Edentata 5 - Anteater, Sloth & Armadillo Specialist Group

EdentataThe Newsletter of the IUCN Edentate Specialist Group • December 2003 • Number 5ISSN 1413-4411Editors: Gustavo A. B. da Fonseca and Anthony B. RylandsAssistant Editors: John M. Aguiar and Jennifer PervolaESG Chair: Gustavo A. B. da Fonseca

Edentatae Newsletter of the IUCN/SSC Edentate Specialist GroupCenter for Applied Biodiversity ScienceConservation International1919 M St. NW, Suite 600, Washington, DC 20036, USAISSN 1413-4411EditorsGustavo A. B. da Fonseca, Center for Applied Biodiversity Science, Conservation International, Washington, DCAnthony B. Rylands, Center for Applied Biodiversity Science, Conservation International, Washington, DCAssistant EditorsJohn M. Aguiar, Center for Applied Biodiversity Science, Conservation International, Washington, DCJennifer Pervola, formerly with the Center for Applied Biodiversity Science, Conservation International,Washington, DCEdentate Specialist Group ChairmanGustavo A. B. da FonsecaDesignTed Goodridge, Conservation International, Global Communications, Washington, DCLayoutKim Meek, Center for Applied Biodiversity Science, Conservation International, Washington, DCFront Cover Photo:Southern Tamandua (Tamandua tetradactyla). Photo © Haroldo Castro, Conservation InternationalEditorial AssistanceMariella Superina, University of New Orleans, Department of Biological Sciences, New Orleans, LAPlease direct all submissions and other editorial correspondence to John M. Aguiar, Center for AppliedBiodiversity Science, Conservation International, 1919 M St. NW, Suite 600, Washington, DC 20036, USA,Tel. (202) 912-1000, Fax: (202) 912-0772, e-mail: .is issue of Edentata was kindly sponsored by the Center for Applied Biodiversity Science, ConservationInternational, 1919 M St. NW, Suite 600, Washington, DC 20036, USA.

ARTICLESA Localidade Tipo da Preguiça-de-Coleira,Bradypus torquatus Illiger, 1811 (Xenarthra,Bradypodidae)Sérgio Maia VazDepartamento de Vertebrados, Seção de Mamíferos, MuseuNacional / UFRJ, Quinta da Boa Vista, São Cristovão, 20940-040 Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil. E-mail: .IntroduçãoA preguiça-de-coleira, Bradypus torquatus Illiger,1811, é uma espécie típicamente florestal,endêmica do Brasil, cuja distribuição geográficase restringe à Mata Atlântica nos Estados do Riode Janeiro, Espírito Santo, extremo nordestede Minas Gerais, Bahia e Sergipe. Nos últimosanos, a espécie tem sido objeto de diversosestudos (Pinder, 1993; Chiarello, 1998a, 1998b;Chiarello, 2001).Material e MétodosO presente estudo é baseado em bibliografia eespécimes conservados em instituições científicas,particularmente no Museum für Naturkunde derFIGURA 1. Distribuição geográfica da preguiça-de-coleira,Bradypus torquatus. A indicação Cametá é utilizada apenascomo referência à etiqueta do espécime ZMB 1895.Humboldt, Universität zu Berlin (ZMB). Sãoanalisadas evidências históricas sobre a origem domaterial utilizado na descrição original da espécie,com a proposta da restrição de sua localidade tipo.Resultados e DiscussãoNo começo do século XIX, o conde JohanCenturius von Hoffmannsegg conseguiuautorização do governo português para enviarao Brasil um colecionador de espécies botânicase zoológicas. Até então, Portugal mantinha aColônia parcialmente fechada aos visitantesestrangeiros. Esse colecionador era FriederichWilhelm Sieber que, entre 1800 e 1812, coletoumaterial científico na região do baixo Amazonas(Cametá, Gurupá, Monte Alegre, Santarém eÓbidos) (Pinto, 1979).“(...) Pela mesma época, em que lhe chegavamdo Pará as remessas de Sieber, mantinha o condede Hoffmannsegg ativa correspondência com oDr. Francisco Agostinho Gomes, com quemestreitara laços de amizade na época queeste digno filho da Bahia estudava leis naUniversidade de Coimbra, recebendo dele apromessa agora cumprida, de lhe enviar materialzoológico de sua terra natal.” (Pinto, 1979). Asremessas de material científico feitas por Gomesforam realizadas entre 1801 e 1807. Além daBahia, Agostinho Gomes também coletou emPernambuco (Papavero, 1971).O produto das coletas desses colecionadores,somado aos “exemplares doados pelo Gabinetede História Natural de Lisboa”, formaram “onúcleo do Museu de Zoologia da Universidadede Berlim, fundado em 1810, por iniciativade Hoffmannsegg e de seu primeiro diretor,Johan Karl Wilhelm Illiger, mastozoólogoque publicou, em 1811 e 1815, sinopses dosconhecimentos sobre mamíferos, na época,incluindo os dados recém obtidos sobre a faunabrasileira” (Ávila-Pires, 1974). Illiger (1811), aodescrever a preguiça de coleira (“collari nigricante,capite rufescente, plantis capite longioribus”),menciona “Gomes” como tendo observado oanimal no Brasil (“a naturae studiossimo Gomesin Brasilia detecta...”).1

Existem atualmente depositados no Museumfür Naturkunde quatro exemplares de Bradypustorquatus. O primeiro (ZMB 1895: pele) foirecebido por Hoffmannsegg e acha-se cometiqueta indicando ser procedente de Cametá,Pará; o segundo (ZMB 1896: pele e esqueleto)encontra-se rotulado com indicação “Brasilien”e o terceiro (ZMB 1898: pele e crânio) possuiregistro “Bahia”. Estes foram recebidos por Olferse Kähne, respectivamente. Há ainda um exemplar(ZMB 4391: montado) com procedência“Brasilien”, associado ao nome “Hagenbeck”(Renate Angermann, in litt.).Segundo a Dra. Angermann, “...we can notexclude the possibility that the locality Cametáfor this specimen [ZMB 1895] is incorrectbecause the catalogue entrance was first Bahiathan corrected to Cametá, both in PETERShandwriting”. (O nome Peters se refere aonome do ex-diretor do Museu de Berlim, WilhelmPeters.)Ávila-Pires (1967), ao restringir a localidade tipodo ouriço-preto, Chaetomys subspinosus (Rodentia),levanta, baseado nas críticas do ProfessorErwin Stresemann ao tratamento que era dispensadoàs coleções do Museu de Berlim pelosprimeiros curadores, a possibilidade de ter havidotroca de etiquetas envolvendo o exemplar-tipo, jáque era bastante improvável que a mencionadaespécie que habita uma “região característica porseus endemismos” (sudeste da Bahia) pudesse serassinalada no Pará (Cametá) ou qualquer outraárea da Amazônia.Voss e Angermann (1997) tecem consideraçõessobre a questão da perda ou descarte das eti-TABELA 1. Relação de espécimes de B. torquatus colecionados no Estado da Bahia.Museu / No. Procedência Sexo Data Coletor MaterialMNRJ10981 Ilhéus - - - Pele e crânio11204 Ilhéus Fêmea 11.08.1944 J. Moojen Pele e crânio11206 Fazenda Pirataquissé, B. Vitória, Ilhéus Macho 14.01.1944 G.I.P. Pele e crânio11375 Urucutuca, Aritaguá, Ilhéus Fêmea 07.10.1944 G.I.P. Pele e crânio23896 Urucutuca, Aritaguá, Ilhéus - 07.10.1944 G.I.P. Pele23933 Ilhéus - - - CrânioMZUSP3506 Itabuna Fêmea 1919 E. Garbe Pele e crânio3507 Itabuna Macho 1919 E. Garbe Pele e crânioZMB1898 “Bahia” - - - Pele e crânioSMNS488 “Bahia” Fêmea 1853 Glocker Crânio, esqueleto1562 “Bahia” - 1875 Schneider CrânioMHNG323/48 “Bahia” - 1843 Gautier Crânio450/76 “Provavelmente Bahia” - 1853 Blanchet Crânio, esqueletoUSNM259473 Itabuna Fêmea 1919 E. Garbe Pele e crânioAbreviações: MNRJ – Museu Nacional, Rio de Janeiro; MZUSP – Museu de Zoologia da Universidade de São Paulo,São Paulo; ZMB – Museum für Naturkunde der Humboldt, Universität zu Berlin, Berlin; SMNS – Staatliches Museum fürNaturkunde Stuttgart, Stuttgart; MHNG – Museum d’Histoire Naturelle, Genève; USNM – National Museum of Natural History,Washington, DC.2 Edentata no. 5 • December 2003

quetas originais que acompanhavam os espécimesde mamíferos doados por Hoffmannsegg aoMuseum für Naturkunde. Levantam também aimpossibilidade de se atribuir a Sieber a autoriade coletas de espécimes de Hoffmannsegg naregião da Floresta Atlântica (por exemplo, o tipode Bradypus torquatus).Entre 1978 e 1981, foi realizado um inventárioobjetivando verificar a presença de espécimes deBradypus torquatus conservados em instituiçõescientíficas. Esse levantamento possibilitou alocalização de 73 exemplares, distribuídos em18 museus. Com exceção do espécime do Museumfür Naturkunde (ZMB 1895), não existe nenhumoutro com indicação de ser procedente da regiãoamazônica. Pelo menos em seis desses museus foidetectada a presença de indivíduos procedentesdo Estado da Bahia (Tabela 1).Wetzel e Ávila-Pires (1980), baseados somentena distribuição geográfica da espécie, restringirama localidade tipo de “Scaeopus torquatus” à“Atlantic drainage of Bahia, Espírito Santo, andRio de Janeiro”.Em 1991, foi constatado junto à SuperintendênciaEstadual do Instituto Brasileiro do MeioAmbiente e dos Recursos Naturais Renováveis(IBAMA), na Bahia, a existência de diversosregistros envolvendo observação na naturezaou a caça de espécimes de B. torquatus emalgumas localidades próximas à capital baiana.Entre esses locais figuravam São Sebastião doPassé, Catu, Morro de São João, Nossa Senhoradas Candeias, Base Naval de Aratu e Cajazeira.Essas informações indicam que, do mesmomodo que outras espécies foram obtidas porGomes próximas a Salvador (por exemplo,os tipos de Chaetomys subspinosus e Coendouinsidiosus), não seria impossível que B. torquatustambém não o fosse.ConclusõesConsiderando todas as evidências, deve-sereconhecer a forte possibilidade da descriçãode Illiger ter sido baseada na pele recebida porHoffmansegg (ZMB 1895) que, ao contrário doque se supõe, não procede do baixo Amazonas(Cametá), mas da Bahia. Embora não se conheçainformações mais detalhadas que possam precisaro lugar onde o espécime foi obtido, acredita-sebaseado na ocorrência da preguiça-de-coleira noRecôncavo Baiano que é perfeitamente possívelque o mesmo possa ter sido coletado nessa região.Assim sendo, proponho que a localidade-tipode Bradypus torquatus Illiger, 1811 sejarestringida aos arredores de Salvador, Estado daBahia, Brasil.AgradecimentosAos curadores Renate Angermann (Museumfür Naturkunde der Humboldt, Universität zuBerlin), François J. Baud (Museum d’HistoireNaturelle), Fritz Dieterlen (Staatliches Museumfür Naturkunde Stuttgart) e Greg Blair (NationalMuseum of Natural History) pelas informaçõessobre os espécimes de Bradypus torquatusconservados nas respectivas coleções. Ao Dr.Ulisses Caramaschi (Museu Nacional / UFRJ) pelaleitura do texto e sugestões. À bibliotecária SolangeP. Lyrio Gomes pelo auxílio no levantamentobibliográfico e preparação da tabela.ReferênciasÁvila-Pires, F. D. 1967. e type-localityof Chaetomys subspinosus (Olfers, 1818)(Rodentia, Caviomorpha). Rev. Brasil. Biol.27: 177-179.Ávila-Pires, F. D. 1974. Caracterização zoogeográficada Província Amazônica I –Expedições científicas na Amazônia Brasileira.An. Acad. Brasil. Ciênc. 46: 133-158.Chiarello, A. G. 1998a. Activity budgets andranging patterns of the Atlantic forest manedsloth, Bradypus torquatus (Xenarthra: Bradypodidae).J. Zool. 246: 1-10.Chiarello, A. G. 1998b. Diet of the Atlantic forestmaned sloth, Bradypus torquatus (Xenarthra:Bradypodidae). J. Zool. 246: 11-19.Chiarello, A. G. 2001. A translocation experimentfor the conservation of maned sloths(Bradypus torquatus), a species threatenedwith extinction in the Brazilian Atlanticforest. Edentata (4): 23-25.3

Illiger, J. K. von. 1811. Prodromus SystematisMammalium et Avium. Berlin.Papavero, N. 1971. Essays on the History of NeotropicalDipterology, with Special Referenceto Collectors (1750 - 1905). Vol. I. Museude Zoologia da Universidade de São Paulo,São Paulo.Pinder, L. 1993. Body measurements, karyotype,and birth frequencies of maned sloth (Bradypustorquatus). Mammalia 57: 43-48.Pinto, O. M. O. 1979. A ornitologia do Brasilatravés das idades (século XVI a século XIX).Brasiliensia Documenta 13: 1-117.Voss, R. S. e Angermann, R. 1997. Revisionarynotes on Neotropical porcupines (Rodentia:Erethizontidae). 1. Type material describedby Olfers (1818) and Kuhl (1820) in theBerlin Zoological Museum. Am. Mus. Novitates3214: 1-44.Wetzel, R. M. e Ávila-Pires, F. D. 1980. Identificationand distribution of the recent slothsof Brazil (Edentata). Rev. Brasil. Biol. 40(4):831-836.Lista de Localidades de Captura de Xenartrossob Ameaça de Extinção no BrasilSérgio Maia VazDepartamento de Vertebrados, Seção de Mamíferos,Museu Nacional / UFRJ, Quinta da Boa Vista, SãoCristovão, 20940-040 Rio de Janeiro – RJ, Brasil. E-mail:.Em 1998, foi iniciado um levantamento sobreas localidades de captura de quatro espéciesde xenartros relacionados na Lista Oficial dasEspécies da Fauna Brasileira Ameaçadas deExtinção, Portaria No. 1.522, de 19 de dezembrode 1989. Foram examinados 163 espécimesconservados em três instituições: Museu Nacionalda Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro(MNRJ), Museu de Zoologia da Universidadede São Paulo (MZUSP), São Paulo e MuseuParaense Emílio Goeldi, Belém (MPEG).Classe: MammaliaOrdem: XenarthraFamília: BradypodidaeBradypus torquatus Illiger, 1811, Preguiça-decoleiraStatus: IUCN (1996) – Em perigoBahia: Fazenda Pirataquissé, Banco da Vitória,Ilhéus (MNRJ 11206); Urucutuca, Aritaguá,Ilhéus (MNRJ 11395, 23896); Ilhéus (MNRJ10981, 11204, 23933); Itabuna (MZUSP3506, 3507)Espírito Santo: Alto das Tabocas, Santa Teresa(MNRJ 5632); Santa Teresa (MNRJ 5884,5899); C. Bof. Paganinni, Ibiraçu (MNRJ23921); “Espírito Santo” (MNRJ 3882, 23920)Rio de Janeiro: Serra de Macaé (MZUSP 2806);Gruçaí, São João da Barra (MZUSP 10074)Procedência desconhecida: 4 espécimesTOTAL: 20 espécimesFamília: DasypodidaePriodontes maximus (Kerr, 1792), Tatu-canastraStatus: IUCN (1996) – Em perigoAcre: Seringal Oriente, proximidades deTaumaturgo (= Marechal Taumaturgo), rioJuruá (MPEG 980)Pará: Belterra (MNRJ 24109); Taperinha,Santarém (MPEG 4674, 4675); Santarém(MPEG 981, 1000); Vila do Bravo, rioTocantins (MZUSP 13492); Reserva Biológicade Trombetas (MZUSP 19995); PostoIndígena Aukre (MPEG 22827, 22839); PostoIndígena Kô Kraimôrô, Gorotire, rio Xingú(MPEG 22859)Amapá: Oiapoque (MNRJ 24092)Maranhão: Fazenda Cipó Cortado, margemesquerda do rio Pindaré, Amarante doMaranhão (MPEG 22688)Mato Grosso: Chavantina, rio das Mortes (MNRJ32696); alto rio Cururu (MNRJ 32697);Rodovia Transpantaneira (MZUSP 12854)Mato Grosso do Sul: Porto Murtinho (MNRJ 1323)Goiás: Rio São Miguel (MNRJ 1325); Mineiros(MNRJ 24477)Procedência desconhecida: 10 espécimesTOTAL: 29 espécimes4 Edentata no. 5 • December 2003

Tolypeutes tricinctus (Linnaeus, 1758), Tatu-bolaStatus: IUCN (1996) – VulnerávelPiauí: Mangueira do João Paulo, Parque Nacionalda Serra da Capivara (MNRJ 30393)Ceará: Serra dos Cariris Velhos (MNRJ 1503)Bahia: Bom Jesus da Lapa (MNRJ 4257, 4292,4294); Barra, rio São Francisco (MZUSP2654, 3134, 3135, 3136, 3137); Juazeiro, rioSão Francisco (MZUSP 2655, 2656, 2657);Santa Rita de Cássia, rio Preto (MZUSP 8576);Central (MNRJ 29404, 51651); Fazenda BoaVista, Palmas de Monte Alto (MPEG 22026);“Sul da Bahia” (MNRJ 32440)Procedência desconhecida: 5 espécimesTOTAL: 23 espécimesFamília: MyrmecophagidaeMyrmecophaga tridactyla Linnaeus, 1758,Tamanduá-bandeiraStatus: IUCN (1996) – VulnerávelRoraima: Caracaraí, baixo rio Mucajaí (MPEG1741); Rio Catrimani (MZUSP 13682);Lagoa do Pacú, Surumú, Pacaraima (MNRJ59103); Fazenda União, Surumú, Pacaraima(MNRJ 59104)Amazonas: Canaçari, rio Amazonas (MZUSP 5273)Rondônia: Matas do Piroculuina, rio Guaporé(MNRJ 2684)Pará: Fazenda Pascoval dos Melo, Ilha de Marajó(MPEG 596); Soure, Ilha de Marajó (MPEG1454); Ilha de Marajó (MPEG 413, 565, 1246,1455, 4234); Taperinha, Santarém (MPEG4658, 4659, 4660); Caracoal Grande (MPEG4661); Cachoeira Porteira, Oriximiná, alto rioTrombetas (MPEG 10211); Foz do Curuá(MZUSP 5454), Fordlândia (MZUSP 19958);Posto Indígena Aukre (MPEG 22834); PostoIndígena Kô Kraimôrô, Gorotire, rio Xingu(MPEG 22828)Amapá: Seringal Boa Fortuna, igarapé RioBranco, afluente direito do rio Maracá,Mazagão (MPEG 1652, 1662)Maranhão: Barra do Corda (MZUSP 8002)Mato Grosso: Porto Jacaré, alto rio Xingú (MNRJ23945); Serra Tapirapoan (MNRJ 2332)Mato Grosso do Sul: Porto do Sapé, rio Pardo(MZUSP 3727); Rio Pardo (MZUSP7484, 7485, 7486, 7487); Fazenda Leblon,Aquidauana (MZUSP 7789); Maracaju(MNRJ 5073, 24828); Fazenda Paredão(MZUSP 6893)Goiás: Cana Brava (MZUSP 4132); Proximidadesde Jataí (MNRJ 28801); Proximidades daUsina Hidrelétrica de Corumbá, Caldas Novas(MNRJ 37561); Proximidades do ParqueNacional das Emas (MNRJ 53699)Minas Gerais: Cambuquira (MNRJ 1586)Espírito Santo: Rio Doce (MZUSP 2415, 2416)São Paulo: Itararé (MZUSP 1170, 1172, 1173);São João da Boa Vista (MZUSP 4064);Mirandópolis (MZUSP 7480); Itapura(MZUSP 24255); “São Paulo” (MZUSP 3337)Rio Grande do Sul: São Lourenço (MZUSP 24254)Procedência desconhecida: 40 espécimesTOTAL: 91 espécimesAgradecimentosAos doutores Suely A. Marques Aguiar (MPEG)e Mário de Vivo (MZUSP) pelas facilidades paraexaminar o material conservado nas respectivasinstituições.Giant Anteater (Myrmecophaga tridactyla)Health Care SurveyScott Morford 1 and Mary Ann Meyers 2Santa Barbara Zoological Gardens, 500 Ninos Drive, SantaBarbara, California 93103, USA.Introductione Giant Anteater Survey is comprised of fourseparate sections designed to target specificquestions and issues involved in the overall careand management of the giant anteater (Myrmecophagatridactyla). e four sections of thissurvey and their status in terms of completionare as follows: 1) Health Care – results compiled;1Now at the San Diego Zoo, 2920 Zoo Drive, San Diego,California 92101.2Now in the program for Pre-Veterinary Medicine at the Universityof California, Santa Barbara.5

2) Diet – results compiled; 3) Housing – surveyquestionnaire to be distributed by September2001; and 4) Neonatal Care – survey questionnaireto be distributed by December 2001. Dueto the shortage of published information on thesetopics, the Giant Anteater Survey is an opportunityto share valuable information and experiencesamong institutions that maintain giantanteaters in their collections.e primary purpose of the Health Care sectionwas to catalogue medical problems faced by thegiant anteater in captivity and to list their correspondingtreatment strategies. is first survey sectionwas sent to 24 institutions (22 in the UnitedStates and two in Europe) in January 2001. Of the24 institutions, 19 responded with a plethora ofmedical records and necropsy reports. e livingpopulation of giant anteaters represented in thissample consisted of 25 males, 24 females, and twounsexed individuals. e population of deceasedgiant anteaters consisted of 20 males, 27 females,and 11 unsexed individuals.It is important to note that the Health Caresurvey results should not be mistaken for acomprehensive list of every medical problem/treatment strategy experienced by each respondinginstitution. In many cases medical recordsand necropsy reports were incomplete or unclear.Every attempt was made on our part to ensurethat the data were presented as accurately aspossible with the information provided by the19 responding institutions. It is our hope thatthe results of the survey will help create a greaterawareness and better understanding of some ofthe medical challenges and treatment strategiesgiant anteaters experience in captivity.Graphs ExplainedA series of seven graphs were created to illustratethe survey results for the following four topics:1) Current ages of living male/female anteaters;2) Anteater ages at time of death; 3) Body weightsof living male and female anteaters; and 4) Frequenciesof occurrence for 40 separate medicalproblems. All the information is current up to15 February, 2001 when compilation of thesurvey data was begun.Figure 1 illustrates the ages of 25 male and24 female anteaters housed in 19 separate institutionsat the time. e graph shows a populationwith ages covering a wide spectrum, from neonatesand juveniles to adults. e majority of the representedpopulation was under 10 years of age. Of the49 individuals, only 18% were over 10 years old.Number of individuals54321MalesFemales03 months4 months6 months7 months9 months10 months11 months1 year1.5 years2 years2.25 years3 years3.6 years4 years5 years6 years6.5 years7 years8 years9 years10 years12 years15 years17 years21 years30 yearsAgeFIGURE 1. Live anteater ages: 25 males / 24 females.6 Edentata no. 5 • December 2003

