FAA-H-8083-15, Instrument Flying Handbook -- 1 of 2 - US-PPL

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ContentsChapter 1Human Factors ........................................................ 1–1Introduction ................................................................... 1-1Sensory Systems for Orientation ................................... 1-1Eyes ............................................................................ 1-1Ears ............................................................................ 1-2Nerves ........................................................................ 1-3Illusions Leading to Spatial Disorientation ................... 1-3Inner Ear..................................................................... 1-3The Leans ............................................................... 1-3Coriolis Illusion ...................................................... 1-3Graveyard Spiral ..................................................... 1-3Somatogravic Illusion............................................. 1-4Inversion Illusion .................................................... 1-4Elevator Illusion ..................................................... 1-4Visual ......................................................................... 1-4False Horizon ......................................................... 1-4Autokinesis ............................................................. 1-4Postural ...................................................................... 1-4Demonstrating Spatial Disorientation ........................... 1-5Climbing While Accelerating..................................... 1-5Climbing While Turning ............................................ 1-5Diving While Turning ................................................ 1-5Tilting to Right or Left ............................................... 1-5Reversal of Motion..................................................... 1-5Diving or Rolling Beyond the Vertical Plane ............. 1-5Coping with Spatial Disorientation ............................... 1-6Optical Illusions............................................................. 1-6Runway Width Illusion .............................................. 1-6Runway and Terrain Slopes Illusion .......................... 1-6Featureless Terrain Illusion ........................................ 1-6Water Refraction ........................................................ 1-6Haze ........................................................................... 1-7Fog ............................................................................. 1-7Ground Lighting Illusions .......................................... 1-7How to Prevent Landing ErrorsDue to Visual Illusions ............................................... 1-7Vision Under Dim and Bright Illumination ................... 1-8Physiological and Psychological Factors ...................... 1-8Stress .......................................................................... 1-8Medical Factors ............................................................. 1-9Alcohol ..................................................................... 1-10Fatigue...................................................................... 1-10IMSAFE Checklist ................................................... 1-10Aeronautical Decision Making .................................... 1-10The DECIDE Model ................................................ 1-12Hazardous Attitudes and Antidotes .......................... 1-12Crew/Cockpit Resource Management ......................... 1-13Human Resources .................................................... 1-13Hardware .................................................................. 1-13Information Workload .............................................. 1-13Chapter 2Aerodynamic Factors ........................................... 2–1Introduction ................................................................... 2-1Review of Basic Aerodynamics ..................................... 2-1The Four Forces ......................................................... 2-1Newton’s First Law .................................................... 2-1Newton’s Second Law ............................................... 2-2Newton’s Third Law .................................................. 2-2Atmosphere.................................................................... 2-3Standard Atmosphere ................................................. 2-3Pressure Altitude .................................................... 2-3Density Altitude...................................................... 2-3Lift ................................................................................. 2-3Pitch/Power Relationship ........................................... 2-3Drag Curves ................................................................... 2-4Regions of Command ................................................ 2-5Control Characteristics ........................................... 2-5Speed Stability ........................................................... 2-5Normal Command .................................................. 2-5Reversed Command................................................ 2-6Trim ............................................................................... 2-6Slow-Speed Flight ......................................................... 2-6Small Airplanes .......................................................... 2-6Large Airplanes .......................................................... 2-7Climbs............................................................................ 2-7Acceleration in Cruise Flight ..................................... 2-7Turns .............................................................................. 2-7Rate of Turn ............................................................... 2-8Radius of Turn............................................................ 2-8Coordination of Rudder and Aileron Controls ........... 2-8Load Factor .................................................................... 2-9Effects of Icing .............................................................. 2-9vii
