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First Engineering <strong>Scientific</strong> Conference-College of Engineering –University of Diyala, 22-23 Dec. 2010RANDOMLY MINING OF RIVER DEPOSITS AT AL-MANSURIAH DISTRICT AND IT'S EFFECTSON ENVIRONMENT AND ECONOMYlevel of the channel bed. So that it is easy to see a pool among gardens. After the end ofexploitation of the deposits the pits have been abandoned without dumping or leveling thatdue to highly cost.TOTAL DISSOLVED SOLIDS (TDS) OF DIYALA RIVER AT STUDYAREATotal dissolved solids, includes total positive and negative ions, it is measured bythe(ppm) or (mg/l) units. Concentration of the (TDS) in water of river influences by manyfactors, like type of rocks and soils in contact with it, human activities along and neabours towater flow, agricultures, artificial, drainage, nets, fertelizer of soil, and waste materials.Concentration of the (TDS) in water is a direct indicator to the water quality. Waterpollution is any things that degrade water quality. Surface water pollution is often bothhighly visible and of the most common threats to environmental quality (Cunningham,et,.al.2007).Chemical analysis achieved for water samples from study area for a period of oneyear (2009-2010) with monthly, sampling.The result of the highest reading was (768 ppm) and lowest reading was (470 ppm)with annual average (580 ppm). While the annual average of (TDS) of Hemrin reservoir andfor the same period (2009-2010) was (453 ppm). By comparism with result of previousstudy of the same station obtained from the same author, it was (473.8 ppm). That meansthere is increasing in (TDS) by (106.2 ppm), and that indicates the Diyala river becomemore polluted.EFFECTS OF RANDOMLY MINING ON ENVIRONMENT AT STUDYAREAThere are a lot of effects on environment at study area, some of them are due tomining, gardens removing and the other reason was due to the construction of dams. Sowhen the dams are constructed at the upstream of Diyala river .as mention before, as a resultof these dams, the water discharge to lower Diyala basin became under control. So that therewas no natural flood happened since 1980, except the large flood in 1988 and that was not anormal flood which occurred as result of rainy storm, but happened, due to criticalcircumstances at that time. The authorities of ministry of irrigation decided to cut andremoved the gates of Derbendikhan dam spillway and at same time the gates of Hemrin damspillway have been lifted, to protect Hemrin dam from failure. The water discharge to lowerDiyala Journal of Engineering Sciences – Special Issue262
First Engineering <strong>Scientific</strong> Conference-College of Engineering –University of Diyala, 22-23 Dec. 2010RANDOMLY MINING OF RIVER DEPOSITS AT AL-MANSURIAH DISTRICT AND IT'S EFFECTSON ENVIRONMENT AND ECONOMYDiyala was (4000) cubic meter/second, and lasted for 20 days. The regulation of dischargefrom Hemrin dam highly effected the morphology of Diyala river and started gradually tolose its character as a natural river, and became more or less as artificial drainage .The second reason was gravel pits and mining without taking care to the laws andlegislation which is legislated by local authorities and under the supervision of Geologicalsurvey. So the owner of gravel pits after digging and exploiting the materials from the pits,they left the overburden accumulated on side of Diyala channel and throw much of wastematerial to the river flow or near by the channel. In flood plain the excavated pits changed towater pools.The third reason was due to the cutting and removing of the gardens in Diyala floodplain and these gardens became places for gravel pits. So all the three reasons are behind ofenvironmental change at study area and it must be taken into consideration.EFFECTS OF RANDOMLY MINING ON ECONOMYTo estimate the amount of gravel materials in cubic meter, which is daily diggingand loading onto trucks from the whole gravel pits at study area, and to approach thisobjective, the following methods had been applied.The first method was by asking the owners of the gravel pits directly about amount ofdaily production and registered that weakly, to take the average production of each gravel pitindividually, and collect all the daily production of pits at study area. But this method wasunaffected and did not give a real quantity, especially when we do kind of comparingbetween the numbers of loaded trucks and the result of calculating data.The second method was selecting a check point which whole the loaded trucks passthrough it. Classified these loaded trucks according to their loads and recorded for wholeday and for one day a weak and for a period six months.The result of calculation was the daily average production of the gravel pits in studyarea 6500 cubic meter. So the local government should pay attention to such production, as anational property and to be sure whether all the gravel pits working according to the lawsand legislations or not. To take a wise steps to save this national property.CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONSDiyala Journal of Engineering Sciences – Special Issue263
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