Figure 2 displays of all the known ages at deathof the 20 males, 27 females, and 11 unsexedindividuals that died at the 19 responding institutions.(e ages of five males and five females attime of death were not provided and thus werenot included.) e graph indicates a high infantmortality rate, with 22 individuals (46% of thedeceased population) dying within the first sixdays of birth. Of those that died in the first sixdays, 68% died in less than 24 hours. e infantmortality rate is therefore highest on the first dayof life.FIGURE 2. Anteater ages at death: 15 males / 22 females / 11 unknown.FIGURE 3. Body weights (n = 39) by age of the 25 living males represented in this survey.7

time, as well as a scarcity of data concerningthe health issues of specific individuals at thetime of weighing.From the survey of medical problems we produceda series of three graphs (Figures 5a, -b, and -c),representing 45 males, 51 females, and 11 unsexedindividuals. ey are based entirely on the medicalrecords and necropsy reports provided by the19 responding institutions. e population ofgiant anteaters represented in these graphs consistsof a total of 107 living and dead individuals.Forty medical problems are presented, along withtheir corresponding frequencies of occurrence.e section “Medical Problems Interpreted”provides additional information regarding eachmedical problem, including the number of individualsaffected, the percentage of the surveyedpopulation (107 individuals) affected, age trends,causes, symptoms, and treatment strategies. enumber in parentheses next to the medical problemin the graph corresponds to its number in thelist. It is important to remember that this informationis based strictly on the data provided by the19 responding institutions. In several instancesthe medical records and necropsy reports wereincomplete or unclear. We have tried to be asaccurate as possible with the data provided.Medical Problems InterpretedSurveyed Population: 107 individuals1. Vitamin K DeficiencyNumber of individuals reported: 9.10 (18%of population). e average age of these vitaminK-deficient anteaters was five and a halfyears. Six individuals were over the age of 10years when this deficiency was noted. eremaining 13 individuals were under fouryears old when diagnosed.Causes: Most commonly a result of a lackof vitamin K in the diet. is results indecreased ability for blood to clot.Symptoms: Spontaneous bleeding is observedeither from the nose, genitalia, or rectum.Blood may also be found in the urineand/or stool. Typically, only one or twoof these symptoms is observed in any oneindividual.Treatment Strategies: a) Supplement vitaminK in the diet in either powder (K-SOL) orliquid form on a daily basis. b) Add YunnanFIGURE 5A. Medical Problems: 45 males / 51 females / 11 unknown.9

FIGURE 5B. Medical Problems, continued: 45 males / 51 females / 11 unknown.12Number of Individuals11109876543malesfemalesunknown210(29.) trauma due to aggression(30.) hypothermia(31.) ear infection(32.) dehydration(33.) dry skin(34.) swollen salivary glands(35.) ehrlichiosis(36.) anteater pox(37.) schistosome larvae(38.) systemic mycobacteriosis(39.) tail wounds(40.) foot cutsHealth ProblemsFIGURE 5C. Medical Problems, continued: 45 males / 51 females / 11 unknown.10 Edentata no. 5 • December 2003

Paiyao, a Chinese herb, to the diet in additionto vitamin K supplements to promoteblood clotting. c) Change food componentsof vitamin K-deficient diet and include Leaf-Eater biscuits, which are high in vitamin K.2. NosebleedsNumber of individuals reported: 3.5 (7% ofpopulation). e average age of these individualswas 11 years. Only two were one year old.e other six were between eight years and27 years old.Causes: a) Vitamin K deficiency. b) Traumato nasal region either through aggression orcontact with electrified wire.Symptoms: Bleeding from nose.Treatment Strategies: a) If diagnosed asvitamin K deficiency – see “Vitamin K deficiencytreatment strategies.” b) Trauma – notreatment administered.3. Blood in UrineNumber of individuals reported: 2.9 (10%of population). Nine of these individualswere between the ages of two and fouryears. e other two individuals were over12 years old.Causes: a) Vitamin K deficiency. b) Estruscycle. c) Urinary tract infection.Symptoms: Urine has a reddish-brown tinge.Treatment Strategies: a) If diagnosed asvitamin K deficiency – see “Vitamin Kdeficiency treatment strategies.” b) Estruscycle – no treatment. Typically occurs everyfour to seven weeks and may last five to10 days. c) Urinary tract infection – antibiotictreatment.4. Blood in StoolNumber of individuals reported: 5.6.1 (11%of population). Of the ages provided, sixindividuals were between five and 12 yearsold and three were between one and twoyears old.Causes: a) Vitamin K deficiency. b) GI tractobstruction. c) GI tract infection.Symptoms: Stools are darker than usual andare tarrier in appearance.Treatment Strategies: a) If diagnosed as vitaminK deficiency – see “Vitamin K deficiencytreatment strategies.” b) If diagnosed asGI tract obstruction – see “GI tract obstructiontreatment strategy.” c) GI tract infection– antibiotic therapy.5. AnemiaNumber of individuals reported: 2.0 (2% ofpopulation). Ages: One year and 11 yearsold.Causes: a) Excessive bleeding due to vitaminK deficiency. b) Internal bleeding fromstomach ulcer(s).Symptoms: Lethargy.Treatment Strategies: a) If diagnosed asvitamin K deficiency – see “Vitamin Kdeficiency treatment strategies.” b) Stomachulcer(s) – no treatment listed.6. Vaginal PolypsNumber of individuals reported: 0.2 (2% ofpopulation). Ages: 12 years and 29 years.Causes: Undetermined.Symptoms: Small polyps visible on perimeterof vulva. e 29-year-old female’s polypsincreased slightly over the span of one year.Treatment Strategy: No treatments listed.7. Chronic Loose StoolNumber of individuals reported: 15.14 (27%of population). e average age of theseindividuals at onset of symptoms was fouryears. Of the ages provided, only three werebetween eight and 14 years of age. e other16 individuals were between the ages of oneand four years.Causes: a) Diet – A diet high in cereal grains(dog kibble) along with lactose (milk products)can create osmotic changes in the lowergut, thus promoting loose stool. b) Bacterial/parasitic infection in GI tract – Salmonella,Campylobacter, Shigella, worms. c) Ingestionof toxic substance.Symptoms: Stool is consistently pasty to liquidin consistency.Treatment Strategies: a) Diet – change dietingredients to Leaf-Eater/dry cat food. Leaf-11

Eater is high in cellulose, which mimics thechitin ingested by free-ranging giant anteaters.Cellulose/chitin provides gut fill andpromotes fecal consistency. Dry cat foodis meat-based and is easier to digest thanproducts like dog kibble, which are high incereal grains. Eliminate lactose (milk products)from diet. b) One institution reportedadding peat dust to the diet to promote fecalconsistency. c) Bacterial/parasitic infectionof GI tract – eliminate meat products in dietto prevent bacterial infections such as Salmonella.Antibiotic treatment was necessary inmost cases. d) Ingestion of toxic substance– see “Ingestion of toxic substances treatmentstrategies.”8. ConstipationNumber of individuals reported: 9.9 (17%of population). e average age of theseindividuals was four and a half years.Nine individuals were between one andthree years old.Causes: a) GI tract obstruction. b) Lack offiber in diet.Symptoms: Absence of stool. Lethargyreported on occasion.Treatment Strategies: Several institutionsreported cases of constipation that lasted twoor three days and then corrected themselveswithout treatment. a) Provide a pool – thisencourages defecation. b) Enema. c) Addsupplements to diet – mineral oil, laxatone,cat lax, Metamucil, psyllium fiber. d) Altersubstrate in exhibit – sand and woodchipscaused more impaction problems than dirtsubstrate. e) Provide more enrichment – thismay encourage individuals not to ingest asmuch substrate.9. SalmonellaNumber of individuals reported: 2.6 (7% ofpopulation). e average age of these individualswas approximately 10 years. Onlytwo individuals were under four years of age.Causes: Contaminated food products – anymeat in the diet is a potential risk. Occasionallyfound on unwashed fruit.Symptoms: Diarrhea/dehydration/abdominalpain.Treatment Strategies: a) Administer antibiotictherapy in most cases. b) In two cases diarrheasubsided in a couple of days and individualsno longer tested positive for Salmonella.c) Remove meat from diet and wash all fruitbefore feeding.10. CampylobacterNumber of individuals reported: 3.3 (6% of population).e average age of these individuals wassix years, with the youngest being one year oldand the oldest reported at 14 years.Causes: Contaminated substrate – infectedfecal material gets into the soil.Symptoms: Chronic diarrhea.Treatment Strategies: a) Administer antibiotictherapy. b) UV light kills these bacteria if thetop layers of soil are repeatedly turned overand exposed.11. ShigellaNumber of individuals reported: 1.0 (1% ofpopulation). Age: Five years.Cause: Not listed.Symptoms: Diarrhea, blood in stool, decreasedappetite, lethargy.Treatment Strategy: No treatment listed– symptoms persisted for two months but theanteater improved on its own.12. WormsNumber of individuals reported: 0.1 (1% ofpopulation). Age: Five years.Cause: Undetermined.Symptoms: Diarrhea.Treatment Strategy: Administer Nemex Wormer.13. GI Tract ObstructionsNumber of individuals reported: 5.5 (10% ofpopulation). e average age of these individualswas six years old. Four individualswere between one and three years old with theremaining between seven and 15 years of age.Causes: Ingestion of foreign body – hairball,sand, wood chips, 2 x 6 cm piece of plastic,gauze, string.12 Edentata no. 5 • December 2003

Symptoms: Extreme lethargy, acute anorexiafor more than a few days, abdominal pain,dehydration, constipation. One report indicatedthat the stool was still passing but feceswere much smaller than normal and consistedof green, mucoid strings.Treatment Strategies: a) Obstructions werefatal for six out of the 10 reported cases. b)Sand and wood chip impactions were successfullytreated with repeated enemas and laxativesadded to the diet. c) Surgery to removeobstruction.14. Stomach UlcersNumber of individuals reported: 2.4 (6% ofpopulation). e average age of these individualswas seven, with the youngest at oneyear and the oldest at 12 years.Causes: a) Parasites. b) Weak immune systemdue to other medical problems.Symptoms: Prolonged anorexia, abdominalpain, lethargy, weight loss, blood in stool,anemia.Treatment Strategy: None listed. All cases werereported upon necropsy. Stomach ulcers werelisted as the primary cause of death for twoindividuals. In the other four cases, stomachulcers were a contributing cause of death.15. Toxic IngestionNumber of individuals reported: 0.2 (2% ofpopulation). Ages: 10 months and two years.Causes: a) Ingestion of dye, cement, and glue.b) Ingestion of rat poison.Symptoms: Rat poison – extreme lethargy,labored breathing, abdominal pain when palpated,bleeding from nose/rectum.Treatment Strategy: Activated charcoal – usedto treat ingestion of dye, cement, and glue.e case of ingestion of rat poison was fatal.e animal died in two days, before treatmentcould be attempted.16. VomitingNumber of individuals reported: 2.1 (3% ofpopulation). Ages: One year, two years, andfour years.Causes: No causes were determined.Symptoms: In two of the cases, the animalscontinued to eat normally. In the third caseanorexia existed while symptoms persisted.Treatment Strategy: Animals put underobservation – no treatment administered.17. Tongue ProblemsNumber of individuals reported: 4.7 (10% ofpopulation). Of the ages provided, the averageage of these individuals was nine years.e youngest was three years old.Causes: In each reported case, the cause wasdiet-related. e stringy material found inground-up horsemeat acted like a noosearound the animal’s tongue and preventedblood circulation.Symptoms: a) Anorexia – animal shows interestin food but does not actually eat it. b)Excessive salivation – mouth held open withtip of the tongue hanging out. c) Tongue discoloration– tongue turns lighter in appearancedue to a lack of circulation.Treatment Strategies: a) Surgery to removeobstruction on tongue. b) Remove excessivelystringy types of meat (such as horsemeat)from the diet.18. AnorexiaNumber of individuals reported: 16.14.1(29% of population). is was the mostcommon problem reported by the 19 institutions.e average age of these individualswas six years. Of those provided, nineindividuals were between one and threeyears old and 14 were between five and14 years old.Causes: a) e causes of anorexia are numerousand varied. Anorexia was associatedwith every major medical problem listed. Innumerous cases, no cause was determinedfor loss of appetite. b) Temperature – threeinstitutions reported changes in environmentaltemperatures as a contributingfactor for anorexia. When environmentaltemperatures dropped into the low 50s °For increased into the 100s °F, anorexia wasnoted. c) Stress – heightened stress levelsseemed to promote anorexia.13

Symptoms: Loss of appetite – depending on theaccompanying medical problem, this symptomlasted for as little as two days and as longas four months. In the cases where no causewas determined, symptoms only persisted forone day to 10 days. Anorexic symptoms persistinglonger than two weeks were usuallyassociated with other medical problems suchas GI tract obstructions, GI tract infections,stomach ulcers, tongue problems, pneumonia,heart problems, liver disease, kidneydisease, and hypothermia.Treatment Strategies: a) In cases where symptomslasted for a week to 10 days, no treatment wasnecessary. Animal was observed and seemed toimprove on its own. b) Increase environmentaltemperature – several institutions located incold climates noted that supplemental heatencouraged their anteaters to eat regularly. Temperaturesin the mid-70s °F to 80s °F seemed tobe effective. c) Warm-water baths were reportedto help stimulate anteater appetites even for themore medically-challenged individuals.19. Upper Respiratory Congestion: 5.10 (14%of population). Nasal Discharge: 2.11 (12%of population). Pneumonia: 7.11.1 (18% ofpopulation)Number of individuals reported: As the abovenumbers indicate, these respiratory-relatedproblems seem to afflict females much morethan males, by a ratio of 2:1. e ages of theseindividuals were scattered. e youngest anteaterreported suffering from pneumonia wasfive days old, while the oldest was 28 years.Of the 11 individuals of known age sufferingupper respiratory congestion, six were undertwo years old. Of the 11 individuals of knownage reported experiencing nasal discharge, fivewere under two years old. Lastly, of the 13individuals of known age reported with pneumonia,seven were under two years old, and ofthese, four were less than six days old.Causes: a) Nasal discharge/Upper respiratorycongestion – exposure to consistentlycold (below mid-50s °F), wet environments.In one case a female was reported chronicallycongested for 10 years and no causeswere determined. b) Pneumonia – bacterialinfection/septicemia or untreated upperrespiratory congestion. Of the 19 casesreported, pneumonia was listed as either theprimary or associated cause of death for 12.Symptoms: a) Nasal discharge/Upper respiratorycongestion – visible discharge fromnose, abnormal/strained breathing sounds,occasional reports of lethargy. b) Pneumonia– anorexia, lethargy, a few reports ofcoughing observed. e majority of thesecases were reported as difficult to detect, thesymptoms not being obvious.Treatment Strategies: a) Nasal discharge/Upperrespiratory congestion – in three reportsof nasal discharge, symptoms disappearedwithin one week with no treatment. Othertreatments: antibiotics (Baytril), increaseholding temperatures up to 70s °F, keepholding area dry, use humidifier. b) Pneumonia– the seven individuals that survivedtheir bout of pneumonia were all kept in awarm (>70 °F) and dry environment, andall were treated with antibiotics. One casereported that the only antibiotic they foundsuccessful was Naxcel.20. Eye DischargeNumber of individuals reported: 7.9 (15%of population). Of the ages provided, nineindividuals were between one and four yearsold and four individuals were between 10and 12 years of age.Causes: a) Stress. b) Allergic reaction. c) Coldair.Symptoms: Generally, a milky white substanceexudes from the eye region.Treatment Strategies: a) Observation – symptomscommonly reported to fade over oneweek. b) Allergic reaction – change bedding /apply Fusidic Acid eye ointment.21. Heart ProblemsNumber of individuals reported: 4.5 (8%of population). e average age of theseindividuals was 10 years. e youngest indi-14 Edentata no. 5 • December 2003

vidual reported was three years old while theoldest was 21 years of age.Causes: Not listed – all heart-related problemswere diagnosed upon necropsy.Symptoms: Two to 10 days before death– anorexia, lethargy, edema in neck region,and blood in stool.Treatment Strategy: Not listed – all cases werefatal as diagnosis was made in necropsy.22. StrokeNumber of individuals reported: 0.1 (1% ofpopulation). Age: 28 years.Causes: Undetermined.Symptoms: Lethargic, unable to stand, unresponsiveto stimuli, blood in stool, and bloodyvaginal discharge. ere was temporary partialparalysis of the front left side of the body.Onset of symptoms was immediate.Treatment Strategy: Initial treatment – placeon oxygen, administer subcutaneous fluids,administer series of antibiotics (TMS, Baytril,Penicillin), vitamin K injection. Secondarytreatment – physical therapy for one yearto regain adequate use of front left leg.23. SeizuresNumber of individuals reported: 2.1 (3% ofpopulation). Ages reported: Eight years and27 years.Causes: a) Contact with electrified fence.b) Undetermined – other two cases.Symptoms: Disorientation, shaking, loss ofbodily functions. Onset is immediate.Treatment Strategy: Not listed.24. HydrocephalyNumber of individuals reported: 0.1 (1% ofpopulation). Age: 17 years.Causes: Infection by Cryptococcus neoformans.Symptoms: Not listed.Treatment Strategy: Not listed – proved fatal.25. Liver DiseaseNumber of individuals reported: 3.6 (8% ofpopulation). Of the ages provided, the averagewas 17 years old. e youngest reportedanteater was eight years while the oldest was26 years.Causes: Not listed. Of the nine reportedcases, there were five in which kidney diseasewas also a factor.Symptoms: Anorexia, lethargy that becomesprogressively worse to the point that they areunable to stand.Treatment Strategy: Not listed – proved fatalin each case.26. Kidney DiseaseNumber of individuals reported: 3.8 (10% ofpopulation). e average age of these individualswas 14 years. e youngest reportedwas seven years old while the oldest was 21.Causes: Not listed – of the 11 cases, therewere five in which liver disease was also afactor.Symptoms: Anorexia, extreme lethargy,whole-body edema.Treatment Strategy: Not listed – kidney diseasewas either the primary cause of death ora contributing cause in all 11 instances.27. Urinary Tract InfectionNumber of individuals reported: 0.1 (1% ofpopulation). Age: Two years.Causes: Not listed.Symptoms: Hematuria, diarrhea, andanorexia/weight loss.Treatment Strategy: Antibiotics.28. LethargyNumber of individuals reported: 16.13 (27%of population). e ages of these individualswere evenly spread out. A cluster of eightindividuals was between one and three yearsold. e remaining 21 individuals showedno significant age clusters. e oldestreported case was 30 years old.Causes: Like anorexia, the causes of lethargyare numerous and varied. Lethargy was asymptom of practically every major medicalproblem. In several cases, no cause wasdiagnosed for lethargic behavior. In eachinstance of lethargy, anorexia was also15

eported. Low environmental temperatures(below mid-50s °F) were also listed as acause of lethargy.Symptoms: Drowsiness or indifference toexternal stimuli. ese symptoms varied frommild to extreme depending on the severity ofother associated medical problems. In thecases where no cause was determined, symptomsremained mild and lasted no more than10 days. Lethargic behavior persisting longerthan two weeks or increasing in severity overa short time period usually indicated thepresence of a more serious medical problem.Treatment Strategies: a) In cases where symptomsremained mild for a week to 10 days, notreatment was necessary. Once animal startedeating again, lethargic behavior regressed.b) Temperature – supplemental heatingproved effective in a few cases if temperaturescould be increased to more than 70 °F.29. Trauma Due to AggressionNumber of individuals reported: 6.11.10(25% of population). Of these 27 individuals,22 were under six days of age. All22 infants died as a result, making this thenumber one cause of death for neonates.Causes: a) Neonatal cases – mother and/orfather inflicted fatal wounds to offspring. Insix of these 22 cases (over one-quarter of thosereported) the mother appeared to be actingnormally and cared for the neonate. However,by the fifth or sixth day, the dam had killedher baby. Upon necropsy of each infant, aserious medical problem was detected, suchas pneumonia or under-developed lungs. ismay or may not have some bearing on thereasons behind the dam’s aggressive behaviortoward the neonate. Unfortunately manyinfants did not have necropsies performedwhen cause of death was trauma. b) Adultcases – aggression leading to physical injuryor death was reported in situations involvingbreeding or introductions.Symptoms: Lacerations/puncture woundsover body.Treatment Strategies: a) Neonatal cases – separatesire from dam before birth and keep separate.Males have a long history of aggressiontowards infants in captive situations. Monitorinteraction between neonate and damas much as possible. From reported surveydata, most neonatal trauma-induced deathsoccurred within six days of birth. b) Adultaggression – not listed.30. HypothermiaNumber of individuals reported: 4.1 (5% ofpopulation). Two of these individuals wereunder three days old and the other threewere between one and 10 years of age.Causes: Exposure to cold temperatures(< 50 °F).Symptoms: Anorexia – individual in a state oftorpor and unresponsive to external stimuli.Onset of symptoms is rapid.Treatment Strategy: Proved fatal for two neonates.Other three adult individuals recoveredwhen placed in warm environment(> 70 °F).31. Ear InfectionNumber of individuals reported: 1.0 (1% ofpopulation). Age: One year.Cause: Not listed.Symptoms: Bloody discharge from ears,unstable when walking.Treatment Strategy: Medicated ear drops.32. DehydrationNumber of individuals reported: 2.0 (2% ofpopulation). Age: Seven and eight years.Causes: Not listed.Symptoms: Lethargy, anorexia.Treatment Strategy: Administer subcutaneousfluids. Individuals improved in a coupleof days.33. Dry SkinNumber of individuals reported: 7.8 (14% ofpopulation). Nine individuals were betweenone year and three years old when conditionwas reported. e other six individuals werebetween 12 and 30 years old.Causes: Dietary deficiency? Climate? Nocause proven yet.16 Edentata no. 5 • December 2003

Symptoms: Persistent dry flaky skin, especiallyaround the forehead, neck, shouldersand ridge of back.Treatment Strategies: a) Topical treatments– E45 cream, Aloe Heal cream, BathOil. b) Dietary supplements – VitaminE, DermCaps, Omega 3 fatty acid capsules,Platinum Performance supplement.c) Humidifier placed in enclosure.34. Swollen Salivary GlandsNumber of individuals reported: 0.1 (1% ofpopulation). Age: 29 years.Causes: Undetermined.Symptoms: Visible enlargement of salivaryglands on underside of neck. Very soft andfluid-filled to the touch. Eventual rupturecausing discharge of saliva-like substance.Fresh new skin found underneath.Treatment Strategy: Keep area clean withdilute Nolvasan.35. EhrlichiosisNumber of individuals reported: 0.1 (1% ofpopulation). Age: Eight years.Causes: Tick-borne disease affecting whiteblood cells.Symptoms: Abnormal bleeding tendencies.Treatment Strategy: Antibiotic therapy– doxycycline monohydrate.36. Anteater PoxNumber of individuals reported: 1.1 (2% ofpopulation). Ages: ree and four years.Causes: Not listed.Symptoms: Lesions resembling chronic dermatitiswere found in multiple sites on feetand neck.Treatment Strategy: No treatment listed.Poxvirus is a localized disease that regressesspontaneously.37. Schistosome LarvaeNumber of individuals reported: 1.0 (1% ofpopulation). Age: Four years.Causes: Parasitic skin infection.Symptoms: Larvae were found in a lesionresembling dermatitis on the animal’s head.Treatment Strategy: Praziquantel.38. Systemic MycobacteriosisNumber of individuals reported: 0.1 (1% ofpopulation). Age: Four years.Causes: Infected wound created by aggressivemale.Symptoms: Inguinal wound that would notheal. Infection spread to peritoneal cavity.Treatment Strategies: Multiple surgeries,aggressive debridement, and antibiotic therapy(Isoniazid). All efforts were unsuccessful,and the animal was euthanized.39. Tail WoundsNumber of individuals reported: 0.4(4% of population). Ages reported: 23 and29 years.Causes: Animal lying down near wall createsabrasions on lateral sides of tail base.Symptoms: Raw areas on lateral sides of tailwhere it meets body.Treatment Strategy: Clean area regularly withdilute Nolvasan and apply Panalog Cream orTriple Antibiotic ointment.40. Foot CutsNumber of individuals reported: 2.4 (6% ofpopulation). Average age was four years.Causes: a) Excessively dry skin that cracksopen. b) Trauma due to aggression.Symptoms: Pads of feet are raw and/orbloody.Treatment Strategy: Oral – Vitamin K; topical– Triple Antibiotic ointment.Reported Anteater Weight FluctuationsTable 1 provides information on weight lossreported by eight institutions currently housinggiant anteaters. is dataset includes the sex ofthe individual, age, original body weight, quantityof weight lost, the time it took to lose weight,and causes behind weight loss. ese weight fluctuationsare all primarily a result of an individualexperiencing certain medical problems.17

