Part II: <strong>Prison</strong>ers33establishment. <strong>Prison</strong>ers may be excluded or removed from all associationor from a specified group activity only in their own interests or for themaintenance of good order and discipline, if they are refractory or violent,to restrain the prisoner pending the governor’s initial hearing of adisciplinary charge, or as a result of a punishment given at an adjudication.A governor grade must take any decision to cancel a period of associationon all occasions. “Where, exceptionally, the governor decides not to allow aprisoner one or more of the facilities in the published statement, he or shewill give an explanation to the prisoner concerned, in writing if the prisonerso requests” (SO 4: 5).<strong>The</strong> Chief Inspector of <strong>Prison</strong>s criticised the fact that association may belimited: “Regimes are determined by staff attendance systems. <strong>The</strong>seembrace rigid shift patterns. <strong>The</strong> net result is a reduction in time out of cellduring evenings and weekends in many establishments because the regimemoves towards programming everything between 8 am and 4 pm onweekdays for the convenience of staff. <strong>The</strong> priority should be to maximisetime out of cell first and then construct shift patterns to complement thesearrangements” (1991: 3.26). He also noted marked differences betweenestablishments, even of the same category, in the length and quality offacilities for association.Circular Instruction 75/1995 introduced the Incentives and EarnedPrivileges Scheme. This Scheme links five main earnable privileges (privatecash, extra or improved visits, enhanced earning schemes, earnedcommunity visits if eligible, and in-cell television) directly to a prisoner’sbehaviour. Other local privileges and, where prisoners on differentprivilege levels share the same accommodation, the possibility forconvicted prisoners to wear their own clothes and increased time out of cellfor association may also be part of the Scheme. <strong>The</strong> Incentives Schemevaries between prisons, even those of the same type. <strong>The</strong> Chief Inspector of<strong>Prison</strong>s argued strongly against such inequality between prisons generally:“If there is one word that covers my concerns about current treatment andcondition? of prisoners it is ‘inconsistency’.... This is manifest in everyprison up and down the country with the notable exception of the Dispersalestate, which has its own Director” (1999: 21).In the case of Incentives and Earned Privileges, the Court of Appeal inBowen (1998) judged that such differences between establishments did notconstitute unlawful delegation of the Secretary of State’s powers under the<strong>Prison</strong> Act. <strong>The</strong> Divisional Court also ruled in Hepworth (1997) that, “itwould take an exceptionally strong case to justify review of the criteria onwhich earned privileges could be granted or removed...” (Livingstone andOwen (1999: 5.36). However, Livingstone and Owen go on to explain that“once a set of criteria has been adopted, a prisoner acting consistently withthem can argue that he has a legitimate expectation that, at the very least,any privilege accorded to him should not be removed without a hearing”(para. 5.38).While the Incentives and Earned Privileges Scheme is linked with aprisoner’s behaviour and was designed to give prison staff increaseddiscretion and control without having to resort to formal disciplinaryprocedures, the Scheme is not part of the formal disciplinary system inprisons. <strong>The</strong> danger is that, as with other administrative controls, prisonerswill feel as though the Scheme can be a punishment, and prison staff mayuse it as such.<strong>The</strong> <strong>Rules</strong> are quite specific about the privileges which may be forfeited
34 <strong>Prison</strong> <strong>Rules</strong>: A <strong>Working</strong> <strong>Guide</strong>directly. Rule 55(b) provides that privileges subject to forfeiture are thosemade under r 8. Privileges which the <strong>Rules</strong> create directly, as opposed tothose resulting from delegation under r 8, are apparently not forfeitableunder rule 55(b). For unconvicted prisoners, these may include forfeiture ofthe ‘right’ to be supplied with their own books, newspapers, writingmaterials, and other means of occupation provided for in r 43(1) (forfeitureauthorised by r 55(g)). For convicted prisoners forfeiture of rule-createdprivileges includes exclusion from associated work (r 55(c)), and stoppageof earnings (r 55(d)).<strong>The</strong> <strong>Rules</strong> do not recognise a right for convicted prisoners to haveproperty of their own for use in prison. <strong>The</strong>y are only permitted it as aprivilege under r 8 or because of an exercise of the governor’s discretion intheir favour, under r 43(2) or r 44(4).(See also r 25(2) Alcohol and tobacco, and r 55 Governors’ punishments.)Temporary release9. (1) <strong>The</strong> Secretary of State may, in accordance with the other provisions of thisrule, release, temporarily a prisoner to whom this rule applies.(2) A prisoner may be released under this rule for any period or periods andsubject to any conditions.(3) A prisoner may only be released under this rule:(a) on compassionate grounds or for the purpose of receiving medicaltreatment;(b) to engage in employment or voluntary work;(c) to receive instruction or training which cannot reasonably be provided inthe prison;(d) to enable him to participate in any proceedings before any court, tribunalor inquiry;(e) to enable him to consult with his legal adviser in circumstances where itis not reasonably practicable for the consultation to take place in theprison;(f) to assist any police officer in any enquiries;(g) to facilitate the prisoner’s transfer between prisons;(h) to assist him in maintaining family ties or in his transition from prisonlife to freedom; or(i) to enable him to make a visit in the locality of the prison, as a privilege.under rule 8.(4) A prisoner shall not be released under this rule unless the Secretary of Stateis satisfied that there would not he an unacceptable risk of his committingoffences whilst released or otherwise failing to comply with any condition uponwhich he is released.(5) <strong>The</strong> Secretary of State shall not release under this rule a prisoner serving asentence of imprisonment if, having regard to:(a) the period or proportion of his sentence which the prisoner has served or,in a case where paragraph (10) does not apply to require all tire sentenceshe is serving to be treated as a single term, the period or proportion of anysuch sentence he has served; and(b) the frequency with which the prisoner has been granted temporary releaseunder this rule, the Secretary of State is of the opinion that the release ofthe prisoner would be likely to undermine public confidence in theadministration of justice.(6) If a prisoner has been temporarily released under this rule during the