- Roving Outdoor Conservation School Fieldguide - Philmont ...

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-- Topographic Weather VariationsAlthough the weather may be warm and sunny on the ridge, it is entirely possible for temperatures to be downright cold inthe valley below; this is due to microclimate influences. Differences in temperatures and conditions in various.... microclimates are created by different degrees of solar warming, radiation, and evaporative cooling.--)> Adiabatic Fluctuation-Air cools approximately 5.5 degrees Fahrenheit for every 1,000 feet of elevation gain. Itwarms at about the same rate during elevation loss. As air meets a mountain and is forced over it, air pressuredecreases, temperature lowers, the air expands, and moisture condenses causing localized rainstorms and mildwind. Once the air is over the peak and starts descending, the temperature rises as the air pressure increasesand the air mass gets compressed; this is called dry Adiabatic warming and cooling. Wet Adiabatic warming andcooling occurs when condensation and humidity are involved. Because of the moisture trapped in the air, thecooling process will be slowed. The average cooling temperature of humid air is 3.2 degrees Fahrenheit per1,000 feet.)> Chinook Winds-Chinook winds occur in the Sierra, Rockies, and many other mountain locations around thewortd. As an air mass climbs a mountain, it will cool adiabatically, dropping snow and/or rain on the windwardside of the peak. Once the mass reaches the top, the moisture supply previously trapped in the air mass will becondensed and exhausted. The warm air created by this condensation, as well as the adiabatic warming throughelevation loss. will send hot. dry air down through the low lands on the other side.)> Mountains & Vallevs--ln any mountain range, wind will blow up the mountain during the day and down themountain at night This phenomenon happens because the ground will radiate heat produced during the day.The heat will rise and the ground will cool causing air close to the ground to cool as well. This cooler air, since itis denser than warm air, will flow downhill toward valley bottoms. As this cool air comes down, it displaces thewarm air already there, forcing it upward. The warm air will soon be completely evicted and the cool air willcollect and pool, creating "cold sinks." In the valley bottoms, if they are covered with dense meadow grasses,frost pockets may form. The broader the valley and the more vertical the surrounding mountainous ridges, themore noticeable the temperature contrasts will be. If the valley is narrow, the temperature difference between thetop and bottom will be less drastic because the valley walls will radiate heat from one another more easily,preventing heat loss. Throughout the day, the sun will reheat the ground to start another cycle when eveningcomes. Windy conditions and cloudy conditions may effect these topographical variations in wind andtemperature; clouds will act as an insulator, preventing heat loss and high winds may overpower the up- anddown-slope winds created by the mountains, potentially altering temperature variances.l> Snowfields & Glaciers-Year-round snowfields and glaciers create localized wind conditions in the valleys below- them. These winds are caused by the cold air that flows off the glacier or snowfield, displacing the surroundingwarm air in the valley floor.--)> Alpine Environments-Wind, wind, wind! Local up-slope winds, caused by the sun heating the earth in lowerelevations, begin mid-morning. As the sun sets, the down-slope winds begin, caused by the rapid cooling ofalpine soils. These winds can be extremely cold and swift.l> Deserts-As the super-heated air of a desert rises, it creates a hollow, low pressure area that must be filled. Theresulting effect is strong horizontal winds rushing in as the pressure attempts to equalize (dust devils andsandstorms).l> Lakes & Oceans-Generally, on-shore winds occur during the day and off-shore winds occur at night. Thishappens because there is a large temperature difference between the land and the water.•All information provided for this lesson was taken from The Basic Essentials of Weather Forecasting, Michael Hodgson.and Reading Weather, Jim Woodmency.70
100%\,,,50% WatervaporI • • • • •, I •Condensationbegins. . ·.:~-.~,.;d........ ~Cooling airTemperature oc••.. ·•· ... ·' .FIGURE 11-4The amount of water vapor that aircan hold increases and decreaseswith correspondi_ng changes in temperature.Therefore, as warm,moist air is cooled, rhe amount ofwater it can hold decreases.Cooling air beyond the point whererelative humidiry (RH)-{he amountof water vapor that air can hold ata given temperature-reaches 100%forces excess moisture to condensetforming douds. Funher cooling ;lndcondensation results in precipitation.