TABLE 1. Weight loss and its causes in four male and six female giant anteaters, Myrmecophaga tridactyla.Sex Age in years Starting weight Weight lostTimespanCauseMale 14 140 lbs 14 lbs 20 days Anorexia due to tongue constriction from piece of horsemeat.Male 8 111 lbs 10 lbs 7 months Peritonitis.Male 8 108 lbs 15 lbs 4 months Occurs only in the summer season as appetite declines.Male 5 138 lbs 15 lbs 2 months Not listed.Female 14.5 81 lbs 15 lbs 4 months Kidney disease.Female 12 101 lbs 23 lbs < 2 monthsDiagnosed with kidney/liver disease. Experienced prolongedperiods of anorexia during time span.Female 9 149 lbs 25 lbs 6 months Kidney disease.Female 3 143 lbs 23 lbs 8 months Individual deemed overweight and put on a diet.Female 2 141 lbs 10 lbs 6 months Hematuria and chronic diarrhea.Female 1.7 70 lbs 15 lbs 2 months Sand impaction caused anorexia.Conclusionse medical challenges surrounding giant anteaters(Myrmecophaga tridactyla) are numerous andvaried. e results of the Health Care Surveyprovide insight into the frequencies of occurrence,age trends, causes, symptoms, and treatmentstrategies for 40 distinct medical problemsthat the 19 respondents have experienced withthe giant anteaters in their collections. e followingparagraphs summarize the top five mostcommonly reported medical issues involvinga combined living and deceased giant anteaterpopulation of 107 individuals.Anorexia and lethargye two most commonly reported medical problemswere anorexia and lethargy, affecting 29%and 27% of the surveyed population respectively.In each report of an individual exhibitinglethargic behavior, anorexia was also noted.In most cases anorexia and lethargy turned outto be symptoms of much larger medical issues,including GI obstructions, respiratory ailments,heart problems, and liver/kidney disease. Inseveral instances anorexia and lethargy wereattributed to low environmental temperatures(below mid-50s °F). However, there were a fewcases in which no causes could be determinedfor anorexic or lethargic behavior, and in aweek or two the individual fell back into itsnormal habits.Chronic loose stoolChronic loose stool tied with lethargy as thesecond most commonly reported problem,affecting 27% of the surveyed population.e majority of affected giant anteaters werebetween one and four years of age at the onsetof the symptoms. ere is no question that dietis responsible for many of these cases. In severalinstances the treatment strategy employedwas to alter the ingredients of the diet in orderto aid in digestion. e traditional diet ofground-up horsemeat, dog kibble, and yogurthas proven time and again to instigate chronicloose stool. e second section of our survey,reported below, focuses on these diet-relatedissues, and results are still being compiled forfuture distribution.Trauma due to aggressione third most common medical problemreported, and perhaps the most fatal, was traumadue to aggression, affecting 25% of the surveyedpopulation. Of the 27 individuals reported,22 were under six days of age. All 22 neonatesdied as a result of wounds inflicted by thedam and/or sire, bringing the infant mortalityrate up to 46%. However, the neonataldeath rate dramatically decreased after thefirst six days of life. e reasons behind thisremain undetermined based on the survey dataprovided.18 Edentata no. 5 • December 2003

Respiratory ailmentse fourth most commonly reported medicalproblem consisted of respiratory ailments includingpneumonia, upper respiratory congestion,and nasal discharge. Generally these ailmentsseemed to predominantly affect female individualsunder the age of two years. e majorityof reported causes centered on the cold/wetenvironments some of these giant anteaters wereexposed to. In the cases where temperatures werereported, the definition of cold was considered tobe below the mid-50s °F. In the situations wherepneumonia developed, the fatality rate was nearly60%. Practically all the respondents that haddealt with these respiratory ailments agreed thatproviding a warm (> 70 °F) and dry environmentwas important in preventing the onset of respiratory-relatedproblems.Vitamin K deficiencye fifth most frequently reported medicalproblem experienced by the giant anteaterwas vitamin K deficiency, affecting 18% of the107 individuals surveyed. e spontaneousbleeding from the rectum, genitalia, and/ornose caused by this deficiency was generallydue to a nutritionally incomplete diet. Alteringthe dietary components to include Leaf-Eaterbiscuits high in vitamin K was one solution frequentlyemployed. e alternative used by severalfacilities was to add vitamin K supplements tothe nutritionally incomplete diet.After sorting through all the medical recordsprovided by the 19 respondents, a pattern beganto emerge. ose institutions that weighed theiranteaters on a regular basis (i.e., at least once permonth) appeared to have greater success recognizingany potential medical problems earlier on.Because anorexia is such a prevalent symptomin so many medical problems anteaters experience,weight loss usually occurs as a result. Beingable to recognize this is key, especially for thoseinstitutions that do not monitor dietary intakeof individual anteaters. Just from a visual inspection,it is difficult to accurately judge whetheror not an anteater has lost weight, because itsbody hair and robust ribcage can mask weightloss easily. Anorexia, weight loss, and lethargy arethree symptoms that we as anteater caretakers caneasily observe and monitor. When we see themoccur in unison, this should serve as a red flagindicating that closer scrutiny is required in orderto determine if a medical problem is arising or ifit is nothing at all.AcknowledgementsWe sincerely thank the 19 institutions that participatedin the Health Care Section of the giantanteater survey. ose institutions include: ReidPark Zoo (Tucson, Arizona); Chaffee ZoologicalGardens (Fresno, California); San FranciscoZoological Gardens (San Francisco, California);Santa Barbara Zoological Gardens (Santa Barbara,California); Jacksonville Zoological Gardens(Jacksonville, Florida); Disney’s AnimalKingdom (Lake Buena Vista, Florida); BrevardZoo (Melbourne, Florida); Brookfield ZoologicalPark (Brookfield, Illinois); Rolling Hills RefugeWildlife Conservation Center (Salina, Kansas);Audubon Park Zoological Gardens (NewOrleans, Louisiana); Detroit Zoological Institute(Detroit, Michigan); Cleveland Metroparks Zoo(Cleveland, Ohio); Columbus Zoological Gardens(Columbus, Ohio); Oklahoma City ZoologicalGardens (Oklahoma City, Oklahoma);Philadelphia Zoological Gardens (Philadelphia,Pennsylvania); Nashville Zoo (Nashville, Tennessee);Houston Zoological Gardens (Houston,Texas); Caldwell Zoo (Tyler, Texas); and LondonZoo (London, England).e information provided by these facilities hasshed some light on the basic trends in medicalproblems experienced by giant anteaters incaptivity. In conjunction with these illnesses, wehave also gained valuable insight into the treatmentstrategies employed by the respondents intheir attempts to provide the best care possibleto the giant anteaters in their collection. We areespecially grateful to Mike Flint, the GeneralCurator and Giant Anteater Studbook Keeperat Reid Park Zoo. Mike’s interest and supportregarding this survey has helped immenselyin encouraging others to participate and shareinformation about the giant anteaters in their19

collections. Lastly, we want to acknowledge“Anna”, a twelve-year-old giant anteater, whobrought us to the realization of just how mysteriousand amazing a creature this edentate speciescan be.Giant Anteater (Myrmecophaga tridactyla)Diet SurveyScott Morford 1 and Mary Ann Meyers 2Santa Barbara Zoological Gardens, 500 Ninos Drive, SantaBarbara, California 93103, USA.Introductione Giant Anteater Survey is comprised of fourseparate sections designed to target specificquestions and issues involved in the overall careand management of the giant anteater (Myrmecophagatridactyla). e four sections to thissurvey and their status in terms of completionare as follows: 1) Health Care – results compiledand distributed July 2001; 2) Diet – resultscompiled; 3) Housing – results in process ofbeing compiled for distribution; and 4) NeonatalCare – survey questionnaire to be distributedat a later date. Due to the shortage of publishedinformation on these topics, the Giant AnteaterSurvey creates an opportunity to sharevaluable information and experience amonginstitutions that maintain giant anteaters as partof their collection.e primary purpose of the Diet section wasto look at the trends in giant anteater dietscurrently being fed in captivity. In addition,behavioral enrichment items as well as typesof vitamin and mineral supplements used inthe daily diet are discussed. e informationpresented is based on the survey responses providedby 21 of 24 institutions currently housinggiant anteaters.1Now at the San Diego Zoo, 2920 Zoo Drive, San Diego,California 92101.2Now in the program for Pre-Veterinary Medicine at the Universityof California, Santa Barbara.It is important to note that the Diet SurveyResults are designed to simply present whatdifferent institutions choose to feed giant anteatersin their collections. No outside research onnutritional values or overall diet-related healthconcerns were performed on the authors’ partunless noted. It is our hope that the results of theDiet Survey will provide a better understandingof the nutritional needs of the giant anteater andhow different institutions might attempt to meetthese requirements.Graphs InterpretedFour graphs were created to illustrate the surveyresults for the following four topics: 1) Individualfood items in diet; 2) Staple diets; 3) Vitamin andmineral supplements; 4) Behavioral enrichmentitems. e information is current up to May 15,2001, when compilation of the survey data wasbegun.Individual food items in the dietFigure 1 represents the individual food ingredientscomprising the anteater diets at 21 institutionshousing giant anteaters. ese ingredientsdo not represent behavioral enrichment items or“treats” given to the anteaters. Instead, these individualfood items are fed in various combinationswith one another to create a daily diet. As thegraph indicates, the three most common ingredientsused in the anteater diet include Leaf-Eater,dry dog food, and dry cat food. In comparison,the rest of the food items listed are not used asbroadly by the 21 respondents. An interestingfinding was the predominance of Leaf-Eater ingiant anteater diets. Of the 21 responding institutions,67% incorporated Leaf-Eater in theirdiets. Some of the respondents indicated that thereason for this was because Leaf-Eater is naturallyhigh in vitamin K, something captive anteaterstend to become deficient in. Also, Leaf-Eater ishigh in cellulose, which is reported to provide gutfill, thus promoting fecal consistency (Edwards,n.d.). Many of the respondents indicated that theaddition of Leaf-Eater to the daily diet helpedalleviate some of the problems with chronic loosestool that have become common with captivegiant anteaters.20 Edentata no. 5 • December 2003

Number of Institutions1514131211109876543210LeafaterDry Dog FoodDry Cat FoodRolled OatsSieved PeatYogurtRaw Meat (Horse/Beef)Crickets-Hard Boiled EggFood ItemsShrimpBananaAvocadoOrangeDry Food ItemsMeat/Dairy ItemsFruit ItemsApplePearTomatoHoneyFIGURE 1. Individual food items in giant anteater diet as reported by 21 institutions.Number of Institutions109876543210Dry Dog Food +Dry Cat Food + LeafaterDry Dog Food + Raw Meat (Horse/Beef)Type of DietDry Dog Food+Dry Cat Food +Dry Dog Food + CricketsDry Dog FoodFIGURE 2. Base ingredients combined to form the foundation ofeach anteater diet type and their frequency of use.Staple DietsFigure 2 depicts the base ingredients combinedto form the foundation of each anteaterdiet type and their frequency of use by the21 responding institutions. As indicated by thegraph, the majority of institutions (43%) areusing the Leaf-Eater/dry cat food diet formulatedby Mark Edwards, Society Nutritionistfor the San Diego Zoological Society. Lookingat the graph, we see two variations of thisdiet used with less frequency, incorporatingeither dry dog food with Leaf-Eater or dry catfood and dry dog food with Leaf-Eater. Of the21 respondents, 24% fed the more traditionalanteater diet of dry dog food combined withraw horsemeat or raw beef. An interesting noteto this graph is the frequency with which drydog food is used as a base ingredient. About halfof the 21 respondents made use of dry dog foodeither by itself or in combination with Leaf-Eater and dry cat food or with raw meat. Drydog food is reported to be high in cereal grains,making digestion more difficult for giant anteatersand possibly contributing to a lack of fecalconsistency (Edwards, n.d.). Dry cat food hasbeen recommended as a substitute because it ismeat-based and thus more easily digestible forthe carnivorous anteater (Edwards and Lewandowski,1996). Unfortunately from the surveydata, it is difficult to determine why half of therespondents continue to make use of dry dogfood as a dietary base ingredient.Vitamin and Mineral SupplementsFigure 3 presents the dietary supplementsused by the 21 responding institutions. Of the21 respondents, 38% did not provide any vitaminor mineral supplements to the giant anteaterdiet. Of these eight institutions, seven were feedingthe Leaf-Eater/dry cat food diet. In fact, only21

FIGURE 3. Dietary supplements used.four of the 14 institutions incorporating Leaf-Eater in the anteater diet provided vitamin K asa supplement. According to Mark Edwards, withthe Leaf-Eater/dry cat food diet, “all nutrients,including vitamin K, are provided in optimalquantities and ratios to the estimated requirementsof these specialist feeders” (Edwards, n.d.).From the survey data, the seven institutions thatfed the more traditional anteater diet of eitherdry dog food or dry dog food with raw meat weremore likely to provide additional dietary supplementsincluding vitamin K, vitamin E, Vionate,chitin, Missing Link, or multi-vitamins.-Behavioral enrichment itemsFigure 4 portrays a variety of behavioral enrichmentitems that 20 of the 21 responding institutionsprovide their giant anteaters on a randombasis. e items have been broken down into thefollowing four categories: insects, fruit, objects,and other food items. e three most frequentlyused items are oranges, avocado, and cricketsand bananas tying for third. According to therespondents, the items listed in this graph arenot considered part of the staple diet. Instead,they are used as reinforcement for training oras behavioral enrichment tools used to stimulatethe animal to explore its enclosure and, in manyinstances, to promote natural behaviors suchas digging or tearing things apart in search offood items.Summarye survey results indicate that the captive giantanteater diet is becoming more standardized thanit was in the past. From the information providedby the respondents, there is a predominance ofthree base ingredients used in various combinationswith each other to create the staple diet forall the surveyed institutions. e three ingredientsconsist of Leaf-Eater, dry cat food, and drydog food. e traditional anteater diet of dry dogfood, raw meat, and yogurt no longer appears tobe the standard version. ose institutions thatphased out raw meat from their diets reporteddoing so because of the risk of bacteria and parasitessuch as Salmonella occasionally found in rawbeef or horsemeat. Several institutions reportedFIGURE 4. Behavioral enrichment items.22 Edentata no. 5 • December 2003

either reducing or eliminating the use of yogurtas part of the staple diet because of the possibilityof excess lactose from the yogurt increasing moisturelevels in the GI tract, thus promoting loosestool. Out of the 21 respondents, only five institutionsreported feeding the dry dog food/rawmeat diet, and only three institutions continuedto incorporate yogurt as part of the daily diet.e new trend in giant anteater diets seems to bethe diet formulated by Mark Edwards consistingof dry cat food and Leaf-Eater mixed together ina one-to-one ratio. is diet was reported by sixinstitutions to have aided in the promotion ofincreased fecal consistency. Also, the Leaf-Eater/dry cat food diet meets all the nutritional requirementsof giant anteaters, including vitamin K,with no need for additional supplementation(Edwards and Lewandowski, 1996). is wasevident in the survey data, as those institutionsfeeding the Leaf-Eater/dry cat food diet tendedto use fewer or no vitamin/mineral supplementswhen compared to the diets not including Leaf-Eater or dry cat food.One of the challenges in preparing a giant anteaterdiet is developing a version that can be eatenby an animal that has no teeth and uses its tongueto acquire food. From the survey data provided,67% of the respondents added enough water totheir diets to create an “oatmeal” consistencywhile 24% chose to liquefy their anteater diets.Only one of the respondents reported feedingtheir diet (Leaf-Eater/dry cat food) in its dryform after crushing the ingredients into an ediblesize.e daily feeding schedule of the 21 respondentsvaried little; 86% provided the anteater diet twicea day, in the morning and again in the afternoonor evening. From the survey data, 33% of theresponding institutions reported monitoring thedaily dietary intake of their giant anteaters as bestthey could. In some instances anteaters shared adiet in the morning, thus making it difficult toaccurately record the quantity consumed individually.However, these institutions separatedtheir anteaters overnight and were able to accuratelyrecord the individual amount consumedin the evening. As indicated in the “Health CareSurvey Results,” monitoring daily dietary intakeof giant anteaters is the best way to determine thepresence and duration of anorexia, a commonsymptom of some of the larger medical issuesgiant anteaters may experience in captivity.AcknowledgmentsWe would like to take this opportunity to thankthe 21 institutions that participated in the DietSection of the giant anteater survey. ose institutionsinclude: Chaffee Zoological Gardens(Fresno, California); San Francisco ZoologicalGardens (San Francisco, California); SantaBarbara Zoological Gardens (Santa Barbara,California); San Diego Zoo (San Diego, California);Jacksonville Zoological Gardens (Jacksonville,Florida); Disney’s Animal Kingdom (LakeBuena Vista, Florida); Brevard Zoo (Melbourne,Florida); Honolulu Zoo (Honolulu, Hawaii);Brookfield Zoological Park (Brookfield, Illinois);Rolling Hills Refuge Wildlife ConservationCenter (Salina, Kansas); Audubon Park ZoologicalGardens (New Orleans, Louisiana); DetroitZoological Institute (Detroit, Michigan); ClevelandMetroparks Zoo (Cleveland, Ohio); ColumbusZoological Gardens (Columbus, Ohio);Oklahoma City Zoological Gardens (OklahomaCity, Oklahoma); Philadelphia Zoological Gardens(Philadelphia, Pennsylvania); Nashville Zoo(Nashville, Tennessee); Houston Zoological Gardens(Houston, Texas); San Antonio Zoo (SanAntonio, Texas); Caldwell Zoo (Tyler, Texas);and London Zoo (London, England). e informationprovided by these facilities has providedsome insight into the different trends of captivegiant anteater diets and the reasons behind someof the food choices used, as each institutionattempts to provide the best nutrition possible tothe anteaters in their collection.ReferencesEdwards, M. Not dated. Diets for edentates andother strict insectivores. Unpublished report.San Diego Zoological Society, San Diego, CA.Edwards, M. and Lewandowski, A. 1996. Preliminaryobservations of a new diet for giant23

FIGURA 1. Incremento de peso de Junior en el primer año de vida.para su primer año en el zoo fue de 3665 g (verFigura 1).En el Lincoln Park Zoo, tuvieron un nacimientoen noviembre de 1987, el que se desarrolló conun ritmo promedio de 22,5 g, crecimientolevemente inferior a los 25 g por día registradosen el Zoológico de Krefeld, Alemania (Sanmarco,1987).Manejo ReproductivoEn la naturaleza los tamanduás son animalessolitarios, viéndoselos juntos sólo en la épocade apareamiento. A pesar de lo dicho muchasinstituciones mantienen a más de un ejemplaren el mismo recinto con éxito. Particularmentepreferimos basarnos en las observaciones deMeritt (1975) para no correr riesgo de agresiones,realizando períodos cortos de visita del machoa la hembra siempre bajo el estricto control delcuidador, y jamás en los horarios de comida.Estos períodos no duraban más de 30 minutosal comienzo, para llegar después de 2 años a queel macho permaneciera durante todo el día en elrecinto de la hembra, para volver a su recinto enla noche. A primera hora de la mañana (08:00 hs)se les suministraba la dieta a cada individuo en surecinto. Luego que hubiesen concluido la ingestase trasladaba a Junior al recinto de Rosarito.El recinto en cuestión tenía las siguientesdimensiones: 8 m de largo, 4,5 m de anchoy 3,2 m de altura, estaba construido en mallade alambre tejido de rombo de 2,5 cm. Ensu interior se encontraba una construcción demampostería con cuatro ventanas con vidrio,tres de ellas fijas y una que se podía abrir y servíaa su vez como ingreso, las mismas medían 1,6 mde alto por 0,8 m de ancho y estaban colocadasa 0,5 m del suelo. En el interior se encontrabauna caja de dormir de madera de 1 m de frentepor 0,8 m de ancho y 0,8 m de alto, a la quese le colocaba paja cama. La misma estabasuspendida a 1,6 m del piso, el que era de tierradónde se habían sembrado algunas plantas decaña india (Phyllostachys bambusoides). En uncomienzo se habían colocado estufas a resistenciaeléctrica de cuarzo empotradas en las paredes,pero dieron muy malos resultados dado que elcuarzo se quemaba habitualmente, por lo quese sustituyeron por un radiador eléctrico deaceite que se sujetó a una pared. En inviernose mantenía la temperatura entre los 15° y25 °C, con una humedad relativa siempresuperior al 60%.En la parte abierta la cobertura era de césped.Dos de las caras del recinto estaban cubiertaspor plantas de ligustrina (Ligustrum sp.), pararesguardarlos de los vientos más intensos yfríos, y proveerles de mayor intimidad. Tantola parte cerrada como la abierta contaban conenramadas que se cambiaban periódicamente. Lahembra durante las horas de luz casi siempre seencontraba durmiendo en su caja, y en contadasocasiones en un hueco en el piso que ella mismahabía construido.El macho al llegar al recinto de la hembrageneralmente hacía una exploración de éste paraluego ir a buscar a Rosarito, a quien no siemprelograba incentivar para el juego. Cuando Juniorconseguía hacerla salir de la caja comenzabauna sesión de “juegos”, o acicalamiento mutuocon las lenguas, especialmente de las orejas.Los “juegos” consistían en persecuciones,generalmente del macho a la hembra, intentandomontarla o darla vuelta en decúbito dorsal paralanzarse sobre ella abrazándola fuertemente consus cuatro miembros, a lo que ella respondía26 Edentata no. 5 • December 2003