Chapter 3Flight Instruments ................................................. 3–1Introduction ................................................................... 3-1Pitot-Static Systems ....................................................... 3-1Position Error ............................................................. 3-3Pitot-Static Instruments ................................................. 3-3Sensitive Altimeter ..................................................... 3-3Principle of Operation ............................................ 3-3Altimeter Errors...................................................... 3-4Encoding Altimeter ................................................ 3-6Absolute Altimeter ................................................. 3-6Airspeed Indicators .................................................... 3-7Types of Airspeed ................................................... 3-7Airspeed Color Codes ............................................ 3-8Vertical Speed Indicators (VSI) ................................. 3-8Compass Systems .......................................................... 3-9Magnetic Compass ..................................................... 3-9Compass Errors .................................................... 3-10Vertical Card Magnetic Compasses ......................... 3-13Flux Gate Compass .................................................. 3-14Remote Indicating Compass .................................... 3-15Gyroscopic Systems .................................................... 3-16Power Sources .......................................................... 3-16Electrical Systems ................................................ 3-16Pneumatic Systems ............................................... 3-16Gyroscopic Instruments ............................................... 3-18Attitude Indicators ................................................... 3-18Heading Indicators ................................................... 3-19Turn Indicators ......................................................... 3-20Turn-and-Slip Indicator ........................................ 3-20Turn Coordinator .................................................. 3-21Flight Director Systems ............................................... 3-22Horizontal Situation Indicator (HSI) ....................... 3-22Attitude Director Indicator (ADI) ............................ 3-22Instrument Systems Preflight Procedures .................... 3-23Before Engine Start .................................................. 3-23After Engine Start .................................................... 3-24Taxiing and Takeoff ................................................. 3-24Engine Shut Down ................................................... 3-24Chapter 4Airplane Attitude Instrument Flying ................ 4–1Introduction ................................................................... 4-1Control and Performance Method ................................. 4-1Control Instruments ................................................... 4-1Performance Instruments ........................................... 4-2Navigation Instruments .............................................. 4-2Procedural Steps......................................................... 4-2Attitude Control ......................................................... 4-3Pitch Control .......................................................... 4-3Bank Control .......................................................... 4-3Power Control ............................................................ 4-3Primary and Supporting Method ................................... 4-3Pitch Instruments ....................................................... 4-3Bank Instruments ....................................................... 4-3Power Instruments ..................................................... 4-3Fundamental Skills ........................................................ 4-5Cross-Check ............................................................... 4-5Selected Radial Cross-Check ................................. 4-5Inverted-V Cross-Check ......................................... 4-5The Rectangular Cross-Check ................................ 4-5Common Cross-Check Errors ................................ 4-6Instrument Interpretation ........................................... 4-6Aircraft Control .......................................................... 4-7Chapter 5Airplane Basic Flight Maneuvers...................... 5–1Introduction ................................................................... 5-1Straight-and-Level Flight .............................................. 5-1Pitch Control .............................................................. 5-1Attitude Indicator ................................................... 5-1Altimeter................................................................. 5-4Vertical Speed Indicator ......................................... 5-6Airspeed Indicator .................................................. 5-6Bank Control .............................................................. 5-7Attitude Indicator ................................................... 5-7Heading Indicator ................................................... 5-8Turn Coordinator .................................................... 5-9Power Control ............................................................ 5-9Power Settings ...................................................... 5-11Airspeed Changes in Straight-and-Level Flight ... 5-12Trim Technique ........................................................ 5-14Common Errors in Straight-and-Level Flight .......... 5-14Pitch ...................................................................... 5-14Heading ................................................................ 5-15Power .................................................................... 5-15Trim ...................................................................... 5-15Straight Climbs and Descents ...................................... 5-16Climbs ...................................................................... 5-16Entry ..................................................................... 5-16Leveling Off ......................................................... 5-19Descents ................................................................... 5-19Entry ..................................................................... 5-20Leveling Off ......................................................... 5-20Common Errors in Straight Climbs and Descents ... 5-22Turns ............................................................................ 5-22Standard-Rate Turns................................................. 5-22Turns to Predetermined Headings ............................ 5-23Timed Turns ............................................................. 5-24Compass Turns ......................................................... 5-25Steep Turns............................................................... 5-26Climbing and Descending Turns .............................. 5-28Change of Airspeed in Turns.................................... 5-28Common Errors in Turns ......................................... 5-29Pitch ...................................................................... 5-29Bank ..................................................................... 5-29Power .................................................................... 5-30Trim ...................................................................... 5-30Errors During Compass Turns .............................. 5-30Approach to Stall ......................................................... 5-30viii
Page 4: PrefaceThis Instrument Flying Handb
Page 7: inquiries regarding the available t
Page 12 and 13: Chapter 10IFR Flight ..............
