AUSTRALIAN BIODIVERSITY RECORD - Calodema

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Australian Biodiversity Record, 2007 (7): 1-90Queensland (Heron Island) revealed gastropod molluscs and clams were principallyconsumed, with smaller amounts of jellyfish, starfish, corals, crabs and fish being utilized.Hawksbill Turtles will actively dig amongst soft substrates for suitable prey. Juveniles andsub-adults live in the open ocean and are essentially pelagic for many years feeding upon arange of planktonic organisms (algae, pelagic crustaceans, molluscs) before maturing intomore continental shelf or reef habitats. After they reach a carapace length of around 70 cmthey inhabit more benthic habitats with a variety of substrates - soft muddy bottoms, rocky,sandy with seagrass beds or coral reefs may all be utilized for foraging. Sometimes smallerspecimens will mistakenly ingest flotsam and anthropogenic debris and this has an unknownimpact on mortality rates in the species. It is known that individuals return to their particularfeeding and breeding areas over many years.Toxicity: Loggerhead turtle flesh has been known to cause severe illness when eaten in someregions. The meat, adipose tissue, organs, blood, and eggs of sea turtles are consumed byhumans in various parts of the world (including traditional hunters in northern Australia) and itis known that many deleterious health consequences may also result from their consumption.Among the identified health hazards of sea turtle products are bacterial and parasiticinfections which have led to extreme illness or even death by organ damage, diarrhoea,vomiting, and extreme dehydration. A range of identified biotoxins and environmentalcontaminants such as heavy metals and organochlorine compounds, have also beendetected that are above WHO safety levels. Consuming contaminated sea turtle productsmay lead to neurotoxicity, kidney disease, liver cancer, and developmental effects in fetusesand children. Pregnant women, nursing mothers and children should be discouraged fromconsuming all sea turtle products. (see Aguirre, Gardner, Marsh, Delgado, Limpus andNichols 2006 for a very important review of this hazard).Survival Status: Internationally, this species is classified as Endangered on the IUCN RedList. It appears to be declining throughout its entire distribution. In the eastern USA (at SouthCarolina and Georgia) the main breeding sites have significantly declined in recent years.Within Australia, its survival status ranges from Vulnerable to Endangered. Federally, thistaxon is classified as Endangered under the Environmental Protection and BiodiversityConservation Act (1999) (listed as Caretta caretta). In New South Wales it is protected underthe NSW National Parks and Wildlife Act (1974) and listed in that State as a ThreatenedSpecies (Vulnerable) in Schedule 2 of the NSW Threatened Species Conservation Act(1995). It is also protected under the WA Wildlife Conservation Act 1950 (as amended) (listedas ‘rare, or likely to become extinct’), the Territory Parks and Wildlife Conservation Act (1998),the SA National Parks and Wildlife Act (1972) (Vulnerable), the Tasmanian National Parksand Wildlife Act (1970) (Endangered), the Qld Nature Conservation Act (1992) (Endangered).It is also technically protected under the Victorian Wildlife Act (1975) but not listed asthreatened in Schedule 2 of the Victorian Flora and Fauna Guarantee Act (1988) [however, Iconsider that it should be treated as an Endangered species in Victoria]. Although regardedas common in its primary habitats, it is another heavily exploited species of turtle in someparts of the world, and is threatened with extinction over much of its global range mainlythrough egg-poaching. Countless numbers are also accidentally drowned in fishingoperations, entanglements with marine debris or poisoned through pollution. In many parts ofits range, this species has also been increasingly infected with a debilitating illness(Fibropapillomatosis) which is apparently caused by a virus.Etymology: The name ‘Caretta’ is generally thought to mean ‘tortoise-shell' and 'Carettagigas', means 'large tortoise-shell' - referring to the morphology of the species' carapace.However, ‘caretta’ is actually from the Spanish ‘carey’ which means ‘type of turtle’ and theLatin ‘etta’ meaning ‘little’Genus: Chelonia Brongniart, 18001800 Chelonia Brongniart, Bull. Sci. Soc. Philom. Paris, 2: 89. – Subsequently designatedtype species (Bell 1828): Chelonia mydas (Linnaeus, 1758).1805 Chelone Brogniart (nomen novum), Mém. prés. Inst. Paris, 1: 610.1814 Chelonias Rafinesque (nomen novum), Specchio Sci. Palermo, 2: 66.1828 Chelona Fleming (nomen novum), Hist. Brit. Anim.: 149.4