de la misma manera. En muchas ocasionesse los vio colgados de las enramadas por suscolas solamente y profiriéndose zarpazosmutuamente. Los períodos de actividad teníanduración altamente variable (de 5 minutos amás de una hora). Luego ambos buscaban lugardonde dormir, al principio separados y luego deun tiempo llegaron a hacerlo juntos en la cajade dormir. A las 18 hs aproximadamente sesacaba al macho y se les daba a ambos la segundaporción de la dieta.A mediados de marzo de 1999 se notó queRosarito estaba aumentado de peso. Ademásse pudo observar que tenía una distensiónabdominal que podría corresponder a una preñez.A pesar de lo dicho jamás se pudo observar lacópula, aunque sí muchos intentos fallidos. Secomenzó a observarla con mayor detenimiento yse pudo determinar un cambio importante en suconducta. Buscaba pasar mucho tiempo en reposoy para ello había escogido un pozo que ella mismaexcavara justamente debajo del radiador. Cesaronlos juegos con el macho a quien ignoraba olo alejaba con bufidos y zarpazos si éste insistíaen molestarla.El día 25 de mayo de 1999 a las 15:20 hs, estandoJunior en el recinto de la hembra los guardianescomprobaron que el calefactor se habíadesestabilizado a consecuencia del agrandamientodel pozo que había realizado Rosarito, quien seencontraba parcialmente aprisionada por éste. Deforma inmediata quitaron el artefacto y pudieroncomprobar que la hembra tenía una secreciónsanguinolenta en la vulva y ésta se encontraba muydilatada, como así también que se había defecadoencima. Los guardianes procedieron a retirar almacho para llevarlo a su recinto. Al regresar alcabo de 5 minutos, Rosarito había parido doscachorros. Por desgracia eran prematuros (verfoto). La hembra ingirió parte de las placentas yacicaló a las crías. Una de ellas gemía y se movíacon considerable fuerza, la otra casi no se veíapor la posición, ya que estaba por debajo desu madre. Rosarito no aparentó disgusto por lapresencia de los cuidadores quienes se quedarona controlar la situación. A las 16:00 hs se vioque las crías ya estaban muertas. Aparentementeuna habría nacido muerta o muerto a los pocosminutos de nacida. La hembra siguió el lamidode los fetos, hasta las 17 hs cuando se le ofreció ladieta habitual, la que atacó con apetito. El pesomáximo registrado para Rosarito fue de 7500 g eldía 16 de mayo. Cuatro días después del abortoel pesó fue 6670 g.FIGURA 2. Pareja de mellizos abortados por Rosarito el 25 de mayode 1999. La regla se encuentra en centímetros.Las crías abortadasA la inspección post-mortem se pudo determinarque se trataba de un macho y una hembra.Estaban totalmente desprovistos de pelos. AlTABLA 1. Comparación de las medidas y peso de crías detamanduá.MedidaChaco(1)Krefeld(2)Rosario(3)Rosario(3)Cráneo 62 mm - 42 mm 44 mmCabeza y cuerpo 207 mm 240 mm 204 mm 210 mmBrazo 43 mm - 18 mm 18 mmPierna 38 mm - 23 mm 22 mmCola 155 mm 170 mm 105 mm 107 mmPeso 285 g 450 g 100 g 115 g1) Medidas de un bebé de tamanduá (T. tetradactyla) de undía de vida nacido y muerto en el Zoológico de R. S. Peña,Chaco, Argentina en 1998 (G. Pérez Jimeno, obs. pers.)2) Parámetros de una cría nacida en el Zoológico de Krefeld,Alemania en 1984 (Vogt y Becker, 1987).3) Medidas de las crías abortadas en el Zoológico deRosario.27

comparar sus medidas y pesos con un ejemplarmuerto al día de vida en el Chaco, Argentina yotro nacido en Krefeld, Alemania (ver Tabla 1)y considerando que en este caso se trataba demellizos, se dedujo que les debería haber faltadoun mes de gestación aproximadamente.ConclusiónComo se ha comprobado a los tamanduás llegadosde la naturaleza les cuesta mucho adaptarsea la situación de cautiverio. Esto se debe, fundamentalmentea su alta especialización en cuantoa la dieta natural y a las condiciones de encierroque se les ofrece (Meritt, 1976; Cuaron, 1987).A pesar de ello, es posible adaptarlos con muchapaciencia y dedicación.Existen tantas dietas como instituciones que hanalbergado a la especie. Nosotros hemos tenidoéxito con una, pero no por eso diremos que es lamejor. En cuanto al manejo reproductivo sucedealgo similar. A nosotros nos llevó tres años lograruna preñez, mientras que por ejemplo en el LincolnPark Zoo tuvieron éxito al quinto año dehaber constituido la pareja (Sanmarco, 1987).El único caso de mellizos registrado en la bibliografíapara tamanduá es el del Lincoln Park Zoo,en febrero de 1982, dónde una de las crías murióy la otra tuvo que ser criada artificialmente (Sanmarco,1985). Sin embargo en Curitiba, Brasil,el 18 de octubre de 1993 se encontró a una delas hembras de T. tetradactyla con un cachorro yal día siguiente fue hallado otro bebé en estadode autólisis en el recinto, del que no se pudodeterminar la causa de muerte (W. de Moraes,in litt.).ComentarioDesgraciadamente Junior murió 3 meses despuésdel aborto, por una bronconeumonía fulminante.AgradecimientosA los cuidadores Gisela Sica y Fabián Gauto, queademás de haber cuidado siempre de los tamanduásproveyeron de datos sin los que este trabajono habría sido posible. A la Dra. Mariella Superinasus aportes para esta publicación.ReferenciasCuarón, O. A. 1987. Hand-rearing a Mexicananteater Tamandua mexicana at TuxtlaGutiérrez Zoo. Int. Zoo Yearb. 26: 255-260.Encke, W. 1992. Haltung von Tamanduas(Tamandua tetradactyla) im Krefelder Zooin der Zeit von 1968-1992. Zool. Gart., N.F.62: 369-378. Traducido al Español por M. V.Tania Monreal.Glass, B. P. 1985. History of classification andnomenclature in Xenarthra (Edentata). En:e Evolution and Ecology of Armadillos,Sloths, and Vermilinguas, G. G. Montgomery(ed.), pp.1-3. Smithsonian Institution Press,Washington, DC.Hay, M. A., Bellem, A. C., Brown, J. L. y Goodrowe,K. L. 1994. Reproductive patterns inTamandua (Tamandua tetradactyla). J. ZooWildl. Med. 25: 248-258.Meritt, Jr., D. A. 1975. e lesser anteaterTamandua tetradactyla in captivity. Int. ZooYearb. 15: 41-45.Meritt, D. A. 1976. e nutrition of edentates.Int. Zoo Yearb. 16: 38-46.Sanmarco, P. 1985. A Tamandua reproductionproject: Further progress. Animal Keepers’Forum 12(12): 417- 419.Sanmarco, P. 1987. Growth and developmentof a tamandua (Tamandua tetradactyla) atLincoln Park Zoo. Animal Keepers’ Forum14: 419-421.Vogt, P. y Becker, C. 1987. Zur ersten Aufzuchteines Tamanduas (Tamandua tetradactyla)im Krefelder Zoo. Zool. Gart., N.F. 57:221-233. Traducido al Español por Dra.Mariella Superina.Wetzel, R. M. 1985. e identification and distributionof recent Xenarthra (= Edentata).En: e Evolution and Ecology of Armadillos,Sloths, and Vermilinguas, G. G. Montgomery(ed.), pp.5-21. Smithsonian Institution Press,Washington, DC.28 Edentata no. 5 • December 2003

Dieta de Tamanduá-Bandeira (Myrmecophagatridactyla) no Pantanal da Nhecolândia, BrasilÍsis Meri MedriFundação Pantanal ComCiência, Av. Rio Branco 1270, UniversidadeFederal de Mato Grosso do Sul, 79304-020 Corumbá,Mato Grosso do Sul, Brasil. E-mail: .Guilherme de Miranda MourãoEmpresa Brasileira de Pesquisa Agropecuária (EMBRAPA)– Pantanal, Caixa Postal 109, 79320-900 Corumbá, MatoGrosso do Sul, Brasil. E-mail: .Ana Yoshi HaradaCoordenação de Pesquisas em Zoologia, Museu Paraense EmílioGoeldi, Caixa Postal 399, 66040-170 Belém, Pará, Brasil. E-mail: .AbstractWe collected data on the diet of seven giant anteatersfrom the Pantanal wetland, state of MatoGrosso do Sul, from April to October, 2001.e anteaters foraged on ants during the entirestudy period, while termites were eaten only inJune. We collected 42 samples of ants and eightsamples of termites at nests attacked by foraginganteaters. We registered only two species oftermites in their diet (Nasutitermes coxipoensisand Armitermes sp.). Nine species of ants wereidentified: Solenopsis interrupta and Solenopsissaevissima (which occurred in 36% of the nestsattacked), Camponotus crassus (7%), Solenopsispusillignis (5%), Camponotus renggeri (5%), Solenopsisinvicta (5%), Ectatomma planidens (2%),Labidus spininodis (2%) and Odontomachusminutus (2%).IntroduçãoO tamanduá-bandeira, Myrmecophaga tridactylaLinnaeus, 1758, possui adaptações anatômicas,comportamentais e fisiológicas voltadas àalimentação constituída de formigas e cupins.Apresenta crânio alongado, língua longa eprotátil, e glândulas salivares desenvolvidas,cuja secreção auxilia na atividade alimentar. Asgarras dianteiras são bastante desenvolvidas,sendo usualmente utilizadas na abertura deformigueiros e cupinzeiros, além de poderemservir como defesa (Nowak e Paradiso, 1983;Rossoni et al., 1981).A espécie ocorre desde o sul de Belize até o norteda Argentina e sul do Brasil (Wetzel, 1985),numa ampla variedade de tipos de hábitat debaixa altitude, principalmente em áreas comaltas densidades de formigueiros e cupinzeiros(Eisenberg, 1989).A extensa ocupação humana nos mais variadostipos de hábitat, implicando em prováveisalterações nas comunidades de térmitas eformigas (Drumond, 1994), atropelamentos defauna silvestre (Fischer, 1997), a caça predatória(Leeuwenberg, 1997) e incêndios florestais(Silveira et al., 1999) são fatores que contribuempara a diminuição da densidade das populaçõesde tamanduá-bandeira e seu desaparecimento decertas regiões inclusas na sua área de distribuiçãooriginal. A espécie é classificada como vulnerávelpela IUCN (Hilton-Taylor, 2003) e está na Listadas Espécies da Fauna Brasileira Ameaçadas deExtinção (Brasil, IBAMA, 2003).Apesar desta espécie ter relevância em termosde conservação há poucos estudos feitos sobresua dieta (Montgomery, 1985; Redford, 1985,1986; Shaw et al., 1985; Drumond, 1992).Este foi o primeiro estudo sobre a dieta dotamanduá-bandeira no Pantanal, e teve comoobjetivo principal listar as espécies de formigas ecupins utilizadas como alimento pelo tamanduábandeirana área estudada.Material e MétodosO Pantanal é uma planície sedimentar deorigem relativamente recente, com área deaproximadamente 140.000 km 2 , em territóriobrasileiro. Grande parte da área fica alagada duranteo transbordamento do Rio Paraguai, ficando livresda inundação apenas as áreas mais elevadas, poucosmetros acima do nível médio da água (Adámoli,1982). O Pantanal pode ser dividido, conformeHamilton et al. (1996), em dez sub-regiões,cada uma apresentando diferentes característicashidrológicas e fitofisionômicas (Figura 1).29

Em ambos os locais, há poucos cupinzeiros, eestes geralmente são encontrados nos campos decapim “carona” (Elyonurus muticus), conhecidoscomo “caronal”, onde quase não há alagamento.Os formigueiros ocorrem dentro e fora dosfragmentos de mata e geralmente estão presentesem grande quantidade em áreas de pastagenspróximas das bordas de lagoas.FIGURA 1. Mapa de localização da área de estudo no Pantanal daNhecolândia (MS) e demais sub-regiões, segundo Hamilton et al.(1996): CORI = Corixo Grande, CUIA = Cuiabá, PIQU = Piquiri/SãoLourenço, PARA = Paraguai, TAQR = Rio Taquari, TAQF = Lequedo Taquari, AQUI = Aquidauana e Negro, MIRA = Miranda, NABI =Nabileque e NHEC = Nhecolândia.Este projeto de pesquisa foi desenvolvidono Pantanal da Nhecolândia, uma região deinundação média, a cerca de 160 km a leste deCorumbá, Mato Grosso do Sul. A área de estudoincluiu partes das Fazendas Nhumirim e PortoAlegre, totalizando 104 km 2 , localizados noretângulo entre 19°00’31”S e 56°38’54”W.A Fazenda Nhumirim (43 km 2 ) é depropriedade da Empresa Brasileira de PesquisaAgropecuária (Embrapa) – Pantanal, e suavegetação é caracterizada por manchas defloresta semidecídua ou “cordilheiras”, manchasde cerrado, cerradão e vegetação arbustivaesparsa, além de um grande número delagoas permanentes ou temporárias e campossazonalmente inundáveis (Alho et al., 1987).A Fazenda Porto Alegre faz divisa a leste coma Nhumirim e apresenta vegetação semelhante.Nosso estudo ocorreu entre abril e outubrode 2001. Coletamos amostras nos locais deforrageamento de sete tamanduás-bandeira, eequipamos quatro destes com rádio-transmissoresna cintura escapular. As informações sobre a áreade vida e uso de hábitat do tamanduá-bandeirasão disponíveis em Medri (2002) e Mourãoe Medri (2002). Neste estudo, a freqüênciados rádio-transmissores variou de 164.064à 164.163 MHz, e os tamanduás-bandeiraaparelhados foram identificados pelos últimosquatro números da respectiva freqüência de seutransmissor.Quando encontramos tamanduás-bandeira,com ou sem rádio-transmissor, em atividadede forrageamento, registramos a temperaturaambiente e acompanhamos os animais tantoquanto possível. Coletamos e conservamos emálcool 70% os itens alimentares nos locais exatosonde os tamanduás-bandeira haviam forrageado.Posteriormente as amostras de formigas e cupinsforam enviadas a especialistas para a identificaçãodas espécies.ResultadosObservamos atividades de forrageamentode quatro tamanduás-bandeira com rádiotransmissore de três indivíduos não aparelhados,entre abril e outubro de 2001. Acompanhamosapenas um evento de alimentação para cadaindivíduo não aparelhado, entretanto para ostamanduás-bandeira com rádio-transmissorregistramos mais de um evento de alimentação,sendo 19 amostras de itens alimentares coletadaspara o tamanduá-bandeira 4064, 14 para o 4083,10 para o 4103 e 4 para o 4143. A maioria dasatividades de forrageamento de formigas ocorreunos campos em bordas de lagoas (39%) e nas30 Edentata no. 5 • December 2003

áreas de pastagens (35%), onde havia grandeconcentração de formigueiros, embora algumasvezes tenha havido forrageamento no campode caronal (13%), no campo cerrado (9%) edentro da floresta (4%). Todas as atividades deforrageamento de cupins ocorreram no campo decaronal, onde os cupinzeiros são encontrados emmaior quantidade.As amostras dos itens alimentares dos tamanduásbandeiraforam coletadas em todos os meses, deabril a outubro de 2001, com exceção do mês dejulho. Os tamanduás-bandeira se alimentaramde cupins apenas no mês de junho. Coletamosamostras de oito cupinzeiros forrageados por trêsindivíduos com rádio-transmissor. Em sete casos,a espécie forrageada foi Nasutitermes coxipoensis eem apenas um caso Armitermes sp. (Tabela 1).TABELA 1. Espécies de cupins forrageadas por tamanduásbandeiraaparelhados com rádio-transmissor, em oito termiteiroslocalizados no campo de “caronal” (Elyonurus muticus),Pantanal da Nhecolândia, Mato Grosso do Sul, junho de 2001.Os tamanduás-bandeira foram identificados pelos últimos quatronúmeros da freqüência de seus respectivos rádio-transmissores.DataHora Temp.ºC Indivíduo Espécie de cupim(2001)19.06 16:08 12,4 4083 Nasutitermes coxipoensis20.06 10:01 22,2 4083 Armitermes sp.20.06 14:56 22,1 4103 Nasutitermes coxipoensis20.06 14:59 22,1 4103 Nasutitermes coxipoensis21.06 11:09 26,2 4103 Nasutitermes coxipoensis22.06 14:56 20,2 4143 Nasutitermes coxipoensis22.06 15:00 20,2 4143 Nasutitermes coxipoensis22.06 15:07 20,2 4143 Nasutitermes coxipoensisColetamos 42 amostras de formigueiros,provenientes do forrageamento dos quatrotamanduás-bandeira aparelhados e dos três semaparelho (Tabela 2). Ao todo foram nove espéciesde formigas consumidas, distribuídas conformeas seguintes freqüências relativas: Solenopsisinterrupta (36%), Solenopsis saevissima (36%),Solenopsis pusillignis (5%), Camponotus crassus(7%), Camponotus renggeri (5%), Solenopsisinvicta (5%), Ectatomma planidens (2%), Labidusspininodis (2%) e Odontomachus minutus (2%).DiscussãoOs tamanduás-bandeira observados no Pantanalda Nhecolândia, Mato Grosso do Sul,consumiram proporção muito maior de formigas(81%) que de cupins (19%) e só obtivemosamostras de cupins no mês de junho, enquantoque as de formigas foram coletadas em todos osmeses em que investigamos a dieta.Estudos sobre a dieta de tamanduá-bandeira feitosem cativeiro reportam que a espécie prefere cupinsa formigas (Carvalho e Kloss, 1951; Carvalho,1966). Entretanto, os poucos estudos sobre dietade tamanduá-bandeira em ambiente natural têmapresentado diferenças quanto à predominânciade formigas ou cupins. Tais discrepâncias podemser devido às diferentes disponibilidades de presasconforme a área (Drumond, 1992; Redford,1986), incluindo a dificuldade diferenciada dotamanduá-bandeira em encontrar formigas oucupins durante suas atividades de forrageamento,à sazonalidade (Drumond 1992, Montgomery1985) e/ou aos diferentes protocolos de estudo.A disponibilidade de presas pode variar geograficae sazonalmente. Por exemplo, Shaw et al. (1985),trabalhando no Parque Nacional da Serra daCanastra (MG), encontraram predominância deformigas (88%) em relação aos térmitas (12%)nos meses de fevereiro e março de 1978. Poroutro lado, Drumond (1992), trabalhando demarço a outubro de 1990, no mesmo local,registrou 55% de térmitas e 45% de formigas,sendo que os térmitas contribuíram com maiorporcentagem nos meses de abril, agosto e outubroe as formigas foram mais representativas nos mesesde março, julho e setembro de 1990. Entretantoos dados de Drumond (1992) referentes apenasao mês de março apontaram maior percentualde formigas (82%) na dieta dos tamanduásbandeira.Drumond (1992) sugere que devidoà curta duração, o estudo de Shaw et al. (1985)foi influenciado pela sazonalidade, o que explicaem grande parte as diferenças encontradas paraambos os registros. Redford (1985) estudou adieta do tamanduá-bandeira no Parque Nacionaldas Emas (GO) e também encontrou maiorproporção de térmitas (89%) em relação a31

TABELA 2. Espécies de formigas forrageadas por tamanduás-bandeira em 42 formigueiros no Pantanal da Nhecolândia, MS, de abrila outubro de 2001. Os tamanduás-bandeira aparelhados foram identificados pelos últimos quatro números da freqüência de seusrespectivos rádio-transmissores.DataTemp.Hora(2001)ºCLocal de encontro do formigueiro Indivíduo Espécie de formiga25.04 14:37 24 Borda de lagoa, sob arbusto guelra-de-dourado 1 4064 Solenopsis saevissima30.04 19:32 18,4 Borda de lagoa, na base de capim rabo-de-burro 2 4064 Odontomachus minutus01.05 16:18 29,9 Pasto 4103 S. saevissima08.05 17:34 23,4 Borda de lagoa, na base de capim rabo-de-burro 2 4064 Solenopsis interrupta09.05 16:42 28,2 Pasto, sob fezes secas de gado 4064 S. saevissima09.05 17:36 23,8 Borda de lagoa, sob arbusto assa-peixe 3 4103 S. saevissima09.05 17:39 23,8 Borda de lagoa, sob arbusto assa-peixe 3 4103 S. saevissima18.05 16:48 26,2 Borda de lagoa NA* S. interrupta21.05 16:03 33,1 Borda de lagoa 4064 S. saevissima13.06 15:34 33 Pasto, sob fezes secas de gado 4103 S. saevissima13.06 15:38 33 Pasto, na base de capim rabo-de-burro 2 4103 Camponotus crassus13.06 18:10 24,3 Pasto, sob fezes secas de gado 4064 S. saevissima18.06 14:37 14,6 Borda de lagoa 4083 S. interrupta18.06 14:48 14,6 Borda de lagoa 4083 S. interrupta19.06 15:08 13,4 Campo de “Caronal” 4 4083 S. saevissima19.06 15:14 13,4 Campo de “Caronal” 4 4083 S. interrupta19.06 16:12 12,8 Campo de “Caronal” 4 4083 S. interrupta19.06 16:16 13,1 Campo de “Caronal” 4 4083 Solenopsis pusillignis19.06 16:32 12,8 Mata, entre a base de uma árvore e gravatá 5 4083 S. saevissima19.06 16:41 12,4 Pasto 4083 S. interrupta19.06 16:53 12 Pasto 4083 S. interrupta20.06 10:08 22,2 Pasto 4083 S. interrupta20.06 16:06 18 Borda de lagoa 4083 S. saevissima20.06 17:56 10,3 Borda de lagoa 4083 S. interrupta21.06 11:12 26,2 Campo de “Caronal” 4 4103 S. saevissima21.06 11:18 26,2 Campo de “Caronal” 4 , sob fezes secas de gado 4103 S. interrupta21.06 16:23 17 Pasto, sob fezes secas de gado 4064 S. saevissima21.06 16:41 17 Borda de lagoa, na base de capim mimoso 4064 S. pusillignis21.06 16:46 17 Borda de lagoa, na base de capim mimoso 4064 S. interrupta21.06 16:48 17 Borda de lagoa, na base de capim mimoso 4064 Solenopsis invicta21.06 16:49 17 Borda de lagoa, na base de capim mimoso 4064 S. invicta21.06 17:01 17 Borda de lagoa, na base de capim mimoso 4064 S. interrupta14.08 14:56 36,8 Caule de canjiqueira 6 4064 Camponotus renggeri14.08 16:40 33,3 Capim sobre lagoa seca NA* Labidus spininodis15.08 17:01 24 Borda de lagoa NA* S. saevissima28.08 16:28 22,4 Campo cerrado 4064 Ectatomma planidens04.09 06:20 22,7 Pasto, sob fezes secas de gado 4064 S. interrupta04.09 06:35 22,7 Pasto, sob fezes secas de gado 4064 S. saevissima21.09 07:42 32,9 Base de acuri 7 4143 C. renggeri02.10 09:20 22,9 Campo de “Caronal” 4 4064 C. crassus02.10 09:27 22,9 Campo de “Caronal” 4 4064 C. crassus03.10 14:32 38 Pasto 4064 S. interrupta*NA = tamanduás-bandeira não aparelhados.1= Senna sp., 2 = Andropogon spp., 3 = Vernonia ferruginea, 4 = Elyonurus muticus, 5 = Bromelia balansae, 6 = Byrsonima sp.,7= Scheelea phalerata.32 Edentata no. 5 • December 2003

