The April 4 th , <strong>2012</strong> Edition <strong>of</strong> THE REVENGE OF HUMP DAY!Page 44 <strong>of</strong> 53About 40 percent <strong>of</strong> red dwarf stars may have Earth-sized planets orbiting them that havethe right conditions for life.The search found nine planets with between one and 10 Earth masses, including two in thehabitable zone, possibly giving them the right temperature to have liquid water. Becausered dwarfs don’t produce as much heat as our sun, their habitable zones occur muchcloser to the star.Larger planets, about the size <strong>of</strong> Jupiter, were found around less than 12 percent <strong>of</strong> reddwarfs, suggesting they are rarer than small rocky worlds.Until recently, astronomers could only guess at the number <strong>of</strong> stars with planets aroundthem. Now, with the more than 700 confirmed exoplanets, researchers finally have enoughdata to begin homing in on the true number.A previous team suggested that one quarter <strong>of</strong> sun-like stars have an Earth-sized planetaround them, while another group estimated that one planet exists for each <strong>of</strong> the hundredbillion stars in our galaxy.Astronomers hope to someday build a telescope capable <strong>of</strong> directly imaging the light froman extrasolar planet and see if they contain the telltale chemicals <strong>of</strong> life, such as oxygen ormethane.Image: NASA/JPL-Caltech~
The April 4 th , <strong>2012</strong> Edition <strong>of</strong> THE REVENGE OF HUMP DAY!Page 45 <strong>of</strong> 53WHAT ION PROPULSION MEANS FOR BOEING—AND OUR FUTURE IN SPACEBoeing recently announced it would deploy a satellite powered completely by ionpropulsion, with no chemical propellant, while in orbit. Electric propulsion has long beenseen as a bright hope for future space travel. So does this move means that future hasgotten a little closer?By Rand Simberg, Popular Mechanics, March 28, <strong>2012</strong>http://www.popularmechanics.com/science/space/rockets/what-ion-propulsion-means-forboeing-and-our-future-in-space-7685623?click=pm_latestBoeingFor the past half-century, chemicalrockets have propelled mostspacecraft, because this is thesimplest and best-understood way todo it, and it is also the fastest way,with current technology, to reachone’s destination (particularlyimportant if one is a human being). Butchemical rockets require a hugeamount <strong>of</strong> propellant, and so someengineers have long envisioned afuture powered by other means, suchas ion propulsion.It’s coming. Boeing recentlyannounced the first communicationssatellite to use no chemical propulsion at all. This will allow much more <strong>of</strong> the satellitemass to be devoted to transponders and solar panels, rather than propellant, propellanttanks, and engines. And each transponder generates revenue—the more Boeing can fitonto a satellite, the more money it makes.Why Ions?Chemical rockets provide a lot <strong>of</strong> power, allowing for rapid acceleration, but at the cost <strong>of</strong> alot <strong>of</strong> propellant. This is because the lower the exhaust velocity, the more propellant youmust expel to achieve a given velocity change, and chemical combustion doesn’t producehigh exhaust velocities. For instance, one <strong>of</strong> the best chemical combinations—liquidoxygen and hydrogen—provides an exhaust velocity <strong>of</strong> about 14,000 feet per second. Thatsounds pretty fast but is actually a slouch compared to other possible methods. The rocketequation is exponential, so if engineers could use a propellant with twice that velocity, theycould cut the amount <strong>of</strong> propellant needed by much more than half.That’s why ion propulsion has always excited many spacecraft designers. In ionpropulsion, electrons are stripped from or added to a noble gas such as xenon to give it anet electrical charge. The ion engine then accelerates them with an electric or magneticfield and blasts them out the back <strong>of</strong> a thruster. This can provide exhaust velocities greaterthan chemical propulsion by 10 times or more, meaning a mission would need only a smallfraction <strong>of</strong> the propellant a chemically powered vehicle must carry.
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