Australian Biodiversity Record, 2007 (7): 1-901838 Mydas Cocteau in de la Sagra (non Mydas Fabricius, 1794 = Diptera; non MydasBonaparte, 1831 = Mammalia, Primates), Hist. phys. pol. natur. Île Cuba, 4 (Rept.): 19. –Type species (by tautonymy): Chelonia (Mydas) viridis (Schneider, 1783) = Chelonia (Mydas)virgata Schweigger, 1812 = Chelonia mydas (Linnaeus, 1758).1843 Mydasea Gervais, Dict. Hist. natur., 3: 457. – Type species (by tautonymy): Mydaseamydas Linnaeus, 1758 = Chelonia mydas (Linnaeus, 1758).1846 Euchelonia Tschudi, Fauna peruana: 22. – Type species (by monotypy): Chelonia(Euchelonia) midas [sic] = Chelonia mydas (Linnaeus, 1758).1848 Megemys Gistel (nomen novum pro Chelonia Brongniart, 1800), Naturgesch. Thiere: 8.1858 Euchelys Girard, U.S. Explor. Exped., Herpetol. 1838–1842, 20 (Herpetol.): 447. – Typespecies (by monotypy): Euchelys macropus (Walbaum, 1782) = Chelonia mydas (Linnaeus,1758).Chelonia mydas (Linnaeus, 1758)1758 Testudo mydas Linnaeus, Syst. Natur., Ed. 10, 1: 197. – Restricted Type Locality(Mertens & Müller 1928): Ascension Island.1782 Testudo macropus Walbaum (nomen illegitimum), Chelonogr.: 112. – Type Locality:unknown.1783 Testudo viridis Schneider, Allgem. Naturgesch. Schildkr.: 299; plate 2. – DesignatedType Locality (Smith & Taylor 1950): Charleston, South Carolina.1787 Testudo japonica Thunberg, Kongl. Vetensk. Acad. Handl., Stockholm, 8: 178; plate 7:fig. 1. – Type Locality: Japan.1788 Testudo marina vulgaris Lacépède (nomen novum pro Testudo mydas Linnaeus, 1758),Hist. natur. Quadrup. ovip., 1 (Synops. méthod.): 54; plate.1788 ? Testudo viridi-squamosa Lacépède (nomen suppressum: Opinion 660, ICZN 1963),Hist. natur. Quadrup. ovip., 1 (Synops. méthod.): 92; plate. – Restricted Type Locality(Brongersma 1961): Blanquilla Island, Caribbean Sea.1800 Chelonia mydas – Brongniart, Bull. Sci. Soc. Philom. Paris, 2: 89.1800 Testudo chloronotos Bechstein, Naturgesch. Amphib., 1: 107. – Restricted Type Locality(Brongersma 1961): Blanquilla Island, Caribbean Sea.1801 Testudo rugosa Daudin [non Testudo rugosa Shaw, 1802 = Trachemys terrapen(Lacépède, 1788) or Trachemys decussata decussata (Gray, 1831)], Hist. natur. gén. part.Rept., 2, 1802: 37. – Type Locality: Maledives.1801 Testudo cepediana Daudin, Hist. natur. gén. part. Rept., 2, 1802: 50; plate 17: fig. 1. –Type Locality: unknown.1805 Chelone mydas – Brogniart, Essai Classif. Natur. Rept.: 27.1812 Chelonia japonica – Schweigger, Königsberg. Arch. Naturwiss. Math., 1: 290.1812 Chelonia mydas – Schweigger, Königsberg. Arch. Naturwiss. Math., 1: 291.1812 Chelonia virgata Schweigger, Königsberg. Arch. Naturwiss. Math., 1: 291. – RestrictedType Locality (Smith & Taylor 1950): Bermuda Islands.1820 Caretta cepedii Merrem (nomen novum pro Testudo cepediana Daudin, 1801), Tentam.Syst. Amphib.: 18.1820 Caretta esculenta Merrem, Tentam. Syst. Amphib.: 18. – Type Locality: Atlantic Ocean.1820 Caretta nasicornis Merrem, Tentam. Syst. Amphib.: 18. – Designated Type Locality (hocloco): Atlantic Ocean.1820 Caretta thunbergii Merrem (nomen novum pro Testudo japonica Thunberg, 1787),Tentam. Syst. Amphib.: 19.1826 Caretta mydas – Fitzinger, Neue Classif. Rept.: 44.1826 Caretta virgata – Fitzinger, Neue Classif. Rept.: 44.1829 Chelonia lachrymata Cuvier, Règne animal, Ed. 2, 2: 13. – Designated Type Locality(hoc loco): Ascension Island.1829 Chelonia maculosa Cuvier, Règne animal, Ed. 2, 2: 13. Designated Type Locality (Smith& Taylor 1950): Ascension Island.1830 Chelonia midas Wagler (ex errore), Natürl. Syst. Amphib.: 133.1831 Chelonia mydas var. japonica – Gray, Synops. Rept., 1 (Cataphracta): 53.1832 Chelonia esculenta – Wiegmann & Ruthe, Handb. Zool.: 165.1834 Chelonia bicarinata Lesson, In: Bélanger, Voy. Ind.-Orient., Zool.: 301. – Type Locality:Atlantic Ocean.1835 Chelonia viridis – Temminck & Schlegel in Siebold, Fauna Japon., Rept.: 18.5
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