“ You need not nowbow to hate, youneed not now bowto violence, foryou have nowdiscovered anotherway and anotherapproach.”his selfhood and his freedom is at thatmoment committing moral and spiritualsuicide, and you are standing upto the great determination. You havetaken up the deep groans of the century.The students have taken the passionatelongings of the ages andfiltered them in their own souls andfashioned a creative protest. It is one ofthe glowing epics of the time and Ipredict that it will win — that it willhave to win, because this demand is abasic American demand.Victor Hugo said many years ago,“There is nothing more powerful thanan idea whose time has come.” Theidea whose time has come is in theidea of freedom and human dignity.Wherever men are assembled today,whether they are in Johannesburg,Nairobi, Accra, Berlin, Atlanta, NewYork, Montgomery, or Little Rock thecry is always the same: “We want to befree.” And so, today, let men everywherejoin in this quest for freedom bymoving out of the mountain of racialsegregation. This is the mountain thatwe must leave — we have dwelt in itlong enough. On this Founders Day, ifyou forget all I have said. I hope youwon’t forget this mountain.Finally, we have been in the mountainof corroding hatred and cripplingviolence long enough. We have beenin this mountain for centuries becausemen have gone to war and they havefought numerous wars; battlefields ofthe world have been painted withblood. We know about it — we knowabout this mountain because violenceis the inseparable twin of westernmaterialism, the hallmark of itsgrandeur. We know about this mountain,we have been in it long enough. Iam convinced it we fail to move out ofthis mountain, we will be plungedinto the abyss of annihilation. Thismeans not only on the local scale; wemust move out of it on the internationalscale. There was a time whenwe fought wars and felt they were justwars. I must admit that at one point inmy intellectual pilgrimage, I justifiedwar, certainly as a sort of negativegood in the sense that it blocked anevil force, a totalitarian force. I havecome to believe firmly now that warcan no longer serve even as a negativegood because of the potential destructivenessof modern war. There was atime when we had a choice of violenceor nonviolence, but today it is eithernonviolence or nonexistence.And so the nations of the worldmust get together. In Geneva they mustget together; at the Summit Conferencethey must get together, to bringan end to the armament race, to bringabout universal disarmament and setup a sort of world police force. This is amatter of survival now. Talk about loveand nonviolence may have beenmerely a pious injunction a few yearsago; today it is an absolute necessity forthe survival of our civilization.Also in the racial struggle this isvitally important to our nation and toother nations we must come out ofthe mountain of hatred and violence.This is why I am convinced that as westand up for freedom and as we standup for justice we must always strugglewith the highest weapons of dignityand discipline. We must never useweapons of hatred and violence. Menhave thought over the years that eitherthey would have to fight their oppressionsor they would have to acquiesceand surrender. You have seen the typeof people who felt that the only way todeal with oppressions was to accept it.Sometimes you will hear somebodysinging, “been down so long thatdown don’t bother me.” That is howsome people adjust; they get exhaustedin the struggle, and they give up andthey are free — they achieve the freedomof exhaustion. Then others havefelt that the only way to deal withoppression is to stand up with violenceand get ammunition andweapons of violence to deal with anevil system and an evil opponent. Isay to you today, there is another waythat combines the best points of bothof these and avoids the evil points ofboth, and that is what we call nonviolentresistance. For here you havediscovered a way of struggle thatcombines the realistic and the idealistic;a way of struggle that combinesthe calm and courageous. You neednot now bow to hate, you need notnow bow to violence, for you havenow discovered another way andanother approach. It comes to usfrom the long Christian tradition,Jesus of Nazareth himself, comingdown through Mahatma Gandhi ofIndia, who took the love ethic of JesusChrist and made it effective as asociopolitical force and broughtabout the transformation of a greatnation and achieved freedom for hispeople.I know you are asking, “What doyou mean about this love thing —-you are talking about people whooppose you, loving people who are tryingto misuse you, seeking to defeatyou —- what in the world are you tryingto say? That is impossible! Sincethese questions are often raised, I haveto pause quite often to explain themeaning of love in this context. It isinteresting that the Greek languagecomes to our rescue and our aid at thispoint. You know in the Greek languagethere are three words for love. One iseros. Eros is a sort of aesthetic love.Plato talked about it a great deal in hisdialogue, the yearning of the soul forthe realm of the divine. It has come tous to mean a sort of romantic love; inthat sense we all know eros because wehave experienced it and we have livedwith it; we have read about it in all ofthe beauties of literature. I wouldimagine Edgar Allen Poe was talkingabout eros when he talked about hisbeautiful Annabelle Lee with a lovesurrounded by a halo of eternity. In asense Shakespeare was talking aboutEros when he said: “Love is not lovewhich alters when it alteration finds,or bends with the remover toremove: Oh no! it is an ever fixedmark that looks on tempests and isnever shaken. It is the star to every6 S P E L M A N M E S S E N G E R