formigas (11%). Tanto o estudo de Drumond(1992) quanto o de Redford (1985) foramrealizados na época seca, o que poderia explicar amaior proporção de térmitas em ambos.Os resultados que obtivemos no Pantanal foramsemelhantes aos de Montgomery e Lubin (1977)e Montgomery (1985), os quais encontrarammais de 85% de formigas compondo a dietados tamanduás-bandeira. O Pantanal daNhecolândia, com solo altamente arenoso esujeito a inundações, assemelha-se mais aosLlanos venezuelanos do que à Serra da Canastra,que apresenta escoamento rápido da chuva e estápouco sujeita a inundações. A inundação pode serum fator que altera a disponibilidade de recursospara os tamanduás-bandeira, e Montgomery(1985) sugere sazonalidade no consumo decupins por tamanduá-bandeira, com um aumentona proporção da dieta formada por térmitasquando os Llanos estão alagados, apresentandodiminuição da disponibilidade de formigas dogênero Camponotus. O nosso período de estudoabrangeu predominantemente a estação seca, masé possível que a proporção de cupins na dieta dotamanduá-bandeira também aumentasse durantea cheia do Pantanal.A despeito das diferenças observadas nasfreqüências relativas de formigas e cupins,houve semelhanças na composição da dietados tamanduás-bandeira do Pantanal daNhecolândia e da Serra da Canastra, comocorrência de forrageamento dos gêneros detérmitas Nasutitermes e Armitermes e dos gênerosde formigas Camponotus, Ectatomma e Solenopsisnos dois locais (Drumond, 1992; este estudo).Alternativas para estudos futuros seriam associara composição da dieta do tamanduá-bandeirano Pantanal com a disponibilidade de presasem diferentes épocas do ano e as relações destavariação com o tamanho da área de vida e o usodo hábitat.AgradecimentosÀ Conservation International pelo financiamentode rádio-transmissores. À Embrapa Pantanal peloapoio logístico. À Gláucia Helena FernandesSeixas pelo empréstimo de materiais de rádiotelemetria.Ao Reginaldo Constantino pelaidentificação das amostras de cupins. AoFlávio H. G. Rodrigues por valiosas sugestões,e aos funcionários da Fazenda Nhumirim,principalmente a Henrique de Jesus e ArmindoÂngelo Gonçalves que foram imprescindíveis nacaptura e contenção dos tamanduás-bandeira.ReferênciasAdámoli, J. 1982. O Pantanal e suas relações fitogeográficascom os Cerrados. Discussão sobreo conceito do “Complexo do Pantanal”.Em: Anais do XXXII Congresso Nacional deBotânica, pp.109-119. Teresina, Piauí.Alho, C. J. R., Campos, Z. M. S. e Gonçalves, H.C. 1987. Ecologia de capivara (Hydrochaerishydrochaeris, Rodentia) do Pantanal: - I.Habitats, densidades e tamanho de grupo.Revta. Brasil. Biol. 47: 87-97.Brasil, IBAMA. 2003. Lista Nacional das Espéciesda Fauna Brasileira Ameaçadas de Extinção.Instituto Brasileiro do Meio Ambiente edos Recursos Naturais Renováveis (IBAMA),Brasilia. Website: .Carvalho, J. C. M. 1966. Novos dados sobre aalimentação do tamanduá-bandeira (Myrmecophagatridactyla Linnaeus, 1758), Edentata,Mammalia. An. Acad. Brasil. Ciênc. 38:341-346.Carvalho, J. C. M. e Kloss, G. R. 1951. Sobrea alimentação do tamanduá-bandeira (“Myrmecophagatridactyla” L., 1758). Revta. Brasil.Biol. 11: 37-42.Drumond, M. A. 1992. Padrões de forrageamentodo tamanduá-bandeira (Myrmecophagatridactyla) no Parque Nacionalda Serra da Canastra: Dieta, comportamentoalimentar e efeito de queimadas. Dissertaçãode Mestrado, Universidade Federal de MinasGerais, Belo Horizonte.Drumond, M. A. 1994. Myrmecophaga tridactylaLinnaeus, 1758 – tamanduá-bandeira. Em:Livro Vermelho dos Mamíferos Brasileiros Ameaçadosde Extinção, G. A. B. da Fonseca, A. B.Rylands, C. M. R. Costa, R. B. Machado e Y.33

L. R. Leite (eds.), pp.33-40. Fundação Biodiversitas,Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais.Eisenberg, J. F. 1989. Mammals of the Neotropics,Vol. 1, e Northern Neotropics: Panama,Colombia, Venezuela, Guyana, Suriname,French Guiana. e University of ChicagoPress, Chicago.Fischer, W. A. 1997. Efeitos da BR-262 namortalidade de vertebrados silvestres: Síntesenaturalística para a conservação da regiãodo Pantanal, MS. Dissertação de Mestrado,Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso do Sul,Campo Grande.Hamilton, S. K., Sippel, S. J. e Melack, J. M.1996. Inundation patterns in the Pantanalwetland of South America determined frompassive microwave remote sensing. Archiv.Hydrobiol. 137: 1-23.Hilton-Taylor, C. 2003. 2003 Red List of reatenedSpecies. e World Conservation Union(IUCN), Gland, Switzerland. Website: .Leeuwenberg, F. 1997. Edentata as a foodresource: Subsistence hunting by XavanteIndians, Brasil. Edentata (3): 4-5.Medri, Í. M. 2002. Área de vida e uso de habitatde tamanduá-bandeira – Myrmecophagatridactyla Linnaeus, 1758 – nas FazendasNhumirim e Porto Alegre, Pantanal da Nhecolândia,MS. Dissertação de Mestrado, UniversidadeFederal de Mato Grosso do Sul,Campo Grande.Montgomery, G. G. e Lubin, Y. D. 1977. Preyinfluences on movements of Neotropical anteaters.Em: Proceedings of the 1975 PredatorSymposium, R. L. Phillips e C. Jonkel (eds.),pp.103-131. Montana Forest and ConservationExperiment Station, University of Montana,Missoula.Montgomery, G. G. 1985. Movements, foragingand food habits of the four extant speciesof neotropical vermilinguas (Mammalia;Myrmecophagidae). Em: e Evolution andEcology of Armadillos, Sloths, and Vermilinguas,G. G. Montgomery (ed.), pp.219-232. SmithsonianInstitution Press, Washington, DC.Mourão, G. e Medri, Í. M. 2002. A new way ofusing inexpensive large-scale assembled GPSto monitor giant anteaters in short time intervals.Wildl. Soc. Bull. 30(4): 1029-1032.Nowak, R. M. e Paradiso, J. L. 1983. Walker’sMammals of the World. e Johns HopkinsUniversity Press, Baltimore.Redford, K. H. 1985. Feeding and food preferencein captive and wild giant anteaters(Myrmecophaga tridactyla). J. Zool., Lond.205: 559-572.Redford, K. H. 1986. Dietary specialization andvariation in two mammalian myrmecophages(variation in mammalian myrmecophagy).Revta. Chilena Hist. Nat. 59: 201-208.Rossoni, R. B., Machado, C. R. S. e Machado,A. B. M. 1981. Autonomic innervation ofsalivary glands in the armadillo, anteater, andsloth (Edentata). J. Morphol. 168: 151-157.Shaw, J. H., Carter, T. S. e Machado-Neto,J. C. 1985. Ecology of the giant anteaterMyrmecophaga tridactyla in Serra da Canastra,Minas Gerais, Brasil: A pilot study.Em: e Evolution and Ecology of Armadillos,Sloths, and Vermilinguas, G. G. Montgomery(ed.), pp.379-384. Smithsonian InstitutionPress, Washington, DC.Silveira, L., Rodrigues, F. H. G., Jacomo, A. T. D.e Diniz, J. A. F. 1999. Impact of wildfires onthe megafauna of Emas National Park, centralBrazil. Oryx 33: 108-114.Wetzel, R. M. 1985. e identification and distributionof recent Xenarthra (= Edentata).Em: e Evolution and Ecology of Armadillos,Sloths, and Vermilinguas. G. G. Montgomery(ed.), pp.5-21. Smithsonian Institution Press,Washington, DC.34 Edentata no. 5 • December 2003

Datos Morfométricos de los Armadillos delComplejo Ecológico Municipal de Sáenz Peña,Provincia del Chaco, ArgentinaNatalia CeresoliFundación ECO (Ecosistemas del Chaco Oriental), José MaríaUriburu 374, PB Formosa (3600), Argentina. Correo electrónico:.Gonzalo Torres JiménezComplejo Ecológico Municipal de Sáenz Peña, Ruta 95 Km.1111, Chaco, Argentina.Eduardo Fernandez DuqueFundación ECO (Ecosistemas del Chaco Oriental), José MaríaUriburu 374, PB Formosa (3600), Argentina.IntroducciónLa región del Gran Chaco comprende unmillón de kilómetros cuadrados de Argentina,Bolivia, Brasil y Paraguay. Su paisaje incluye unmosaico de praderas, sabanas, montes abiertos,bosques xéricos espinosos y bosques en galería.El Chaco argentino está habitado por una ampliadiversidad de edentados: Priodontes maximus,Chaetophractus vellerosus, Chaetophractus villosus,Tolypeutes matacus, Dasypus novemcinctus, Dasypusseptemcinctus, Dasypus hybridus, Cabassouschacoensis, Euphractus sexcinctus, Chlamyphorusretusus, Chlamyphorus truncatus, Myrmecophagatridactyla y Tamandua tetradactyla (Mares et al.,1989; Emmons y Feer, 1990; Redford y Eisenberg,1992; Zuleta y Bolkovic, 1994; Bertonattiy Corcuera, 2000).Si bien existen importantes y conspicuas diferenciasmorfológicas intergenéricas, en algunoscasos las diferencias intragenéricas son difícilesde reconocer. Por ejemplo, Dasypus hybridus,Dasypus novemcinctus y Dasypus septemcinctusposeen una gran similitud en las característicasmorfológicas; si bien D. septemcinctus, suele sermás pequeña y con un número menor de bandasmóviles (Mares et al., 1989). Las cuatro especiesdel género Cabassous también son poco diferenciadasmorfológicamente, excepto en el tamaño(Wetzel, 1980).En algunos casos las similitudes morfológicassumadas al exceso de nombres comunes, causadospor un inadecuado material comparativo, hanresultado en problemas taxonómicos, ocasionandola pérdida de unanimidad en la identificación delos tipo-especies de los géneros (Wetzel, 1980).Así, por ejemplo, se ha postulado la existenciade una cuarta especie de Dasypus: D. mazzai(Vizcaíno, 1994) basada en la posesión de característicasintermedias entre las otras tres existentes(D. novemcinctus, D. septemcinctus y D. hybridus).Si bien la evidencia no es concluyente, los autoresresaltan la individualidad específica de las mulitasde los bosques del noroeste argentino con respectoa las especies previamente conocidas.Una detallada caracterización sistemática de losedentados del Gran Chaco es imperativa paradesarrollar adecuadas estrategias para su conservación.Si bien dicha caracterización requerirádel estudio de poblaciones silvestres, muchasespecies son notoriamente difíciles de investigaren el campo (Fonseca, 2001). Por lo tanto, resultaránecesario acompañar dichos trabajos conproyectos de investigación que aprovechen losindividuos de edentados en cautiverio. Para elloes fundamental contar con una adecuada representatividadde individuos de diferentes especiesen instalaciones apropiadas.El Complejo Ecológico Municipal de Sáenz Peña(Provincia de Chaco, Argentina) posee una delas representaciones de edentados más diversasy abundantes del mundo, incluyendo los únicosdos ejemplares en cautiverio de Priodontes maximus.Es una de las instituciones más activas enla conservación ex situ de edentados habiendologrado regularmente la reproducción de Myrmecophagatridactyla, Tamandua tetradactyla,Euphractus sexcinctus y Chaetophractus villosus.Con el objetivo de continuar expandiendo suprograma de investigaciones ex situ, se examinarontodos los armadillos de la colección procediendoa su sexado y medición.MétodosSe capturó a los individuos manualmente porla tarde, cuando los animales ya estaban en35

actividad. No fue posible realizar todas lasmediciones en todos los individuos capturadosya que, al no utilizarse anestesia, algunosindividuos intentaban escapar. Se obtuvieron lassiguientes medidas: longitud total, longitud dela cola, longitud de la pata posterior y longitudde la oreja. La longitud total se midió desdela punta del hocico hasta el extremo distal dela cola; la longitud de la cola, desde la basede inserción en el cuerpo hasta la punta; lalongitud de la pata posterior desde el talónhasta el extremo distal de la uña más larga, y laoreja, desde la escotadura hasta el extremo delpabellón (Mares et al., 1989). Los individuosde la especie T. matacus se cierran sobre sucaparazón al ser capturados. Dado que esvirtualmente imposible lograr la extensión de losindividuos, las mediciones fueron tomadas conel animal en su típica postura de defensa. Porlo tanto, el largo total para esta especie refleja lacircunferencia del individuo cuando se haya enesa posición. Cuando fue posible, los individuosfueron sexados.ResultadosSe midieron 32 armadillos de las siguientesespecies: Chaetophractus vellerosus (4 individuos),Chaetophractus villosus (6, incluyendo una cría dedos o tres días de vida), Tolypeutes matacus (9),Dasypus novemcinctus (6), Cabassous chacoensis(1), Euphractus sexcinctus (4), y Priodontesmaximus (2) (Tabla 1).DiscusiónLa información obtenida es sólo un paso inicialen un programa de conservación ex situ de edentadosque deberá contemplar, entre otros aspectos,el marcado permanente de los individuos,su caracterización genética y el posterior manejode la población utilizando la informacióngenética disponible, la aplicación de medicinapreventiva a través de controles periódicos delos ejemplares, el estudio de la conducta reproductivay la preparación de protocolos de cuidadosneonatales.Cualquier programa de conservación ex situ,debe tener como objetivo primordial asegurar laTABLA 1. Datos morfométricos de los armadillos del CEMSP (LT =largo total, C = cola, PT = pata trasera, O = oreja, S = sexo, M =macho, H = hembra). Las mediciones están expresadas en mm.Especie LT C PT O SCabassous chacoensis 733 335 55 40 MChaetophractus vellerosus 367 105 50 28 HChaetophractus vellerosus 383 100 40 30 MChaetophractus vellerosus 390 105 45 30 MChaetophractus vellerosus 405 110 45 30 HChaetophractus villosus 1 182 52 - - MChaetophractus villosus 437 112 50 30 HChaetophractus villosus 440 130 60 25 HChaetophractus villosus 454 156 - 25 -Chaetophractus villosus 455 115 60 30 -Chaetophractus villosus 515 150 70 28 MDasypus novemcinctus - 195 - - HDasypus novemcinctus 365 80 - 10 -Dasypus novemcinctus 662 312 50 - HDasypus novemcinctus 685 315 58 45 HDasypus novemcinctus 735 335 60 40 HDasypus novemcinctus 740 300 62 45 MEuphractus sexcinctus - 230 85 40 MEuphractus sexcinctus 638 180 75 35 HEuphractus sexcinctus 655 230 80 43 MEuphractus sexcinctus 690 220 90 42 HPriodontes maximus 1470 480 190 45 HPriodontes maximus 1520 500 200 60 MTolypeutes matacus 455 60 - 25 MTolypeutes matacus 465 65 - 25 MTolypeutes matacus 470 63 - 30 MTolypeutes matacus 470 70 - 28 MTolypeutes matacus 470 70 - - -Tolypeutes matacus 478 68 - 30 MTolypeutes matacus 480 70 - 30 MTolypeutes matacus 485 70 - 30 HTolypeutes matacus 505 75 - 30 M1Cría de no más de tres días de vida.continuidad de poblaciones silvestres. Durante elmes de julio de 2002 se realizó un relevamientopreliminar de edentados en la región húmeda delChaco en la Provincia de Formosa y actualmentese está realizando un relevamiento de cuevas deP. maximus en el Chaco seco formoseño.Esperamos que dichos trabajos generen en el curso36 Edentata no. 5 • December 2003

de los próximos años información necesaria paraevaluar el estado poblacional de varias especiesde edentados, así como el grado de diversidadexistente en la región. De poder lograr nuestrosobjetivos, en los próximos años habremos dandoun paso importante en lo referente al ordenXenarthra y su conservación in situ y ex situ en elGran Chaco argentino.AgradecimientosAgradecemos a todo el personal del ComplejoEcológico Municipal de Sáenz Peña. EFD y NCagradecen el apoyo recibido de ConservationInternational (Edentate Conservation ActionFund) y de la Sociedad Zoológica de San Diegoque hicieron posible el estudio. Finalmente,agradecemos la colaboración de Pablo Nuñez,Pablo Arístide, y Vanina Baschini que participarondel estudio.ReferenciasBertonatti, C. y Corcuera, J. 2000. SituaciónAmbiental Argentina 2000. Fundación VidaSilvestre Argentina, Buenos Aires.Emmons, L. y Feer, F. 1997. Neotropical RainforestMammals: A Field Guide. e Universityof Chicago Press, Chicago.Fonseca, G. A. B. da. 2001. Editorial: e conservationof Xenarthra will be vital for thepreservation of mammalian phylogeneticdiversity. Edentata (4): 1.Mares, M. A., Ojeda, R. A. y Barquez, R. M.1989. Guide to the Mammals of Salta Province,Argentina. University of OklahomaPress, Norman.Redford, K. H. y Eisenberg, J. F. 1992. Mammalsof the Neotropics, Vol. 2, e Southern Cone:Chile, Argentina, Uruguay, Paraguay. eUniversity of Chicago Press, Chicago.Vizcaíno, S. y Giallombardo, A. 2001. Armadillosdel Noroeste Argentino (provincias deJujuy y Salta). Edentata (4): 5-9.Wetzel, R. M. 1980. Revision of the naked-tailedarmadillos, genus Cabassous MacMurtrie.Ann. Carnegie Mus. 49: 323-357.Zuleta, G. y M. L. Bolkovic. 1994. Conservationecology of armadillos in the Chaco region ofArgentina. Edentata (1): 16-17.Fitting Radio Transmitters to Giant Anteaters(Myrmecophaga tridactyla)Flavio Henrique Guimarães RodriguesAssociação para Conservação dos Carnívoros Neotropicais– Pró-Carnívoros and Departamento de Zoologia, Institutode Biologia, Universidade de Brasília, Brasília. Address: SQN412, Bloco K, Apto. 305, 70.867-110 Brasília, DF, Brazil. E-mail: .Guilherme Henrique Braga de MirandaPrograma de Pós-graduação em Ecologia, Instituto de CiênciasBiológicas, Universidade de Brasília, 70.910-900 Brasília, DF,Brazil. E-mail: .Ísis Meri MedriFundação Pantanal ComCiência, Av. Rio Branco 1270,Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso do Sul (UFMS),79304-020 Corumbá, Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil. E-mail:.Fernanda Vinci dos SantosSHIN QI 7, Conjunto 12, Casa 18, 71515-120 Brasília, DF,Brazil. E-mail: .Guilherme de Miranda MourãoEmpresa Brasileira de Pesquisa Agropecuária Embrapa-Pantanal, Rua 21 de Setembro, 1880, Caixa Postal 109,79320-900 Corumbá, Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil. E-mail:.Adriani HassSQN 412, Bloco K, Apto. 305, 70867-110 Brasília, DF,Brazil. E-mail: .Pablo Sebastian Tavares AmaralPrograma de Pós-graduação em Ecologia, Instituto de CiênciasBiológicas, Universidade de Brasília, 70910-900 Brasília, DF,Brazil. E-mail: .Fabiana Lopes RochaQE 15, Conjunto T, Casa 36, Guará II, 71050-201 Brasília,DF, Brazil. E-mail: .Methods to remotely monitor free-ranging animalshave become more frequent in studies onwildlife ecology and behavior. e methodology37

of attaching a transmitter to an animal variesfrom collars to a surgically-placed transmitterunder the skin of the animal. Regular collarscannot be used with some xenarthran speciessuch as armadillos and anteaters, for lack of spacebetween the head and the carapace in armadillos,or because the neck is thicker than the head, as inthe anteaters.ere are few studies reporting the attachmentof transmitters in anteater species. Montgomeryand Lubin (1977) and Montgomery (1985)radiotracked individuals of the four recognizedliving species of anteaters, using adhesive tape toattach the transmitters to the tails. However, thetransmitters remained on the animals for a shortperiod of time (between 30 and 75 days, dependingon the species), required periodic repair, andcaused necrosis of the tissue under the transmitterduring the rainy season (Montgomery, 1985). Anadditional disadvantage of this method is relatedto the possibility that giant anteater females mayuse the male’s tail as an indicator of the male’shealth; therefore the gap on the tail caused by theadhesive tape could relay a false message of sickness.Sunquist and Montgomery (1973) attacheda small transmitter (7 g) to the fur of a silky anteaterwith clear silicone seal. is method can beused only in short studies, because the transmitterfalls off with the hair.Shaw et al. (1987) used harnesses made withcotton web to fix radio transmitters to giantanteaters. ey were able to monitor the anteatersfor seven months, but three out of twelvemarked animals removed their harnesses. Twoof them were recaptured and the transmitterswere fitted with a braided nylon cord tied tothe fur at the animal’s flanks. Leather adjustableharnesses (manufactured for use in dogs)also were used to attach transmitters on collaredanteaters (Rodrigues et al., 2001). Although theharnesses were adapted successfully to collaredanteaters, only two out of eight individualscould be monitored for a satisfactory period oftime (six and nine months, respectively). eother animals lost their transmitters betweenone and two months, mainly because their restingbehavior in armadillos’ burrows, tree hollowsand rock rifts created heavy friction, arrest andbreakage of the harness fasteners. Mourão andMedri (2002) tested the use of an inexpensive,large-scale assembled GPS radiocollar to monitorfree-ranging giant anteaters in the Pantanalover short time intervals.Here, we describe our experience of fitting radiotransmitters on giant anteaters. e studies tookplace at Emas National Park (18°15’S, 52°53’W),Cerrado region of central Brazil, and at NhumirimRanch (18°59’S, 56°39’W), Pantanalregion of western Brazil.At Emas National Park we used harnesses byTelonics Inc., using techniques from captiveindividuals at the Brasília Zoo. e harnesseswere made of nylon and had five pieces: onestrap with a circumference of 56 cm around theneck, one strap with a circumference of 86 cmaround the thorax, one strap of 31.5 cm linkingboth straps, where the transmitter was attached,and two straps of 31 cm (one at each side of theanimal), to provide better stability of the harnesses(avoiding movements of the harnessesdue to the transmitter’s weight). e transmitterswere positioned above the animal, and the flexibleantenna on the back of the transmitter wasinclined about 45 degrees (Fig. 1).Fifteen giant anteaters were captured andequipped with these harnesses. e monitoringperiod, sex and age of each anteater andFIGURE 1. Giant anteater equipped with harness at Emas NationalPark, Brazil.38 Edentata no. 5 • December 2003

