARMY OPERATIONAL LA
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4. Synergy. Internally, the mission
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component commander (JFACC) is the
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coordination with other Services co
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AF Combat Wing OrganizationWing Sta
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AEF COMPONENT AIRCRAFT ASSETSON-CAL
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(division, wing, FSSG) has a SJA an
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B. MARITIME PREPOSITIONING FORCE. A
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Chapter 25Joint Operations - Marine
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Chapter 25Joint Operations - Marine
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NAVYA. The 1997 National Military S
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COAST GUARDREFERENCES1. Title 14, U
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Commander, Atlantic Area and Fifth
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2. Enforcing domestic fisheries law
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NORTH ATLANTIC TREATY ORGANIZATION
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H. Article 5 is the soul of NATO in
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L. The Alliance rests upon commonal
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B. International law, including the
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4. The following categories of info
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iased articles. If only one side of
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a) In stand-up interviews, stand st
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6. After It’s All Overx) Never li
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APPENDIXJOINT PUB 3-61, (May 1997)G
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NOTESChapter 26, AppendixMedia Rela
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esponsible for taking the brigade c
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fire on enemy forces defending the
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of the operation, while affording t
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may prefer to use a shorthand appro
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APPENDIXFORMATS FOR LEGAL APPENDICE
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Chapter 27, AppendixMDMP and OPLANS
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CLASSIFICATIONSAMPLE LEGAL APPENDIX
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(1) (U) Acts of violence. UNMIH per
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NOTESChapter 27, AppendixMDMP and O
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3) In the Operations Center: A Judg
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issues. Lastly, the Advanced Operat
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temperature range, winds over 45 kn
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fratricides, and civilians on the b
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environment often requires JAs and
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critical to conducting mission anal
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NOTESChapter 28CLAMO538
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Center for Disaster Management & Hu
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GAO Comptroller General Decisions h
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Naval Postgraduate School http://ww
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White House http://www.whitehouse.g
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GLOSSARYAAAAADCAADCOMAADCOORDAATFAB
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CEPCFACFLCFZCGCGSCCICIACIDCIFCIMICC
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FACForward Air ControllerFANS Frien
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JOAJoint Operations AreaJOPES Joint
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OPLANOPLAWOPLAWYEROPORDEROPSECORFPA
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TAMMCTBDTCTCPTCSBTDATDSTEWTTFTHREAT
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INDEX15-6 Investigation Guide, 2921
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Military Necessity, 12, 13Military
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