The Avian Shoulder fulcrum of flight
The Avian Shoulder fulcrum of flight
The Avian Shoulder fulcrum of flight
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<strong>The</strong> <strong>Avian</strong> <strong>Shoulder</strong><strong>fulcrum</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>flight</strong>Mark Pokras, DVMWildlife Clinicummings School <strong>of</strong> Veterinary MedicineTufts University
Importance <strong>of</strong> Physical Examination
NormalAnatomy &FunctionRadiographs• Ventrodorsal• Lateral•45 o oblique•Others?PathologyFracturesLuxations• shoulder• coraco-sternal
Sternum
Clavicles (2 fused clavicles = furcula)
Coracoid<strong>The</strong> coracoid is a strong, straight member that connectsthe shoulder to sternum and acts as a strut to opposethe forces generated by pectoral muscle contraction.
ventraldorsalAo*L* oL
AcrocoracohumeralLigament
Joints• synovial: shoulder & coraco-sternal• elastic cartilage: coracoid to scapula• fibrous/fusion: clavicle to coracoid
Glenoid =scapula, coracoidlateralmedial
Farner & KingChicken Skeleton -- lateral view
scapulaclavicle
proximal humerusCaudal = axillaryarticularcranial = rostral
Triosseal Canal• for tendon <strong>of</strong> supracoracoideus mm• pulley to proximal, dorsal humerus–coracoid–scapula–clavicle
How to FlapFrom Feduccia
Supracoracoideus musclefrom Berger
pectoralis muscles:major force for downstroke
supracoracoideuspectoralis
SPPS
Common eiderdorsal viewscapula
.tendon <strong>of</strong> insertion <strong>of</strong>supracoracoideus.
drilling holes forreduction <strong>of</strong> shoulderluxation
Problem artifacts• full crop• underexposed
TBMUNOGA
Coracoid fracture
Any Fractures Visible?What is this?
AnythingWrong?
RB Woodpecker–coracoid luxation(internal)
Oblique radiograph for scapula
Where’s thefracture?
Let’s Get <strong>The</strong>m Back in the Air!!
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