TABLE 1. Period of monitoring and evaluation of the transmitter attachment methods at Emas National Park and Nhumirim Ranch.No. Sex Capture date Last location Recaptures Equipment evaluationENP 1 M 07/25/2001 09/19/2001 - Signal lost, not evaluatedENP 2 M 07/27/2001 01/29/2003 01/29/2003 Antenna broken, harness intactENP 3 M 07/28/2001 08/15/2002 08/15/2002 Antenna and one lateral strap brokenENP 4 M 08/28/2001 01/27/2003 01/27/2003 Antenna and harness intactENP 5 M 08/28/2001 01/28/2002 - Signal lost, not evaluatedENP 6 M 08/29/2001 08/22/2002 - Signal lost, not evaluatedENP 7 F 08/29/2001 10/21/2002 08/11/2002 Antenna and harness intact; signal lost in October 2002ENP 8 F 08/29/2001 05/08/2002 01/22/2002 Antenna and harness intact; signal lost in May 2002ENP 9 F 08/30/2001 10/25/2001 - Signal lost, not evaluatedENP 10 M 08/31/2001 01/29/2003 01/28/2003 Antenna broken, harness intactENP 11 M 08/31/2001 08/05/2002 01/23/2002 Antenna broken, harness intactENP 12 M 08/31/2001 05/10/2002 08/16/2002 Antenna broken, harness intactENP 13 M 09/01/2001 01/22/2002 01/22/2002 Antenna broken, harness intactENP 16 F 08/14/2002 01/27/2003 01/27/2003 * Antenna and one lateral strap brokenENP 20 F 08/19/2002 01/28/2003 01/28/2003 Antenna and harness intactNhu 1 F 03/17/2001 03/19/2001 - Signal lost, not evaluatedNhu 2 M 03/29/2001 12/05/200109/20/2001, 10/03/2001and 12/05/2001Collar intactNhu 3 F 03/31/2001 12/14/2001 12/05/2001 and 12/14/2001 Collar intactNhu 4 M 04/04/2001 09/04/2001 - Collar intactNhu 5 M 04/23/2001 10/03/2001 10/03/2001 Collar intactNhu 6 M 04/25/2001 12/04/2001 12/04/2001 Collar intactNhu 7 M 09/20/2001 12/14/2001 - Collar intact* Visual contact; not captured.the evaluation of the harnesses’ efficiency aresummarized in Table 1. Ten of the capturedgiant anteaters were recaptured and both theanimals and the harnesses were examined forinjuries and damages. One of the anteaters notrecaptured (ENP 16) was seen after the transmitterfailed (in February 2003), and therefore anevaluation of the animal and harness conditioncould also be made. We could not evaluate theefficiency of four harnesses, because the transmittersfailed after two to fifteen months from thefirst capture, probably due to antenna breakage.After two to twenty months of monitoring,none of the anteaters lost their harness, andthey showed no no sign of injury. e lateralstraps of two harnesses were broken after sixand twelve months, respectively. Some antennasbroke, and this component was the most fragilepoint of the system.At Nhumirim Ranch, we used standard collars,made of leather, but attached to the anteater’sthorax (scapular waist), with the transmitterpositioned below the animal (Fig. 2). We capturedand equipped seven giant anteaters, and themonitoring period varied from two to 259 days(Table 1). Except for the individual Nhu 1, allanteaters were seen periodically and we were ableto evaluate the condition of the collar. One giantanteater had wounds on the back, close to thecollar, which could have been caused by irritationfrom the collar. is individual was seen oneweek before and did not show signs of any injury.Another giant anteater was found dead twoweeks after its last telemetry location, but it wasnot possible to determine the cause due to theadvanced state of decay. ere was no evidence ofinjuries caused by the collar to the anteater thatcould have lead to its death.39

Authority (Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento dePessoal de Nível Superior – CAPES) provided ascholarship to ÍMM during this study. We thankWalfrido Tomas for comments and English revisionof the manuscript.FIGURE 2. Giant anteater equipped with collar at Nhumirim Ranch,Brazil.Both the harnesses and the collar attached to thethorax were effective methods to fix transmitterson giant anteaters. e damage to the animal wasminimal and the anteaters could be monitoredfor a relatively long time. e harness has theadvantage of allowing better signal transmissiondue to the location of the transmitter on theback of the anteater. e harness also could beadjusted more comfortably to the animal. ecollar needs to be adjusted much more firmly toavoid rotation and for positioning the transmitterin the ventral region, and was not accurate formonitoring fast-growing juveniles or pregnantfemales. e external antennas of the harnesswere not very effective and the internal antenna(built into the collar) produced better results.erefore, the combination of harness and internalantennas seems to be the best method to fitradio-transmitters on giant anteaters.Acknowledgements: Fundação O Boticário deProteção à Natureza / MacArthur Foundation,e Whitley Laing Foundation / Rufford SmallGrants, Centro Nacional de Pesquisas paraConservação de Predadores Naturais – CENAP/IBAMA and Conservation International doBrasil supported the Emas National Park study,and Conservation International do Brasil andEmbrapa-Pantanal supported the study at NhumirimRanch. Fundação Pólo Ecológico de Brasília(Zoológico de Brasília) kindly authorized andgave personal and logistic support for the preliminarytests. e Brazilian Higher EducationReferencesMontgomery, G. G. and Lubin, Y. D. 1977. Preyinfluences on movements of Neotropicalanteaters. In: Proceedings of the 1975 PredatorSymposium, R. L. Phillips and C. Jonkel(eds.), pp.103-131. Montana Forest andConservation Experiment Station, Universityof Montana, Missoula.Montgomery, G. G. 1985. Movements, foragingand food habits of the four extant species ofneotropical vermilinguas (Mammalia; Myrmecophagidae).In: e Evolution and Ecologyof Armadillos, Sloths and Vermilinguas, G. G.Montgomery (ed.), pp.365-377. SmithsonianInstitution Press, Washington, DC.Mourão, G. and Medri, Í. M. 2002. A new wayof using inexpensive large-scale assembledGPS to monitor giant anteaters in short timeintervals. Wildl. Soc. Bull. 30: 1029-1032.Rodrigues, F. H. G., Marinho-Filho, J. S. andSantos, H. G. 2001. Home ranges of translocatedlesser anteaters (Tamandua tetradactyla)in the Cerrado of Brazil. Oryx 35: 166-169.Shaw, J. H., Machado-Neto, J. and Carter, T. C.1987. Behavior of free-living giant anteaters (Myrmecophagatridactyla). Biotropica 19: 255-259.Sunquist, M. E. and Montgomery, G. G. 1973.Activity pattern of a translocated silky anteater(Cyclopes didactylus). J. Mammal. 54: 782.Observations of Xenarthra in the BrazilianCerrado and GuyanaJames SandersonCenter for Applied Biodiversity Science, Conservation International,1919 M Street NW, Suite 600, Washington, DC20036, USA. E-mail: .Leandro SilveiraAssociação Pro-Carnívoros, Caixa Postal 86, 75.830-000 Mineiros,Goiás, Brazil. E-mail: .40 Edentata no. 5 • December 2003

Emas National ParkWe placed 45 CamTrakker (CamTrak South,Watkinsville, GA, USA) automatic cameraphototraps in Emas National Park (18 o 19’S,52 o 45’W) in the Brazilian cerrado from 28November - 21 December, 2002 to begin acamera-trapping monitoring program. Locatedin the southwestern region of the State ofGoiás, south-central Brazil, the park entrance isa 11⁄2-hour drive south from the town of Mineiros.Emas National Park’s 131,000 ha protects aunique landscape consisting largely of savannah,woodland/savannah, and dry forest ecosystems.e cerrado occupies the central Brazil plateau,and the cerrado flora is considered the richestof all tropical savannah regions, with very highlevels of endemism.Of the family Myrmecophagidae, we observedgiant anteaters (Myrmecophaga tridactyla) onseveral occasions and the camera phototrapscaptured several on film, including one carryinga young. On a private ranch just south ofthe park, in a wooded area along a river, weobserved a juvenile tamandua (Tamandua tetradactyla)crossing the road and then scaling anearby tree at our approach. Our camera trapsphotographed an adult.In the family Dasypodidae, we observed sixbandedarmadillos (Euphractus sexcinctus) twicewhile driving along dirt roads in the park. ecamera phototraps photographed the giantarmadillo (Priodontes maximus), tracks ofwhich we often observed on dirt roads withinthe park. Also photographed by the cameraphototraps were a six-banded armadillo (E.sexcinctus), naked-tailed armadillo (Cabassoustatouay) and nine-banded armadillo (Dasypusnovemcinctus).Guyana (J. Sanderson)As part of the Rapid Assessment Program(RAP) of the Center for Applied BiodiversityScience at Conservation International, a RAPTraining Course was held at Mabura HillTownship, West Pibiri Creek, Guyana at theTropenbos Ecological Station (5 o 00’40.9”N,58 o 36’50.0”W) from 4-18 September, 2001.Located in the interior of central Guyana, WestPibiri Creek was previously an active loggingconcession operated by Demerara TimbersLimited (DTL) for the selective extraction ofvaluable hardwoods such as greenheart. e areais described as a riverine floodplain forest (evergreenrain forest) on alluvial soils. is forestis often strongly dominated by Mora (Moraexcelsa, though with abundance of Crabwood,Carapa guianensis), Trysil (Pentaclethra macroloba)and Sarebebe (Macrolobium bifolium).e population of the Mabura Hill Township isestimated to be about 700, primarily employeesof DTL. e research staff of the Tropenbos-Guyana Programme (TGP) living there makeup only 3% of the population.While walking along a former logging road, Iobserved a tamandua (Tamandua tetradactyla)approximately 8 m from the ground walkingalong branches.I participated in a RAP study from 21-29September, 2001 at the beginning of thedry season at Pobuwau Creek (3 o 16’03.1”N,58 o 46’42.7”W) located on the Kwitaro River(a tributary of the Rewa River, which in turnruns into the Rupununi, an affluent of theEssequibo), in Region 9 in southern Guyanaand at Cacique Mountain (3 o 11’29.5”N,58 o 48’42.0”W) six miles southwest of PobuwauCreek. Both sites were approximately 130 melevation and vegetation was lowland, seasonallyinundated, evergreen tropical forest. e riverwas at high water but dropping rapidly, and fellapproximately 1.5 m during our brief visit. Ideployed 12 CamTrakker camera phototraps inour study area.On one occasion a camera phototrap caughta giant armadillo (Priodontes maximus) at itsburrow. Subsequently, tracks were found nearthe burrow when the camera was retrieved.Acknowledgements: We wish to thank the governmentof Brazil for permission to work inEmas National Park.41

Automatic CamTrakker phototrap photos by James Sanderson and Leandro SilveiraGiant anteater (Myrmecophaga tridactyla) carryinga young, Emas National Park, Brazil.Giant anteater (Myrmecophaga tridactyla), EmasNational Park, Brazil.Giant anteater (Myrmecophaga tridactyla), EmasNational Park, Brazil.Giant anteater (Myrmecophaga tridactyla), EmasNational Park, Brazil.Giant anteater (Myrmecophaga tridactyla), EmasNational Park, Brazil.Giant anteater (Myrmecophaga tridactyla),Emas National Park, Brazil.42 Edentata no. 5 • December 2003

Nine-banded armadillo (Dasypus novemcinctus),Emas National Park, Brazil.Giant armadillo (Priodontes maximus), EmasNational Park, Brazil.Six-banded armadillo (E. sexcinctus), EmasNational Park, Brazil.Giant armadillo (Priodontes maximus), EmasNational Park, Brazil.Six-banded armadillo (E. sexcinctus), EmasNational Park, Brazil.Giant armadillo (Priodontes maximus), EmasNational Park, Brazil.Tamandua (Tamandua tetradactyla), EmasNational Park, Brazil.Naked-tailed armadillo (Cabassous tatouay), EmasNational Park, Brazil.43

ReferencesEisenberg, J. F. and Redford, K. H. 1999. Mammalsof the Neotropics, Vol. 3, e CentralNeotropics: Ecuador, Peru, Bolivia, Brazil. eUniversity of Chicago Press, Chicago.Nowak, R. M. 1991. Walker’s Mammals of theWorld. Vol. 1. e Johns Hopkins UniversityPress, Baltimore.Diurnal Rest Sites of Translocated LesserAnteaters (Tamandua tetradactyla) in theCerrado of BrazilFlávio H. G. RodriguesAssociação para Conservação dos Carnívoros Neotropicais– Pró-Carnívoros and Departamento de Zoologia, Universidadede Brasília, Brasília. Address: SQN 412, Bloco K,Apt. 305, 70.867-110 Brasília, DF, Brazil.Jader S. Marinho-FilhoDepartamento de Zoologia, Instituto de Biologia, Universidadede Brasília, 70.910-900 Brasília, DF, Brazil. E-mail:.e lesser anteater Tamandua tetradactyla(L. 1758) inhabits South America from theeastern side of the Andes to northern Argentinaand Uruguay, occupying both open and forestedareas. Most of the information on this species’ecology and behavior refers to its diet and foragingbehavior (Lubin et al., 1977; Montgomeryand Lubin, 1977; Lubin and Montgomery, 1981;Montgomery, 1985a, 1985b), and little is knownabout other aspects of their biology (Montgomery,1985b; Rodrigues et al., 2001).We studied eight lesser anteaters captured bythe Fauna Rescue Operation at the hydroelectricreservoir of Serra da Mesa, Minaçu, Goiás,Brazil (13 o 49’49”S, 48 o 19’18”W) (Rodrigueset al., 2001), formed by the Rios Bagagem,Tocantinzinho and Maranhão, first-order tributariesof the Rio Tocantins. e vegetation of theregion is typical of the Cerrado, a Neotropicalsavanna (Eiten, 1972). e lake was full in late1998, flooding an area of 178,000 ha in sevenmunicipalities. e animals were translocatedto areas along the border of the reservoir andtracked by radio telemetry. e radios wereattached to harnesses, which were firmly fitted tothe anteater, in such a way as not to interfere withthe animals’ movements.e measurements from some of the capturedanimals are presented in Table 1. ere are fewdata on lesser anteater measurements, and publishedinformation is based on few individuals.e measurements of the Serra da Mesa anteatersare, in general, smaller than those reported byother authors (Wetzel, 1985; Eisenberg and Redford,1999; Emmons and Feer, 1997), but withinrecorded variation.After being released, the animals were located asoften as possible, during the day, by following thesignal until reaching the animal and the diurnalrest site was noted. Lesser anteaters are cited inthe literature as passing their inactive hours intree cavities or burrows in the ground, made byother animals (Emmons and Feer, 1997; Redfordand Eisenberg, 1992). Montgomery (1985b)found that lesser anteaters rest as much in treesas they do on the ground, but also recordedTABLE 1. Biometric data of lesser anteaters, Tamandua tetradactyla, in the Serra da Mesa region, Goiás, Brazil.DateSex and Total lengthNumber (cm)Tail (cm) Ear (cm) Hind foot (cm) Head (cm) Weight (g)08-19-97 F2 105.0 48.2 5.0 8.9 16.0 4,63010-24-97 F4 84.0 37.2 4.2 7.5 12.0 2,54010-24-97 M2 93.0 41.5 4.9 8.6 14.0 4,01511-20-97 F5 94.5 40.0 4.2 9.0 13.3 3,66501-28-98 M3 98.8 41.5 4.5 9.5 13.5 5,74044 Edentata no. 5 • December 2003

that individuals were captured mainly in palms(Copernicia tectorum) and other trees, whenthey were sleeping. We found a lesser anteateractive during the day only once. Every time wefound inactive anteaters (n = 19), they were onthe ground, generally in armadillo (Euphractussexcinctus) burrows (n = 17), 35.3% of whichwere in termite mounds, 17.6% in ant nests andthe rest (47%) simply on the ground. One shelterwas in a cavity in the ground, between rocks,and once an anteater was found sleeping close toa termite mound, unsheltered. In two termitemound shelters, there were signs that the anteaterhad enlarged the burrow. One anteater was foundin the same burrow for three consecutive days,apparently not having left it during this period.e burrows used by anteaters were 20.4 ± 4.1cm in height and 18.7 ± 1.9 cm wide (n = 6). Onthe six occasions we found anteaters sheltered inarmadillo burrows on termite mounds, they werepartially exposed and easily visible to predators,but when they were sheltered in holes in theground or in ant nests, they were more difficultto detect. Armadillos make holes at the base oftermite nests, to feed and shelter. Feeding holesare superficial, more common and easier to find.Anteaters were protected more against predatorsin deep holes than in superficial ones, andthe high frequency they were found in burrowson termite mounds can be related to the higheravailability of feeding holes of armadillos. Dueto the lack of large trees and hollow logs in theCerrado, armadillos can play an important rolein the refuge ecology of many vertebrates in thisbiome, supplying shelters for lesser anteaters andother animals. e over-hunting of armadillos,which seemingly occurs in most of the Cerrado,may have some influence over shelter availabilityfor anteater populations as well as for other vertebrates.Acknowledgementsis study was financed by Furnas Centrais ElétricasS.A. and Serra da Mesa Energia S.A. emonitored animals were generously provided bythe Fauna Rescue Operation of Serra da Mesa,coordinated by Dr. Nelson Jorge da Silva Jr. Wethank Raimundo Henriques for helpful commentson the manuscript. We also thank AdrianiHass, Hamilton Garbogini Santos, EurípedesBrito and all those who helped with fieldwork.e Brazil Science Council (Conselho Nacionalde Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico– CNPq) provided financial support to JMF(Proc. 300591/86-1).ReferencesAlho, C. J. R. 1988. Maneje com cuidado – frágil.Ciência Hoje 46: 40-47.Eiten, G. 1972. e Cerrado vegetation of Brazil.Bot. Rev. 38: 201-341.Eisenberg, J. F. and Redford, K. H. 1999. Mammalsof the Neotropics, Vol. 3, e CentralNeotropics: Ecuador, Peru, Bolivia, Brazil. eUniversity of Chicago Press, Chicago.Emmons, L. H. and Feer, F. 1997. NeotropicalRainforest Mammals: A Field Guide. 2 ndedition. e University of Chicago Press,Chicago.Lubin, Y. D. and Montgomery, G. G. 1981.Defenses of Nasutitermes termites (Isoptera,Termitidae) against tamandua anteaters(Edentata, Myrmecophagidae). Biotropica 13:66-76.Lubin, Y. D., Montgomery, G. G. and Young, O.P. 1977. Food resources of anteaters (Edentata:Myrmecophagidae) I. A year’s census of arborealants and termites on Barro Colorado Island,Panama Canal Zone. Biotropica 9: 26-34.Montgomery, G. G. and Lubin, Y. D. 1977.Prey influences on movements of neotropicalanteaters. In: Proceedings of the 1975 PredatorSymposium, Phillips, R. L. and Jonkel,C. (eds.), pp.103-131. Montana Forest andConservation Experiment Station, Universityof Montana, Missoula.Montgomery, G. G. 1985a. Impact of vermilinguas(Cyclopes, Tamandua: Xenarthra = Edentata)on arboreal ant populations. In: eEvolution and Ecology of Armadillos, Sloths,and Vermilinguas, G. G. Montgomery (ed.),pp.351-363. Smithsonian Institution Press,Washington, DC.45

Montgomery, G. G. 1985b. Movements, foragingand food habits of the four extant species ofNeotropical vermilinguas (Mammalia; Myrmecophagidae).In: e Evolution and Ecologyof Armadillos, Sloths, and Vermilinguas, G. G.Montgomery (ed.), pp.365-377. SmithsonianInstitution Press, Washington, DC.Redford, K. H. y Eisenberg, J. F. 1992. Mammalsof the Neotropics, Vol. 2, e Southern Cone:Chile, Argentina, Uruguay, Paraguay. eUniversity of Chicago Press, Chicago.Rodrigues, F. H. G., Marinho-Filho, J. S. andSantos, H. G. 2001. Home ranges of translocatedlesser anteaters (Tamandua tetradactyla)in the Cerrado of Brazil. Oryx 35: 166-169.Wetzel, R. M. 1985. e identification anddistribution of recent Xenarthra (Edentata).In: e Evolution and Ecology of Armadillos,Sloths, and Vermilinguas, G. G. Montgomery(ed.), pp.23-46. Smithsonian InstitutionPress, Washington, DC.The Yellow Armadillo, Euphractus sexcinctus,in the North/Northeastern Brazilian CoastAdriani HassDepartamento de Zoologia, Instituto de Biologia, Universidadede Brasília, Brasília, DF. Address: SQN 412, Bloco K,Apto. 305, 70.867-110 Brasília, DF, Brazil.Flávio H. G. RodriguesAssociação para Conservação dos Carnívoros Neotropicais –Pró-Carnívoros and Departamento de Zoologia, Universidadede Brasília, Brasília, DF. Address: SQN 412, Bloco K, Apto.305, Brasília, 70.867-110, DF, Brazil.Tadeu G. de OliveiraAssociação para Conservação dos Carnívoros Neotropicais– Pró-Carnívoros and Departamento de Biologia, UniversidadeEstadual do Maranhão, São Luís, Maranhão. Address:Rua das Quaresmeiras, Qd-8, No. 14, 65076-270 São Luís,MA, Brazil.e distribution of the yellow armadillo (Euphractussexcinctus) was recently enlarged to includethe state of Maranhão in northern Brazil (Silva-Júnior et al., 2001). is species occupies distinctbiomes in South America, such as the Caatinga,Cerrado, Pantanal, Chaco, Atlantic Forest and, atleast, the open savannas of the Amazon (Silva-Júnior and Nunes, 2001). e yellow armadillohabitat ranges from grasslands to forest borders(Silva-Júnior et al., 2001; Olmos, 1995; Redfordand Wetzel, 1985; Wetzel, 1985; Brooks, 1985;Emmons and Feer, 1997), but there is no consistentinformation on the use of tall forest andcoastal areas (Silva-Júnior et al., 2001). Here wedescribe records of E. sexcinctus in coastal areas ofthe state of Maranhão.In April 1994, a female yellow armadillo wascaptured by fishermen at Cajual Island (02°26’S,44°03’W), on the western coast of Maranhão,swimming in the sea, about 50 m from the coast.Cajual Island is about 6,000 ha and only 500 mfrom the coastline. e vegetation is composedmainly of mangroves, but restingas (scrub oncoastal sand soils) and mud patches are also present.e yellow armadillo is quite omnivorous,eating insects and plant matter (Redford, 1985)as well as small rodents (Bezerra et al., 2001).is broad diet makes possible its occupation ofa wide range of habitats, and it is plausible thatE. sexcinctus feeds on crabs at Cajual Island, anabundant resource there. Although we have nodata on habitat use by the armadillos on theisland, they probably mostly occupy the restingahabitat, because of the lack of vegetation on themud patches where the armadillo would be veryexposed. Mangroves are the dominant vegetation,and are flooded daily (the tidal range reaches 7 m,the largest in Brazil) and this habitat is not availablefor burrows and refuge, although it may beused to forage. Its swimming ability makes it possiblefor the yellow armadillo to colonize islandsnear the coast, and for dispersal between the variouspopulations. is was the first record of thespecies at Cajual Island, and it is possible that thisindividual was even an initial colonizer.Caju Island is off the eastern coast of Maranhão(02°47’S, 42°05’W) and is one of 80 islands inthe Parnaíba Delta, the largest of the Americas.is 100-km 2 island is a private resort. It has abroad range of habitats, with mangroves (35%),46 Edentata no. 5 • December 2003

