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132 O.Ravi et alF ⊆ α cl(A). Thus F ⊆ α cl(A) ∩ (α cl(A)) cand F is empty.The converse of Proposition 4.8 need not be trueas seen from the following example.Example 4.9Let X = {a, b, c, d} with τ = {φ, {b, c}, {b, c, d},{a, b, c}, X}. ThenG C(X) = {φ, {a}, {d}, {a,d}, {a, b, d}, {a, c, d}, X}. If A = {a, b, d}, thenα cl(A) − A = X − {a, b, d} = {c} does notcontain any nonempty closed set. But A is not-closed in (X, τ).Theorem 4.10A set A is -closed if and only if α cl(A) − Acontains no nonempty sg-closed set.ProofNecessity. Suppose that A is -closed. Let S bea sg-closed subset of α cl(A) − A. Then A ⊆ S c .Since A is -closed, we have α cl(A) ⊆ S c .Consequently, S ⊆ (α cl(A)) c . Hence, S ⊆α cl(A) ∩ (α cl(A)) c = φ. Therefore S is empty.Sufficiency. Suppose that α cl(A) − A containsno nonempty sg-closed set. Let A ⊆ G and G beclosed and sg-open. If α cl(A) ⊄ G, thenα cl(A) ∩ G c ≠ φ. Since α cl(A) is a α -closedset (and hence semi-closed set) and G c is a sgclosedset and open, α cl(A) ∩ G c is a nonemptysg-closed subset of α cl(A) − A by Corollary2.5. This is a contradiction. Therefore, α cl(A)⊆ G and hence A is -closed.Proposition 4.11If A is -closed in (X, τ) and A ⊆ B ⊆ α cl(A),then B is -closed in (X, τ).ProofLet G be a sg-open set of (X, τ) such that B ⊆ G.Then A ⊆ G. Since A is an -closedset,α cl(A) ⊆ G. Also α cl(B) = α cl(A) ⊆ G.Hence B is also an -closed in (X, τ).Proposition 4.12Let A ⊆ Y ⊆ X and suppose that A is -closedin (X, τ). Then A is -closed relative to Y.ProofLet A ⊆ Y ∩ G, where G is sg-open in (X, τ).Then A ⊆ G and hence α cl(A) ⊆ G. Thisimplies that Y ∩ α cl(A) ⊆ Y ∩ G. Thus A is-closed relative to Y.Proposition 4.13If A is a sg-open andis α -closed in (X, τ).Proof-closed in (X, τ), then ASince A is sg-open and -closed, α cl(A) ⊆ Aand hence A is α -closed in (X, τ).Proposition 4.14For each x ∈ X, either {x} is sg-closed or {x} c is-closed in (X, τ).ProofSuppose that {x} is not sg-closed in (X, τ). Then{x} c is not sg-open and the only sg-open setcontaining {x} c is the space X itself. Thereforeα cl({x} c ) ⊆ X and so {x} c is -closed in (X,τ).5. REFERENCES1. Andrijevic, D. Semi-preopen sets. MahematicsVesnik, 38: 24-32 (1986).2 Arya, S.P. & T. Nour. Characterization of s-normal spaces. Indian Journal of Pure andApplied Mathematics, 21(8): 717-719 (1990).3. Bhattacharya, P. & B.K. Lahiri. Semigeneralizedclosed sets in topology. IndianJournal of Mahematics, 29(3): 375-382 (1987).4. Caldas, M. Semi-generalized continuous maps intopological spaces. Portugaliae Mathematica.,52 Fasc. 4: 339-407 (1995).5. Crossley, S.G. & S.K. Hildebrand. Semi-closure.Texas Journal of Science 22(1971), 99-112.6. Dontchev, J. On generalizing semi-preopen sets.Memoirs of the Faculty of Science KochiUniversity Series A Mathematics, 16: 35-48(1995).7. Levine, N. Generalized closed sets in topology.Rendiconti Del Circolo Mathematico DiPalermo, 19(2): 89-96 (1970).8. Levine, N. Semi-open sets and semi-continuity intopological spaces. American MathematicalMonthly, 70: 36-41 (1963).9. Maki, H., R. Devi, & K. Balachandran.Generalized α -closed sets in topology. Bulletinof Fukuoka University of Education Part III, 42:13-21 (1993).10. Maki, H., R. Devi, & K. Balachandran.Associated topologies of generalized α -closedsets and α -generalized closed sets. Memoirs ofthe Faculty of Science Kochi University Series AMathematics, 15: 51-63 (1994).
-closed sets in topology 13311. Mashhour, A.S., M.E. Abd El-Monsef, & S.N.El-Deeb. On precontinuous and weak precontinuous mappings. Proceedings ofMathematical and Physical Society of Egypt, 53:47-53 (1982).12. Njastad, O. On some classes of nearly open sets.Pacific Journal of Mathematics, 15: 961-970(1965).13. Noiri, T., H. Maki, & J. Umehara. Generalizedpreclosed functions. Memoir of the Faculty ofScience Kochi University Series A Mathematics,19: 13-20 (1998).14. Rajamani, M. & K. Viswanathan. On αgs-closedsets in topological spaces. Acta Ciencia Indica,XXXM (3): 21-25 (2004).15. Ravi, O. & S. Ganesan. -closed sets intopology. International Journal of ComputerScience and Emerging Technologies, 2(3): 330-337 (2011).16. Sheik, J.M. A study on generalizations of closedsets and continuous maps in topological andbitopological spaces. PhD Thesis, BharathiarUniversity, Coimbatore, India (2002).17. Veera Kumar, M.K.R.S. ĝ -closed sets inTopological spaces. Bulletin of AllahabadMathematical Society, 18: 99-112 (2003).18. Veera Kumar, M.K.R.S. g # semi-closed intopological spaces. Indian Journal ofMathematics, 44(1): 73-87 (2002).
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PAKISTAN ACADEMY OF SCIENCESFounded
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Hybrid Neuro-Fuzzy 67MATERIALS AND
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Hybrid Neuro-Fuzzy 69squared error
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Hybrid Neuro-Fuzzy 71Fig. 7. Member
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Hybrid Neuro-Fuzzy 73Fig. 13. Membe
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Hybrid Neuro-Fuzzy 75Fig. 16. Compa
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Hybrid Neuro-Fuzzy 77reactor by loc
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79 Syed Atiq-ur-Rehman and Muhammad
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