Affricating ejective fricatives: The case of Tigrinya - Linguistics

Affricating ejective fricatives: The case of Tigrinya 55Table 6 Results of linear mixed effects models for fricatives with Airstream as fixed effect and Speaker as random effect.Dependent variable nDF dDF F p(F) DirectionV1 duration (log) 1 4 26.36∗∗/s’/ > /s/Release duration (log) 1 4 33.02∗∗/s’/ < /s/Amplitude slope 1 4 17.98∗/s’/ > /s/Laryngealized duration (log) 1 3 107.65∗∗/s’/ > /s/∗ = p < .05; ∗∗ = p < .01nDF = numerator degrees of freedom; dDF = denominator degrees of freedom; F = F-statistic; p(F) = probabilityFigure 5 Repeated measures (averages) pertaining to mixed linear effects model presented in Table 6. X-axis labels are speakeridentifiers.for the ejective. Pulmonic releases were longer than ejective releases by 101 ms for geminatesand 33 ms for singletons. Amplitude slope was greater for ejective than pulmonic fricatives.For ejective and pulmonic fricatives, closure duration could not be analyzed using a repeatedmeasures design because no speakers produced pulmonic fricatives with closure. Only fourspeakers produced pulmonic fricatives with laryngealization. Details of the linear mixedeffects models for fricatives are presented in Table 6 and Figure 5.3.2.2 Ejective fricatives and ejective affricatesUsing Manner as a fixed effect for ejective fricatives and affricates, it was shown that Manneris associated with closure duration, F(1,4) = 10.09 (p < .05) (see Figure 6). Closure durationwas greater for affricates than fricatives by approximately 25 ms in the case of both singletonsand geminates.