grasslands (20%), salt marshes (10%), sanddunes (12%), savanna (Cerrado) and dry openforest (Cerradão) with cacti from the Caatinga ofNorth-east Brazil (23%) (T. Oliveira, pers. obs.).ere, the yellow armadillo is the most frequentlyseen mammalian species. Although no consistentsurvey has been carried out to determine its habitatuse, to date the large majority of observationshave been in restinga and grassland, but they havealso been seen in forest near the mangrove. eyare highly active during the day: most observationswere made during the day, even during thehottest hours. is could be a consequence of thefact that the yellow armadillo has no predatorson Caju Island, as the ocelot (Leopardus pardalis)has been extirpated, and the largest predatorscurrently found, the crab-eating fox (Cerdocyonthous) and raccoon (Procyon cancrivorus), pose nothreat to the species.Due to their omnivorous diet, yellow armadilloson Caju Island may also eat the abundant crabs(for example, Uca spp. and Goniopsis cruentata),besides tubers and occasionally garbage from thelodge. If so, its habitat range, at least for feedingpurposes, would also include salt marshesand mangroves. Although no surveys have beenconducted on the other nearby islands, it is verylikely that yellow armadillos are also presentthere, as some of them are larger and closer to thecoast than Caju Island.ReferencesBezerra, A. M. R., Rodrigues, F. H. G. andCarmignotto, A. P. 2001. Predation ofrodents by the yellow armadillo (Euphractussexcinctus) in Cerrado of the Central Brazil.Mammalia 65: 86-88.Brooks, D. M. 1985. Distribution and limitingfactors of edentates in the Paraguaian Chaco.Edentata (2): 10-15.Emmons, L. H. and Feer, F. 1997. NeotropicalRainforest Mammals. A Field Guide. 2 ndedition. e University of Chicago Press,Chicago.Olmos, F. 1995. Edentates in the Caatinga ofSerra da Capivara National Park. Edentata(2): 16-17.Redford, K. H. and Wetzel, R. M. 1985. Euphractussexcinctus. Mammalian Species (252): 1-4.Redford, K. H. 1985. Food habits of armadillos(Xenarthra: Dasypodidae). In: e Evolutionand Ecology of Armadillos, Sloths, andVermilinguas, G. G. Montgomery (ed.),pp.429-437. Smithsonian Institution Press,Washington, DC.Silva-Júnior, J. S. and Nunes, A. P. 2001. e disjunctgeographical distribution of the yellowarmadillo, Euphractus sexcinctus (Xenarthra,Dasypodidae). Edentata (4): 16-18.Silva-Júnior, J. S., Fernandes, M. E. B. andCerqueira, R. 2001. New records of theyellow armadillo (Euphractus sexcinctus) inthe state of Maranhão, Brazil (Xenarthra,Dasypodidae). Edentata (4): 18-23.Wetzel, R. M. 1985. Taxonomy and distributionof armadillos, Dasypodidae. In: eEvolution and Ecology of Armadillos, Sloths,and Vermilinguas, G. G. Montgomery (ed.),pp.23-46. Smithsonian Institution Press,Washington, DC.Reproducción de Dasypus novemcinctus en elIzozog, Santa Cruz, BoliviaClara R. Rojas-Suárez y Leonardo MaffeiC.A.B.I., Casilla 6272, Santa Cruz, Bolivia. E-mails:, .ResumenSe investigó la biología reproductiva de Dasypusnovemcinctus en el Izozog, provincia Cordillera,del Departamento de Santa Cruz, medianteanálisis de fetos colectados desde el año 1997hasta 1999 y datos de cacería de l996 hasta 1999,donde los cazadores habían anotado las hembrasen estado reproductivo (preñadas o lactando). Delas medidas biométricas tomadas a los fetos, seobservó que la medida de la pata trasera, la oreja yel peso estuvieron muy relacionados con la edad.Así mismo el análisis de sexos demostró que existeun porcentaje mayor de machos (59,1%) que dehembras (40,9%). Los resultados demostraronque D. novemcinctus presenta estacionalidad enpartos, concentrados en los meses de octubre,47

noviembre y diciembre. Se estima que tiene unasola camada al año. Nacen cuatro crías todos delmismo sexo. Los datos de cacería demostraroninfravaloración en la proporción de hembraspreñadas lo que produjo una subestimación en laproporción de hembras reproductivas y por consiguientede la productividad reproductiva anualde la especie (1,04 cría/hembra/año). Los datosde la productividad reproductiva de una especiefavorita en la caza de subsistencia son importantesen la elaboración de planes de manejo,porque junto a la densidad se podrá estimar laproducción por km 2 de esta especie en el Izozog.Abstracte reproductive biology of Dasypus novemcinctuswas studied in the Izozog, Cordillera Province,Santa Cruz Department, involving an analysisof fetuses and hunting data to estimate fetal ageand seasonality of reproduction. e biometricmeasurements of the fetus which correlated bestwith age were the hindfoot length, ear length,and weight. ere is a higher percentage ofmales (59.1%) than females (40.9%). Birthsof D. novemcinctus are highly seasonal in theIzozog, concentrated in October, November andDecember. It was estimated that they have justone litter per year. Four same-sex offspring areborn. e self-monitoring data from local huntersunderestimated the proportion of pregnantand reproductive females. e data presentedhere, therefore, underestimate annual reproductiveproductivity (1.04 offspring/female/year).e reproductive rate of a heavily hunted species,when combined with density data, is critical forthe elaboration of management plans, allowingfor the estimation of production per km 2 , and forthe evaluation of the sustainability of the huntingofftake.IntroducciónLa disminución de algunas poblaciones deanimales silvestres en el Chaco Boliviano vienepreocupando a los pobladores izoceños porquedependen de ellos para su subsistencia. Másaún, con el crecimiento poblacional requierede una mayor cantidad de animales silvestrespara su alimentación. El tatu mula (Dasypusnovemcinctus) es una especie de este grupo quese destaca como uno de los mamíferos másimportantes en términos de individuos cazadoscon fines de subsistencia en el Izozog (Cuéllar,1999).Para asegurar su uso sostenible se requiere unaestimación de parámetros reproductivos, comola evaluación de la productividad reproductivaque cobra particular importancia al ser una delas características más importantes que afectala habilidad de una especie para soportar lapresión de caza. Esto determina cuan rápido losanimales cazados pueden ser remplazados pornuevos individuos en la población y cuan bien lapoblación puede soportar la continua remociónde individuos (Emmons, 1999; Robinson yRedford, 1997).Este artículo presenta una estimación dela productividad reproductiva de Dasypusnovemcinctus basados en el estudio de fetos y elanálisis de los datos de cacería, siendo de granimportancia para el pueblo izoceño, pues ayudaráa identificar las potencialidades y limitaciones delos recursos naturales de la zona y recomendaralternativas tanto para la protección de estosrecursos como para su uso sostenible por laspoblaciones locales.Área de EstudioEl Izozog se encuentra en la provincia Cordillera,Departamento de Santa Cruz. Se ubicaentre las coordenadas geográficas 19°43’21’’S y62°48’61’’O. Biogeográficamente se ubica en laRegión Chaqueña, Provincia del Chaco Borealsector del Izozog. La vegetación dominante sedefine como bosque chaqueño de llanura con undosel entre los 3 y 8 metros de altura (Navarro,1997). La precipitación media anual es de550 mm, con una estación seca de 6 a 8 meses.Las lluvias se concentran entre los meses de octubrea marzo. La temperatura media anual estáentre los 22° C y 26° C (Montes de Oca, 1997).MétodologíaSe evaluaron datos de cacería y se analizaron176 fetos (44 camadas) de Dasypus novemcinctus48 Edentata no. 5 • December 2003

colectados por los cazadores como parte del programade automonitoreo de cacería en el Izozogdesde 1997 hasta 1999. El análisis de los fetosincluyó la determinación del sexo por la presenciadel pene en los machos y la vulva en las hembras.Para conocer el grado de desarrollo fetal en términosde días de la edad prenatal de Dasypus novemcinctusse utilizó la técnica desarrollada por Smithy Sowls (1975), que involucra observaciones delas características físicas del feto y la toma demedidas biométricas. Las medidas registradasfueron seis: largo total, largo del cuerpo, frenteanca,pata trasera, cola oreja y peso. Smith y Sowls(1975) presentan una tabla de edades fetales parachanchos (Tayassu tajacu) con sus respectivasmedidas biométricas; a partir de ésta y sabiendoque el desarrollo embrionario del tatú es similara lo observado en otros mamíferos (Talmage yBuchanan, 1954) se creó una tabla matriz deedades fetales para D. novemcinctus. Aplicando laregla de tres con las medidas de los chanchos endiferentes estadíos de desarrollo, las medidas deun feto de chancho a término y las medidas deun feto de tatú mula a término como constantesconocidas y las medidas de tatú mula en diferentesestadíos de desarrollo como variable (Anexo 1).De las medidas biológicas tomadas a los fetosse eligió las de la pata trasera, oreja y peso parala determinación de la edad fetal, por ser lasmás fáciles de medir y que permiten obtenerun resultado confiable respecto a la edad delfeto (Larson y Taber, 1987; Smith y Sowls,1975). Mediante el método de interpolación serelacionaron estos datos con los de la tabla matrizpara obtener la edad del feto. Luego se obtuvo unpromedio de los tres datos (edad según medidade la pata, oreja y peso) para obtener los díasde gestación de cada muestra, los cuales fueronrestados a la fecha de colecta para estimar la fechade implantación del cigoto y restarle tres a cuatromeses de diapausa embriónica (McBee y Baker,1982; Talmage y Buchanan, 1954) para lograr unestimado de las fechas de apareamiento.Con las fechas de capturas obtenidas delas etiquetas que acompañan a los fetos, lainformación de los días de gestación estimadospara cada muestra y sabiendo que el tatú mulatiene un tiempo de gestación de 120 días (Nowak,1991; Ceballos y Galindo, 1984; Contreras,1984) se pudo estimar las fechas probables de losnacimientos (Fig. 2).Los datos reportados por los cazadores informaronsobre la ocurrencia de hembras preñadas y enlactancia a lo largo de todo el año (Fig. 3). Semultiplicó el tamaño de la camada, el número degestaciones por año y la proporción de hembrasreproductivas al año para estimar la productividadreproductiva anual por hembra (crías/hembra/año, Tabla 2) y la productividad reproductiva porindividuo de toda la población, multiplicandola productividad reproductiva de la hembra porel porcentaje de hembras reproductivas, crías/individuos/año (Townsend, 1996).ResultadosSe encontró cuatro fetos por camada, todosdel mismo sexo. En las 44 camadas se observómayor proporción de machos 26:18 (M:H), con un porcentaje de 59,1% machos y40,9% hembras, pero esta proporción no essignificativamente diferente de 1:1 (Pruebabinomial p = 0.2280, Ayres et al., 1998). Estarelación se mantiene en los animales adultoscazados en el Izozog (608 M y 449 H) demanera que la proporción de sexos entre fetosy animales adultos mostró ser no significativa(p = 0.8365).De las seis medidas tomadas a los fetos, dosfueron utilizadas para la determinación de la edadfetal, la pata trasera y la oreja. El largo total, delcuerpo y la medida frente-anca no fueron útilesporque la medición no era muy exacta, pues losfetos siempre están doblados y al estirarlos elmargen de error es mayor. La longitud de la colano fue usada por que varias muestras de los fetosno la tenían completa y en otros casos se rompíaal manipularla en el proceso de medición. La patatrasera y la oreja fueron las más fáciles de medirpor lo que las medidas resultaron ser más exactas.Estas junto al peso arrojaron resultados más confiablesde medidas fetales, lo que permitió relacio-49

TABLA 1. Medidas biométricas y peso (mm y g) de las diferentesedades fetales estimadas para Dasypus novemcinctus, elegidascomo representativas encontradas en este estudio.Días Pata trasera (mm) Oreja (mm) Peso (g)120 27 20 6490 20 14 3670 13 9 1650 7 2 2narlos más directamente con los días de gestaciónde los fetos, originando una tabla de edades parafetos de Dasypus novemcinctus con sus respectivasmedidas (Tabla 1).La presencia de fetos indicó que las hembras estánpreñadas entre los meses de agosto a diciembre(Fig. 1). No se encontraron fetos entre los mesesde enero a julio, considerándose este un periodode apareamiento, reposo embriónico y posteriorimplantación del embrión característico de estaespecie (Talmage y Buchanan, 1954). Las hembrasdel tatú mula en el Izozog mostraron estacionalidaden partos, estimándose las fechas denacimientos para los meses de octubre, noviembre,diciembre y uno solo para enero (Fig. 2), locual indica que D. novemcinctus tiene una solacamada al año.Relacionando los datos de cacería registradospor los cazadores sobre hembras preñadas y enlactancia (Fig. 3), con las fechas probables denacimientos de los fetos (Fig. 2), se observó, unadisminución en el número de hembras preñadasa partir de octubre (27 individuos) a 10 ennoviembre, cuatro en diciembre y cero en enero yun aumento del número de hembras en lactanciade dos en octubre, una en noviembre, ocho endiciembre y cuatro en enero, luego de iniciar losnacimientos. Quizás el aumento del número dehembras en lactancia no sea muy marcado y noesté de acuerdo al número de nacimientos porque en esta etapa las hembras salen poco o si salenno se alejan mucho de sus cuevas por cuidar a suscrías recién nacidas, esto hace que los cazadoresno las encuentren.Hembras preñadasHembras preñadas25201510502520151050EneFebMarAbrMayJunEneFebMarAbrMayJunJulAgoMesesJulAgoMesesSepOctNovDicFIGURA 1. Distribución mensual de las hembras preñadas, deDasypus novemcinctus (n = 44) según la colecta de fetos en elIzozog.SepOctNovDicFIGURA 2. Fechas probables de nacimientos estimadas de Dasypusnovemcinctus en el Izozog (n = 44).Individuos100%90%80%70%60%50%40%30%20%10%0%EneFebMarAbrMayLactandoNo reproductivaJunJulMesesAgoSepOctPreñadaMachosFIGURA 3. Estimación de la distribución mensual de las hembrasde Dasypus novemcinctus cazadas en el Izozog (n = 449)indicando el estado reproductivo, preñada o lactando (n = 120)y no reproductivo (n = 329). Además incluye el total de machos(n = 608), lo que hace un total de 1057 tatuses cazados en elIzozog. Los porcentajes presentados en esta figura están basadosen datos de cacería (reportado por los cazadores).NovDic50 Edentata no. 5 • December 2003

El 26,7% de las hembras de tatú mula cazadasse encontraban reproductivamente activas en elaño (de 449 hembras cazadas había 120 hembrasreproductivas). Los meses de septiembre y octubrepresentaron los porcentajes reproductivosmás altos, con 51% y 59% de hembras en estadode reproducción respectivamente (Fig. 3).Tomando en cuenta la diapausa embriónica (Talmagey Buchanan, 1954; Hamlet, 1932) el cicloreproductivo del tatú mula en el Izozog probablementesigue el siguiente orden: el apareamientoocurre en verano (febrero-marzo), seguido dela diapausa embriónica en otoño (abril-mayojunio),posteriormente ocurre la implantación delembrión en invierno (junio-julio-agosto), terminandocon los nacimientos en primavera (octubre-noviembre-diciembre)para concluir el ciclocon la posterior lactancia (octubre a febrero). Laproductividad reproductiva mínima estimada fuede 1,04 crías/hembra/año y 0,42 crías/individuo/año (Tabla 2).DiscusionesLa coincidencia de las tasas del sexo en estado fetaly los adultos cazados sugiere que los cazadorescazan de acuerdo a la disponibilidad y que la proporciónde sexos en fetos y adultos se mantiene,sin que los machos sean más vulnerables que lashembras a la cacería, y sin que discriminen el sexodel animal que va a ser cazado. Esto coincide conlo observado por Townsend (1996) en la zona deIbiato, donde menciona que de un total de 192fetos de Dasypus novemcinctus 60% eran machos y40% hembras. Esta situación indicaría que quizásen la población de esta especie siempre hay másmachos que hembras, sin embargo, en los adultoscazados Townsend (1996), reportó una diferencialeve a favor de los machos, 396 (54%) versus 339(46%) de hembras.Se observó que un feto a término (120 días) presentauna medida frente-anca de 125 mm, similaresa los resultados que encontró Enders (1966)en Norteamérica, donde indica que un feto terminaltiene como medida frente-anca = 120-130mm, lo que demuestra que la toma de medidasbiométricas como método para la determinaciónde la edad fetal es confiable. La relación cercanade las medidas pata trasera, oreja y peso con losdías de gestación fue también mencionada porSmith y Sowls (1975) en su publicación sobredesarrollo fetal en pecaríes, donde menciona quedichas medidas son las mas fáciles de medir ytienen mayor relación con la edad.La época de parto estimada para los meses deoctubre, noviembre y diciembre al final de laépoca seca y al inicio de la etapa húmeda es corroboradapor Guinart (1998) en la Chiquitaníaque presenta un bosque tropical seco. Quizás enesta época los recursos alimenticios son más abundantesy la mayor temperatura le es favorable, yaque esta especie es muy limitada por el frío (Eisenbergy Redford, 1999), además, la vegetación esmás densa y le da cobertura y protección.Tomando en cuenta la diapausa embriónica, lasestaciones del año en que se desarrolla el cicloreproductivo del tatú mula en el Izozog es similara lo observado en otros estudios de Norteamérica(Enders, 1966; Storrs et al., 1989; Talmagey Buchanan, 1954; McBee y Baker, 1982;Nowak, 1991).El bajo porcentaje anual de hembras reproductivasreportadas por los cazadores se atribuyeTABLA 2. Estimación de la productividad reproductiva de D. novemcinctus en el Izozog.Hembras cazadasHembrasreproductivasProporción dehembrasreproductivasProductividadreproductiva porhembraProductividadreproductiva porindivíduo de lapoblaciónAnual reproductivo 449 120 0,26 1,04 0,42Mes máximo reproductivo 49 29 0,59 2,36 0,9651

a que esta especie después del apareamientotiene una diapausa embriónica de tres a cuatromeses donde el embrión no se desarrolla aún(Talmage y Buchanan, 1954; McBee y Baker,1982). Aunque la hembra ya está fecundada, loscazadores no lo observan a menos que se realiceun estudio en el laboratorio de los órganos reproductores.Además, los cazadores subestiman elnúmero de hembras preñadas en los primerosmeses después de la implantación, debido a queconfunden a los fetos con las vísceras, ya que estosson muy pequeños y sus características no estánbien definidas. Por consiguiente reportan a estashembras como no preñadas, lo que disminuye elporcentaje estimado de hembras reproductivas alaño. El elevado porcentaje reproductivo para losmeses de septiembre y octubre se debe a que enestos meses la mayoría de los fetos han alcanzadosu máximo desarrollo, están a punto de nacer yes muy difícil que los cazadores se confundan ensu observación.ReferenciasAyres, M., Ayres, Jr., M., Ayres, D. L. y Santos,A. S. dos. 1998. Bioestat: Programa Estatístico.Sociedade Civil Mamirauá, Tefé, Brasil.Cuéllar, R. L. 1999. Uso de los animales silvestrespor pobladores Izoceños. Informe No. 13.Proyecto Kaa-Iya, Santa Cruz, Bolivia.Ceballos, C. G. y Galindo Leal, C. 1984.Mamíferos silvestres de la cuenca de México. Institutode Ecología. Ed. Limusa, México.Contreras, J. R. 1984. Las mulitas. Revista deFauna Argentina 34: 1-31.Eisenberg, J. F. y Redford, K. H. 1999. Mammalsof the Neotropics. e Central Neotropics,Volume 3: Ecuador, Peru, Bolivia, Brazil. eUniversity of Chicago Press, Chicago.Enders, A. C. 1966. e reproductive cycle ofthe nine-banded armadillo (Dasypus novemcinctus.En: Comparative Biology of Reproductionin Mammals, I. W. Rowlands (ed.), pp.295-310. Academic Press, New York.Emmons, L. H. 1999. Mamíferos de los BosquesHúmedos de América Tropical. Editora FAN,Santa Cruz, Bolivia.Guinart, S. D. 1998. Los Mamíferos de NuestroTerritorio. Ed. El País, BOLFOR, SantaCruz, Bolivia.Hamlet, G. W. D. 1932. e reproductive cyclein the armadillo. Zeit. Wiss. Zool. 141: 143-157.Larson, J. S. y Taber, R. D. 1987. Criterios paradeterminar el sexo y la edad. En: Manual deTécnicas de Gestión de Vida Silvestre, pp.151-214. Wildlife Society, Bethesda, MD.McBee, B. K. y Baker, R. J. 1982. Dasypus novemcinctus.Mammal Species 162: 1-9.Montes de Oca, I. 1997. Geografía y RecursosNaturales de Bolivia. 3ª ed. Edobol, La Paz,Bolivia.Navarro, G. 1997. Contribución a la clasificaciónecológica y floristica de los bosques deBolivia. Rev. Bol. Ecol. y Cons. Amb. 2: 3-37.Nowak, R. M. 1991. Walker’s Mammals of theWorld. Vol 1., 5 th edition. e Johns HopkinsUniversity Press, Baltimore.Robinson, J. G. y Redford, K. H. 1997. Midiendola sustentabilidad de la caza en los bosquestropicales. En: Manejo de Fauna Silvestre enla Amazonía, T. G. Fang, R. E. Bodmer, R.Aquino y M. H. Valqui (eds.), pp.15-22.Instituto de Ecología, La Paz, Bolivia.Smith, N. S. y Sowls, L. K. 1975. Fetal developmentof the collared peccary. J. Mammal. 56:619-625.Storrs, E. E., Burchfield, H. P. y Rees, R. J. W.1989. Reproduction delay in the commonlong-nosed armadillo Dasypus novemcinctusL. En: Advances in Neotropical Mammalogy,K. H. Redford y J. F. Eisenberg (eds.),pp.535-548. Sandhill Crane Press, Gainesville,FL.Talmage, R. V. y Buchanan, G. D. 1954. earmadillo (Dasypus novemcinctus): A reviewof its natural history, anatomy and reproductivephysiology. e Rice Institute Pamphlet41(2): 108-124.Townsend, W. R. 1996. Nyao ito: Caza y Pesca delos Sirionó. Instituto de Ecología, UniversidadMayor de San Andrés, La Paz, Bolivia.52 Edentata no. 5 • December 2003

Anexo 1. Detalle del desarrollo de las característicasy medidas de los embriones de Dasypusnovemcinctus. De acuerdo a su edad se observó lassiguientes características físicas a los fetos:Fetos de 50 días• De aspecto gelatinoso, con una armadura queno se diferencia mucho del vientre.• Las orejas pequeñas se encuentran bienseparadas una de otra y son redondeadas.• Las patas presentan dedos que se puedendistinguir.• Genitales visibles pero muy difícil dediferenciar el sexo.Fetos de 70 días• La armadura se empieza a formar y sediferencia del vientre.• Orejas pequeñas y algo puntiagudas separadasdispuestas hacia la parte inferior del cuello.• Las fosas nasales y los ojos están cerrados.• Los dedos de las patas bien distinguibles,observándose presencia de uñas blandas.• Los genitales se diferencian todavía condificultad.Fetos de 90 días• Las orejas y la cabeza empiezan a presentaruna coloración oscura.• Las orejas más grandes se encuentran juntasy dispuestas verticalmente hacia la espalda.• Las fosas nasales están abiertas, y los ojosentreabiertos.• Los genitales se pueden diferenciarfácilmente.• Las uñas comienzan a endurecer.Fetos de 120 días• Presentan pigmentación oscura característicade un feto a término.53