Page 15 and 16: The only effective way to counter t
Page 17 and 18: aircraft tends to lose altitude in
Page 19 and 20: disoriented and the instructor pilo
Page 21 and 22: 5. Utilize the visual descent point
Page 23 and 24: antihistamines, blood pressure drug
Page 25 and 26: Figure 1-7B illustrates the ADM pro
Page 27 and 28: 1-14
Page 29 and 30: Figure 2-1. Newton’s First Law of
Page 31 and 32: altitude, you must lower the pitch
Page 33 and 34: The force of the airflow striking t
Page 35 and 36: speed is constant, increasing the b
Page 37 and 38: The most hazardous aspect of struct
Page 39 and 40: the fuselage or the vertical fin. T
Page 41 and 42: A sensitive altimeter is one with a
Page 43 and 44: Extreme differences between ambient
Page 45 and 46: Mach NumberAs an aircraft approache
Page 47 and 48: This is done to correct for deviati
Page 49 and 50: To find the true course that is bei
Page 51 and 52: Figure 3-21. A vertical card magnet
Page 53 and 54: Gyroscopic SystemsFlight without re
Page 55 and 56: Figure 3-28. Twin-engine instrument
Page 57 and 58: Directional gyros are almost all ai
Page 59 and 60:
The inclinometer, similar to the on
Page 61 and 62:
After Engine Start1. When you turn
Page 63 and 64:
Figure 4-1. Control/Performance cro
Page 65 and 66:
Figure 4-2. Primary/Supporting cros
Page 67 and 68:
This cross-checking method gives eq
Page 69 and 70:
4-8
Page 71 and 72:
Figure 5-1. Pitch attitude and airs
Page 73 and 74:
Figure 5-7. Using the altimeter for
Page 75 and 76:
Vertical Speed IndicatorThe vertica
Page 77 and 78:
Figure 5-16. Instruments used for b
Page 79 and 80:
airspeed constant, the airplane wil
Page 81 and 82:
Figure 5-23. Straight-and-level fli
Page 83 and 84:
You will have developed a high leve
Page 85 and 86:
3. Faulty sequence in trim techniqu
Page 87 and 88:
Figure 5-27. Stabilized climb at co
Page 89 and 90:
EntryThe following method for enter
Page 91 and 92:
Common Errors in Straight Climbs an
Page 93 and 94:
Figure 5-34. Turn coordinator calib
Page 95 and 96:
Figure 5-36. Steep left turn.Steep
Page 97 and 98:
Climbing and Descending TurnsTo exe
Page 99 and 100:
have a specific reason to turn the
Page 101 and 102:
Figure 5-40. Unusual attitude—nos
Page 103 and 104:
except as a last resort, as it usua
Page 105 and 106:
Figure 5-43. 80/260 procedure turn
Page 107 and 108:
Figure 6-1. In most situations, the
Page 109 and 110:
Figure 6-2. The flight instruments
Page 111 and 112:
lowered. A rapid change in airspeed
Page 113 and 114:
Power Control During Straight-and-L
Page 115 and 116:
Common Errors During Airspeed Chang
Page 117 and 118:
Figure 6-10. Flight instrument indi
Page 119 and 120:
To recover to straight-and-level fl
Page 121 and 122:
Figure 6-12. Flight instrument indi
Page 123 and 124:
Instrument TakeoffThe procedures an
Page 125 and 126:
Sky WaveThe sky wave, at frequencie
Page 127 and 128:
Function of ADFThe ADF can be used
Page 129 and 130:
7-6330°WIND015°306912152118243027
Page 131 and 132:
2. Positively identifying any malfu
Page 133 and 134:
TO/FROM indicator. The TO/FROM indi
Page 135 and 136:
Course interception is illustrated
Page 137 and 138:
selection assures reception of azim
Page 139 and 140:
Without an RMI, orientation is more
Page 141 and 142:
2. MODE select switch used to selec
Page 143 and 144:
The Aeronautical Information Manual
Page 145 and 146:
Function of GPSGPS operation is bas
Page 147 and 148:
To determine the aircraft position
Page 149 and 150:
the FAWP. As sensitivity changes fr
Page 151 and 152:
Figure 7-23. Instrument landing sys
Page 153 and 154:
Marker BeaconsTwo VHF marker beacon
Page 155 and 156:
Runway end identifier lights (REIL)
Page 157 and 158:
Figure 7-29. Glide-slope receiver i
Page 159 and 160:
Approach Azimuth StationThe approac
Page 161 and 162:
to this target can be instantly det
Page 163:
7-40
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FAA-H-8083-15, Instrument Flying Handbook -- 1 of 2 - US-PPL

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