Issue 106 - Nasho Front Page

THE GUNThe first artillery was a rock, readily available but dependent on the strength of the arm.Eventually someone discovered that pebbles or lead balls could be thrown further and harder using a sling.The Greeks and the Romans made the first mechanicalinnovations using twisted strips of animal hide topropel rocks and iron arrow bolts from largemechanical crossbows or catapults with names suchas the Ballista (at left), Scorpion and Onager.Gruesome testimony to their effectiveness was foundat Maiden Castle in Dorset, England, stormed by the2nd Legion (Augusta) in AD43 under a futureEmperor, Vespasian, during the Roman invasion ofBritain. One of the defenders was buried in a hastilydug grave still with a ballista bolt stuck in his spine.The next major development was the trebuchet, avery large catapult driven by one or morecounterweights. It was usually a siege weapon andthere have been demonstrations of recreated ones thatthrew a Morris Minor car several hundred yards. Thefilm Lord of the Rings showed them in action in thesiege of the city, Minas Tirith.This film also alluded to the invention of gunpowder,first by the Chinese, which revolutionized war withthe development of personal firearms and of cannon.A cannon basically is an iron tube initially ofreinforced metal strips and later cast in one piece. They were muzzled loaded, fired by a lighted wick or sparkand hurled round stone, cast iron balls or pieces of shrapnel. Their introduction made the castle obsolete andnecessitated new forms of defence.The ultimate effectiveness of artillery was in World War One in which it is regarded as the deciding factor.Long range artillery to a large extent was replaced by air power in World War Two and now by missiles.According to Wikipedia, cannon were first used in China. The first hand cannon appeared during the1260 Battle of Ain Jalut between the Mamluks and Mongols in the Middle East. The first cannon in Europe wereprobably used in Spain in the 13th century,and English cannon were first deployed inthe Hundred Years’ War, at the Battle ofCrécy, in 1346. During the Middle Agescannon became standardized and moreeffective in both the anti-infantry andsiege roles. After the Middle Ages mostlarge cannon were abandoned in favor ofgreater numbers of lighter, moremaneuverable pieces. In addition, newtechnologies and tactics were developed,making most defences obsolete. This ledto the construction of star forts, specificallydesigned to withstand artillerybombardment and the associated siegetactics.Cannon also transformed naval warfaretaking advantage of the firepower.PAGE 3