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- Roving Outdoor Conservation Schoo
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Soils ______________________ 73Astr
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The ROCS PromiseROCS students are r
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---....--~ Remember that instructor
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-- The Building Block/Norming Stage
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-..... Writing/Drawino-AIIowing fre
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BACKPACKINGSKILLS
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NAVIGATIONObjective: To teach stude
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....,I ITRAIUBACKCOUNTRY ETIQUETTEO
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MOUNTAIN HAZARDSObject1ve: To train
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'I~ Other PeopleOther people are on
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CAMPSITE SET -UPObjective: To teach
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WATER PURIFICATIONObjective: To ins
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Food Ration Poundage BreakdownBreak
Page 30 and 31: ' 1CLEANINGObjective: To demonstrat
Page 32 and 33: Bears make use of a variety of vege
Page 34 and 35: LEAVE-NO-TRACE PRINCIPLES & ETHICSO
Page 36 and 37: -TOOLS & TOOL MAINTENANCEObjective:
Page 38 and 39: -ECOLOGYObjective: To understand ba
Page 40 and 41: ....Qupermacroor'"'osmic World1e ve
Page 42 and 43: --..., -o0CLc0(1)...,V>-r.·-~-----
Page 44 and 45: -Activitv-Have each person in the g
Page 46 and 47: e.S1,.__- i"
Page 48 and 49: -Life-ZonesLife-zones, also known a
Page 50 and 51: -Root DiseaseArmillarirlHosts: most
Page 52 and 53: -The most fire-resistant species of
Page 54 and 55: -FOREST MANAGEMENT_-Where:_Objectiv
Page 56 and 57: -----------...----7. Remove bit qui
Page 58 and 59: ---------~ National Parks Service (
Page 60 and 61: -MAMMALS_Objective: Leam about Mamm
Page 62 and 63: ---REPTILES & AMPHIBIANSObjective:
Page 64 and 65: -----WILDLIFE MANAGEMENTObjective:
Page 66 and 67: -- RANGE MANAGEMENT... Objective: T
Page 68 and 69: --WATERSHEDS,_ Objective: To introd
Page 70 and 71: --~ West Coast Rainforest-From Alas
Page 72 and 73: Condensationcloud formationWaterEva
Page 74 and 75: -- Invertebrate DriftsStream invert
Page 76 and 77: -- WindAir moves from high pressure
Page 78 and 79: Cloud FormationsCirrusCirrocumulusA
Page 82 and 83: --GEOLOGY.,. Objective: To provide
Page 84 and 85: Weatheringand ErosionLithification
Page 86 and 87: ...........;::>,......m-oc::J0..0..
Page 88 and 89: [ lPacific platef Diverging boundar
Page 90 and 91: '-....... Erosion SolutionsContour
Page 92 and 93: a:>tAJeS UO!JSNeSUO:) I!OSa:>JNeS U
Page 94 and 95: ~·c: 1:l~ 1000Ul-;: 10......'iii0
Page 96 and 97: ---------BULK FOOD DINNER RECIPESSp
Page 98 and 99: -------.... '------Pizza/Calzone (1
Page 100 and 101: ---Green Chill Cheese Grits (12)8 c
Page 102 and 103: '"!: I,...,IINo-Bake Chewy Fudge Co
Page 104 and 105: ---------There are professionals wh
Page 106 and 107: - I ' .I IC) are certain that your
Page 108 and 109: Myth 11 -American Indian fires coul
Page 110 and 111: ....,I ' INational Wildlife Federat
Page 112 and 113: World Wildlife Fund1250 24"' Street
Page 114: ....,Conservation Fieldbook, Philmo
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