wandering bark.” These are beautifulwords of Shakespeare’s. Theyexpress something of the meaning oflove. Then there is another word,philia, which is a sort of intimate affectionbetween personal friends. In asense, this is the sort of love that youhave for your roommate, the personsthat you like and eat dinner with andthe persons you like to talk to on thetelephone. You have this intimate feelingof love because you like them andbecause there is something that youhave in common on this level; you lovebecause you are loved. It is a reciprocallove. The Greek language comes outwith another word, agape. Agape ismore than eros. It is more than philia.It is understanding, creative, redemptivegoodwill to all men. It is a spontaneouslove which seeks nothing inreturn. Theologians would say it is thelove of God operating in the humanheart. When you rise to love on thislevel, you love men not because theyhave any particular meaning to you atthe moment, but you love thembecause God loves them. And so yourise to the point of loving the individualwho does the evil deed while hatingthe deed that he does.I think this is what Jesus meantwhen he said, “Love your enemies.” Iam very happy he did not say likeyour enemies, because it is very hardto like some people. It is hard to likesome senator who waters down thecivil rights bill in Congress; it is prettyhard to like him. It is hard to likesomebody who is bombing yourhouse, who is seeking to kill you anddefeat and destroy your children. It isdifficult to like them. But Jesus says“Love them.” And love is greater thanlike. Love is creative, redemptivegoodwill for all men. When men riseto live on this level, they come to seeall men as children of the almightyGod, and they can look in the eyes ofthe opponent and love him in spite ofhis evil deed.I believe if we will follow this way,we will be able to achieve not onlydesegregation, which will bring ustogether, physically, but also integration,which is true intergroup, interpersonalliving. I believe if we willfollow this type of love, we will go intothe new age with the proper attitude.We will not go believing in any philosophyof black supremacy, for blacksupremacy is as dangerous as whitesupremacy. God is interested merely inthe freedom of the whole human race.It is this type of love which will keepour attitudes right so that we will continueto struggle for first-class citizenship,never using second-classmethods to gain it. We will move outof these mountains that have so oftenimpeded our progress, the mountainof moral and ethical relativism, themountain of practical materialism,the mountain of corroding hatred, bitternessand violence, and the mountainof racial segregation. We will beable to build a new world, and I say toyou this afternoon as you look aheadto the days to come: Always have faithin the possibility of getting over to thepromised land. Don’t become a pessimistand feel that we cannot getthere; it is difficult sometimes, it ishard sometimes, but always have faiththat the promised land can beachieved and that we can possess thisland of brotherhood and peace andunderstanding.I do not give you this element offaith and superficial optimism. I donot stand here as a detached spectator.As I say to you this afternoon, havefaith in the future, I speak as one wholives every day amidst the threat ofdeath. I speak as one who has had tostand often amidst the surging murmurof life’s restless sea, I speak as onewho has been battered often by thejostling winds of adversity, but I havefaith in the future. I have faith in thefuture because I have faith in God andI believe that here is a power, a creativeforce in this universe seeking at alltimes to bring down prodigious hilltopsof evil and pull low giganticmountains of injustice. If we willbelieve this and struggle along, we willbe able to achieve it.Keep moving, for it may be that thegreatest song has not been sung, thegreatest book has not been written, thehighest mountain has not beenclimbed. This is your challenge! Reachout and grab it and make it a part ofyour life. Reach up beyond cloudfilledskies of oppression and bring outblazing stars of inspiration. The basicthing is to keep moving. Move out ofthese mountains that impede ourprogress to this new and noble andmarvelous land. Langston Hughessaid something very beautiful in“Mother to Son.”Well son, I’ll tell youLife for me ain’t been no crystal stair.It’s had tacks in it, splinters,Boards torn up, places with nocarpets on the floors, bare!But all the time, I’se beena-climbingon and reaching landingsAnd turning corners andsometimes going in the darkwhere there ain’t been no light.So boy, don’t you stop now.Don’t you sit down on the stepscause you find it’s kinda hard.For I’se still goin boy, I’se still climbing.And life for me ain’t been nocrystal stair.Life for none of us has been a crystalstair, but there is something we canlearn from the broken grammar ofthat mother, that we must keep moving.If you can’t fly, run, if you can’trun, walk; if you can’t walk, crawl; butby all means keep moving. •W I N T E R / S P R I N G 2 0 0 07