• Los párpados pueden ser abiertos y cerradossin dificultad con la mano.• Las orejas grandes presentan una coloraciónmás oscura y están dispuestas en la nucacomo en individuos adultos, unidas en labase.• Se encuentran completamente formados yson verdaderas réplicas de los adultos.NEWSBiology and Maintenance of Armadillos(Dasypodidae)A doctoral thesis which reviewed the biology,maintenance and current status of armadilloskept in captivity was defended by MariellaSuperina in June 2000 at the Institut Für Zoo-,Heim- und Wildtiere, University of Zürich,Switzerland. Her research advisor was Prof. Dr.Ewald Isenbügel, with codirector Prof. Dr. Ricoun. Her research was supported in part by aReisestipendium (a grant for scientific studies ina foreign country) from the Schweizer Akademiefür Naturwissenschaften in Zürich, Switzerlandin October 1999. It permitted a one-month stayat the Universidad Nacional del Sur in BahíaBlanca, Argentina, which enabled her to participatein field studies and learn the handlingof armadillos.e introduction is based on the literature, conversationswith scientists and personal observations.It discusses the evolution, taxonomy andbiology of the 21 known species of armadillos, aswell as different aspects of their care and maintenancein captivity, and contains information onadequate and appropriate housing, nutrition andtheir reproduction. Comments on their handlingand on suitable blood-sampling techniques,hematological parameters and a compilation ofthe most common diseases and their therapiesshould help zoo veterinarians in the husbandryand management of armadillos.is first section is followed by the results of asurvey made in European and North, Central,and South American zoological gardens that keeparmadillos. e zoos were asked for informationabout housing, nutrition, reproduction andethology as well as the diagnosed pathologies andcauses of death of their armadillos. e analysisof this survey demonstrated that there are seriousproblems in the care and maintenance of armadillos,which affect their reproduction and healthand create stereotypic behavior, such as pacingor constant digging. Because of poor data, wewere unable to pinpoint the factors responsiblefor the lack of reproductive success and the onsetof stereotypic behavior, although possible reasonsfor the appearance of this behavior in 50% ofthe zoos surveyed are discussed. Some recommendationsare made for behavioral enrichment,improvement of enclosures, better nutrition andideas for presentation to the visitor, in order toincrease the attractiveness of armadillo exhibits.A comparison of the conditions in which armadillosare usually kept in zoos on different continentswith Swiss legislation and the guidelines ofthe Swiss Society for the Protection of Animalsclearly shows that it is unacceptable to keeparmadillos in current conditions. e animals areheld in exhibits that are too small and have littleenrichment, are fed inappropriately and sufferfrom pathologies related to poor maintenance incaptivity. Of the zoos surveyed, only a few havebreeding programs, and they are rarely successful.Keeping armadillos in captivity is only justifiableif efforts are made to improve their living conditionsand to meet the dietary needs of each species.Field studies and further research on captivearmadillos are recommended in order to reachthis goal.Dr. Superina is currently working on the translationof her doctoral thesis into English, whichshe plans to have completed and publishedsoon.Mariella Superina, University of New Orleans,Department of Biological Sciences, NewOrleans, LA 70148-0001, USA. E-mail:.54 Edentata no. 5 • December 2003

ReferenceSuperina, M. 2000. Biologie und Haltung vonGürteltieren (Dasypodidae). Doctoral thesis,Institut Für Zoo-, Heim- und Wildtiere, UniversitätZürich, Zürich, Switzerland. 250pp.Giant Anteater (Myrmecophaga tridactyla)Beehive Foraging at Emas National Park,Brazile largest species of anteater in the world,Myrmecophaga tridactyla, is widely dispersedthroughout Central and South America, livingin varied habitats, including forests and opengrassland. e Emas National Park (ENP), about133,000 ha and mostly savanna, is one of themost important reserves of the Cerrado, and islocated in the southwest of the state of Goiás,bordering the states of Mato Grosso and MatoGrosso do Sul.In the late afternoon of 1 February, 2003, we werefollowing two giant anteaters to capture one ofthem to attach a radio-transmitter (the other wasalready equipped) in a grassland area of the ENP.Following the capture and near the capture site,we observed and photographed marks producedby an anteater’s claws, alongside a nearly circularburrow (20 cm diameter) in a termite moundabout 1.5 m high. Inside this burrow, were foundbees, honey, beehive wall, and the remains of arecently destroyed small Apis mellifera colony.We found a bee in the fur of the captured anteaterand a small swarm hovered around it, suggestingthat this animal may have attacked the beehive toeat the insects and/or the honey or other items.Anteaters have rarely been recorded attacking bees’nests (Cabrera and Yepes, 1940). Bee products arerich in nutrients and the association of a beehivewith the termite mound, commonly foraged byanteaters, could facilitate the encounter, resultingin the consumption of bees and their products. Inspite of similar problems associated with ants andtermites (low nutritional value of the prey, smallprey size and forms of defense relying on the socialityof the prey) (Redford and Dorea, 1984), beesmay be a suitable food source for giant anteaters(Redford, 1986).Acknowledgements: Fundação O Boticário de Proteçãoà Natureza / MacArthur Foundation, eWhitley Laing Foundation / Rufford Small Grants,Centro Nacional de Pesquisas para Conservaçãode Predadores Naturais – CENAP / IBAMA andInstituto Conservation International do Brasilsupported the Project “Ecology and Conservationof the Giant Anteater in Emas National Park.”Guilherme Henrique Braga de Miranda, InstitutoNacional de Criminalística / Departamentode Polícia Federal and Programa de Pós-graduaçãoem Ecologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas,Universidade de Brasília, 70.910-900 Brasília,DF, Brazil. E-mail: .Flávio Henrique Guimarães Rodrigues, Associaçãopara Conservação dos Carnívoros Neotropicais– Pró-Carnívoros and Departamento de Zoologia,Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade deBrasília, 70.910-900 Brasília, DF, Brazil. E-mail:.Ísis Meri Medri, Fundação Pantanal Com-Ciência, Av. Rio Branco 1270, UniversidadeFederal de Mato Grosso do Sul, 79304-020Corumbá, Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil. E-mail:.Fernanda Vinci dos Santos, SHIN QI 7, Conjunto12, Casa 18, 71515-120 Brasília, DF,Brazil. E-mail: .ReferencesCabrera, A. and Yepes, J. 1940. Mamíferos Sud-Americanos. Historia Natural Ediar, CompañíaArgentina de Editores, Buenos Aires.Redford, K. H. 1986. Dietary specialization andvariation in two mammalian myrmecophages(variation in mammalian myrmecophagy).Revta. Chilena Hist. Nat. 59: 201-208.Redford, K. H. and Dorea, J. G. 1984. e nutritionalvalue of invertebrates with emphasison ants and termites as food for mammals.J. Zool., Lond. 203: 385-395.55

Official List of Brazilian Fauna Threatened withExtinction – 2002A workshop, involving about 200 Brazilian andinternational specialists, was held from 9-12December, 2002, in Belo Horizonte, MinasGerais, to revise the Official List of BrazilianFauna reatened with Extinction (Lista Oficialda Fauna Brasileira Ameaçada de Extinção). eprevious revision was in 1989 (Edict 1.522, 19 thDecember, 1989; Bernardes et al., 1990). eworkshop was coordinated by the Fundação Biodiversitas,in collaboration with the local NGOTerra Brasilis, Conservation International doBrasil (CI do Brasil), and the Sociedade Brasileirade Zoologia (SBZ), and was held at the specificrequest of the Instituto Brasileiro do MeioAmbiente e dos Recursos Naturais Renováveis(IBAMA) of the Ministry of the Environment(MMA). Sponsorship was provided by thePrograma de Biodiversidade (PROBIO) of theMinistry of the Environment (MMA), Shelldo Brasil, Grupo Odebrecht, and ConservationInternational do Brasil. It was also supported bythe US Fish and Wildlife Service and Avina.Demonstrating the importance given to thisworkshop as a major evaluation of the status ofthe nation’s fauna by the scientific community,the opening ceremony was attended by the Ministerof the Environment of Brazil, José CarlosCarvalho; the Minas Gerais State Secretary forthe Environment, Celso Castilho; the Presidentof Biodiversitas, Roberto Messias Franco; thePresident of IBAMA, Rômulo José FernandesBarreto Melo; the President of SBZ, Olaf Mielke;the Director President of CI do Brasil, RobertoBrandão Cavalcanti; and the Director of TerraBrasilis, Sônia Rigueira.e list of threatened species tripled from 218in the 1989 revision to 630, with two extinctin the wild (still maintained in captivity) anda further 10 extinct. e increase in numberswas due to the inclusion of new groups (fish andmany invertebrate groups) which had not beenassessed previously (only some insects, includingOdonata, and Onycophora and Cnidaria wereassessed in 1989), but also to an increase in ourknowledge of the status of the country’s fauna.Eight edentates were assessed, and four were listedas threatened, of which two are endemic to Brazil(Bradypus torquatus and Tolypeutes tricinctus). ecriteria used to evaluate threatened status werethose of the IUCN – World Conservation UnionSpecies Survival Commission (SSC), Version 3.1(IUCN, 2001), with adaptations to a regionalscale as proposed by Gärdenfors et al. (2001) andapproved by the SSC.Adriano Chiarello (Pontifícia UniversidadeCatólica de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte) wasthe coordinator for the Mammal Group. GustavoA. B. da Fonseca (Center for Applied BiodiversityScience at Conservation International andUniversidade Federal de Minas Gerais, BeloHorizonte) and Adriano Chiarello were jointcoordinators of the Edentate Sub-group. Priorto the workshop, information and the opinionsof numerous mammalogists and conservationistswere solicited through a site on the internet specificallyset up for the purpose by the FundaçãoBiodiversitas. To give an idea of the extent towhich the scientific and conservation communitywere consulted, we give here some statistics.Fifty-two people replied to the consultation forBrazilian mammals, providing a total of 392“contributions” in terms of pertinent informationon a particular species (Table 1). Dividingthem into six groups, it can be seen that thePrimates and Carnivora attracted the most attention,with 103 contributions from 15 people forTABLE 1. The number of people who provided information for theassessment of the threatened status of Brazilian mammals inthe pre-workshop consultation, and the number of contributionsregarding a particular species.Sub-group Informants ContributionsPrimates 15 103Carnivora 21 93Chiroptera 6 33Aquatic mammals 8 42Small mammals 13 42Other mammals 22 7956 Edentata no. 5 • December 2003

the former, and 93 contributions from 21 peoplefor the latter. Fifteen people provided usefulinput (37 contributions) regarding the status ofthe Brazilian edentates.reatened EdentatesFollowing the criteria and categories of IUCN(2001), the assessments for eight species of Brazilianedentates resulted in the listing of four asthreatened and four as “Data Deficient” (Table2). e threatened species were ranked as “Vulnerable”.Two of them have a wide geographicdistribution, the giant armadillo (Priodontesmaximus) and the giant anteater (Myrmecophagatridactyla). Although widely distributed, thesespecies seem to be rare everywhere, a fact relatedto their large body size and specialized diet (socialinsects). e other two threatened edentates havemuch smaller ranges: the northern three-bandedarmadillo, or tatu bola (Tolypeutes tricinctus),which is restricted to the Caatinga (a xerophyticdesert scrub and deciduous forest) of northeasternBrazil and adjacent parts of the Cerrado; andthe maned sloth (Bradypus torquatus), whichoccurs in the Atlantic forest in the states of Bahia,Espírito Santo and Rio de Janeiro.Ascertaining the conservation status of most Brazilianedentates was a rather difficult task giventhe overwhelming lack of basic population andecological data for most species, even for thelargest and most conspicuous. is limitation isTABLE 2. Edentates on the Official List of Brazilian Fauna Threatened with Extinction, their category and the criteria of threat (followingIUCN, 2001), and their distributions in terms of countries, states, and biome. Workshop: Revisão da Lista Oficial da Fauna BrasileiraAmeaçada de Extinção, December 2002.Species andsubspeciesCommon name Distribution States BiomeVulnerable (VU) MA AM CE CACriteria(IUCN, 2001)Bradypus torquatus Maned sloth Brazil SE, BA, ES, MG, RJ x A2cdMyrmecophaga tridactyla Giant ant-eaterSouth andCentralAC, AM, BA, DF, GO, MG,MT, PI, RO, RS, SC, AP, MA, x x x x A2cdAmerica MS, PA, PR, RR, SP, TOTolypeutes tricinctusThree-bandedarmadilloBrazil BA, GO, PI, AL, RN x x A2cdPriodontes maximus Giant armadillo South AmericaAC, AM, BA, DF, GO,MG, MT, PI, RO, AP, ES, x x A2cdMS, PA, RR, TOData Deficient (DD)Tolypeutes matacusCabassous tatouayCabassous chacoensisDasypus hybridusSouthernthree-bandedarmadilloGreater nakedtailedarmadilloChacoannaked-tailedarmadilloSouthern lesserlong-nosedarmadilloBolivia,Paraguay,Argentina,BrazilBrazil,Uruguay,Paraguay,ArgentinaBrazil, Bolivia,Paraguay,ArgentinaBrazil,Paraguay,ArgentinaMTPI, PA, MT, MS, GO,ES, RJ, PR, SPMT, MSRSxxxxxDataDeficientDataDeficientDataDeficientDataDeficientStates: AC = Acre, AL = Alagoas, AM = Amazonas, AP = Amapá, BA = Bahia, DF = Federal District, ES = Espírito Santo, GO = Goiás,MA = Maranhão, MG = Minas Gerais, MS = Mato Grosso do Sul, MT = Mato Grosso, PA = Pará, PI = Piauí, PR = Paraná, RJ = Rio de Janeiro,RN = Rio Grande do Norte, RO = Rondônia, RR = Roraima, RS = Rio Grande do Sul, SC = Santa Catarina, SE = Sergipe, SP = São Paulo,TO = Tocantins. Biomes: MA = Mata Atlântica, AM = Amazônia, CE = Cerrado, CA = Caatinga.57

most severe for armadillos, which are notoriouslydifficult to observe and study in the wild. Almostnothing, for example, is known of the naked-tailedspecies of the genus Cabassous. Two species of thisgenus were listed as data deficient (C. tatouay andC. chacoensis) as a result. In general terms themost prominent threat to xenarthrans in Brazil ishabitat destruction or alteration. is is happeningnot only in the Atlantic forest, where the giantarmadillo and the giant anteater are on the vergeof regional extinction, but also in the Cerradoand Caatinga. Enormous tracts of Cerrado in thestates of Goiás, Mato Grosso and Tocantins, forexample, are being cleared at accelerating speedsto make room for pasture and soy bean plantations.is vast region is the major agriculturalfrontier in Brazil, attracting farmers from otherstates, notably from southern Brazil, that takeadvantage of the relatively low land prices. Othermain threats include illegal hunting, widespreadin Brazil, and fire, notably in the Cerrado region,which particularly affects the giant anteater.e following people contributed to the preworkshopconsultation for edentates: José deSousa e Silva Jr., Tadeu de Oliveira, Teresa CristinaAnacleto, Carlos Eduardo Grelle, FernandoPassos, Vera Lúcia Oliveira, Sérgio Maia Vaz,Laurenz Pinder, Rogério C. Paula, CristianeEncarnação, Antônio R. Mendes Pontes, DenisSana, Maria Auxiliadora Drumond, Sônia Talamoni,and Flávio Rodrigues.Prof. Ângelo B. M. Machado, world expert onNeotropical dragonflies, and Professor of Zoologyat the Federal University of Minas Gerais, ledthe assessment process in 1989 (Bernardes et al.,1990), representing the Sociedade Brasileira deZoologia (SBZ). He was again the driving forcefor the 2002 re-assessment of the Official List ofBrazilian Fauna reatened with Extinction. istime, representing the Fundação Biodiversitas, hewas general coordinator for the workshop andthe assessment, and most competently supportedby the staff, who are uniquely experienced incarrying out these sorts of workshops (see, forexample, Fonseca et al., 1994; Lins et al., 1997;Machado et al., 1998; Mendonça and Lins,2000), and deserve special acknowledgment:Gláucia Moreira, Cassio Soares Martins, CláudiaCosta, Lívia Vanucci Lins and Gisela Herrmann.Considerable support was also provided byMônica Fonseca and Adriano Paglia of ConservationInternational do Brasil, Belo Horizonte.Gustavo A. B. da Fonseca, Chair, IUCN/SSCEdentate Specialist Group, Center for Applied BiodiversityScience, Conservation International, 1919M Street NW, Suite 600, Washington, DC 20036,and Departamento de Zoologia, Instituto de CiênciasBiológicas, Universidade Federal de MinasGerais, 31270-901 Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais,Brazil. E-mail: .Adriano G. Chiarello, Programa de Mestrado emZoologia de Vertebrados, Pontifícia UniversidadeCatólica de Minas Gerais, Rua Dom José Gaspar500, Prédio 41, Coração Eucarístico, 30535-610Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil. E-mail:.ReferencesBernardes, A. T., Machado, A. B. M. and Rylands,A. B. 1990. Fauna Brasileira Ameaçada deExtinção. Fundação Biodiversitas, Belo Horizonte.65pp.IUCN. 2001. IUCN Red List Categories and Criteria.Version 3.1. e World ConservationUnion – IUCN, Species Survival Commission(SSC), Gland, Switzerland and Cambridge,UK.Fonseca, G. A. B. da, Rylands, A. B., Costa,C. M. R., Machado, R. B., Leite, Y. L. R. andFurlani, C. (eds.). 1994. Livro Vermelho dosMamíferos Brasileiros Ameaçados de Extinção.Fundação Biodiversitas, Belo Horizonte.Gärdenfors, U., Hilton-Taylor, C., Mace, G.and Rodríguez, J. P. 2001. e applicationof IUCN Red List Criteria at regional levels.Conservation Biology 15: 1206–1212.Lins, L. V., Machado, A. B. M., Costa, C. M. R.and Herrmann, G. 1997. Roteiro Metodológicopara Elaboração de Listas de Espécies Ameaçadasde Extinção. Publicações Avulsas da FundaçãoBiodiversitas 1: 1-50. Fundação Biodiversitas,Belo Horizonte.58 Edentata no. 5 • December 2003

Machado, A. B. M., Fonseca, G. A. B. da, Machado,R. B., Aguiar, L. M. de S. and Lins, L. V.1998. Livro Vermelho das Espécies Ameaçadasde Extinção da Fauna de Minas Gerais. FundaçãoBiodiversitas, Belo Horizonte.Mendonça, M. P. and Lins, L. V. 2000. ListaVermelha das Espécies de Extinção da Florade Minas Gerais. Fundação Biodiversitas,Fundação Zoo-Botânica de Belo Horizonte,Belo Horizonte.Online Bibliography on ArmadillosDr. Mariella Superina, Med. Vet. has compiledan extensive bibliography on armadillos, whichcontains approximately 2700 titles. Referencescited are grouped by years: to 1900, 1901-1950,1951-1960, 1961-1970, 1971-1980, 1981-1990,1991-2000, and undated. Each reference groupingis available to download as a single large PDFfile, typically with 20-30 pages of references foreach of the later decades. e bibliography maybe found online at: and is updatedregularly. Dr. Superina would greatly appreciateany comments, error reports, and notes regardingmissing entries, as well as citations for anynew publications. For further informationcontact: Dr. Mariella Superina, University ofNew Orleans, Department of Biological Sciences,New Orleans, LA 70148-0001, Tel: (504)280-6737 or e-mail: or.Kaa-Iya Project, Gran Chaco, Boliviae Kaa-Iya Project is a collaboration betweenthe Wildlife Conservation Society (WCS) andthe Capitanía del Alto y Bajo Izozog (CABI – thepolitical representation of the Izoceño-GuaraníIndians), with support from the United StatesAgency for International Development (USAID).In order to conserve biodiversity in the Kaa-IyaNational Park (3.4 million ha) and the neighboringIzoceño indigenous territory (1.9 million ha)through community wildlife management, theproject began a self-monitoring program withIzoceño hunters in 1996. Several hundred huntersparticipated from 20 communities. Armadillosare hunted a little less than ungulates, withfive species representing 4000 captures (in orderof importance): Dasypus novemcinctus, Tolypeutesmatacus, Chaetophractus villosus, Euphractussexcinctus and C. vellerosus. e first two speciesalone comprised three-quarters of the captures.Subsistence hunting (armadillos are not huntedfor commercial means) in the Izoceño indigenousterritory appears to be sustainable exceptpossibly in the case of T. matacus. A managementmeasure proposed in community meetings, butnot yet implemented, is to restrict hunting offemale armadillos during the reproductive season(September-December for all species, the australspringtime with the end of the dry season andbeginning of the rainy season).A sixth sympatric species in the Izozog ofChacoan thorn scrub and grasslands is Chlamyphorusretusus, which the Izoceños consider tobe an evil omen (see Edentata (4): 14-16, 2001).e eastern and northern regions of the Kaa-Iya National Park are also home to Priodontesmaximus in Chiquitano transitional dry forest,recorded in camera traps along the Bolivia-Brazilgas pipeline. Finally, we have registered Cabassousunicinctus in Chiquitano transitional dry forestjust north of the Bolivia-Brazil gas pipeline andthe Kaa-Iya National Park. is record comprisesthe southernmost location for the species’ knowndistribution in Bolivia, and a significant rangeextension.Two other edentates, Tamandua tetradactyla andMyrmecophaga tridactyla, are present in bothChacoan and Chiquitano transitional dry forests.Izoceños occasionally consume M. tridactylameat, and the species is a preferred prey item forAyoreo Indians, whereas T. tetradactyla is killedonly accidentally and infrequently by dogs.Hunting records have provided useful informationon activity patterns and habitat use for thefive species which are important prey items. In59

addition, Izoceño hunters have provided specimensfrom hunted animals with which we haveanalyzed diet for all five species, as well as reproductionin Dasypus novemcinctus. e diversity ofanimals making and using burrows in the Chacohas impeded accurate censuses from burrowcounts, while line transect censuses are not practicalfor the species or the habitat; but efforts tocensus armadillos with hunting dogs offer somepromise. Spool-and-thread as well as implantedradio-transmitters are proving effective in trackingT. matacus. e WCS Field Veterinary Programand the Lincoln Park Zoo are collectingserology and parasitology data on D. novemcinctusand T. matacus.For additional information please contactErika Cuéllar or Andrew Noss, Proyecto Kaa-Iya, Casilla 6272, Santa Cruz, Bolivia, e-mail:.Online Bibliography on Sloths“Sloth World” is an online bibliography anddatabase compiled by Virginia L. Naples andRobert K. McAfee. e site is updated regularlyand can be searched by Author, RecentPublications (1991-2002), Specific Genus(classification follows Bell and McKenna)including extinct genera, and Museum Collections.“Sloth World” also includes sectionsentitled, “What is a sloth?” and “Slothologists”,which gives the names and addressesof researchers who study extinct and extantsloth anatomy, systematics, evolution, ecology,and behavior. “Sloth World” may be found at:.PAX TAG Meetinge inaugural meeting of the newly approvedAmerican Zoological Association Pangolin, Aardvarkand Xenarthran Taxonomic Advisory Group(PAX TAG) took place in Tucson, Arizona, aspart of the AZA Western Regional Conference,on 26 April, 2002. e conference was co-hostedby the Reid Park Zoo and the Arizona-SonoraDesert Museum, and was held at the DoubleTreeHotel at Reid Park.e meeting agenda included: Steering Committeeelections; completion of a space analysissurvey (present / projected 3-year / projected10-year); report of existing holdings byspecies (per ISIS); development of a regionalcollection plan, including establishing criteriafor captive priorities, issuing managementrecommendations for Studbooks, PopulationManagement Plans, and Species Survival Plans,non-target species and accession/de-accessionpolicies; development of a three-year actionplan, including fund raising initiatives and insitu projects; and review status of AZA mammalianstandards updates.Presentations were given by Don Gillespie, DVM,Nashville Zoo, on giant anteater husbandry; JohnGramieri, Lincoln Park Zoo, on a FOIA dataanalysis of pangolin, aardvark, and xenarthranimports; and Jennifer Pervola, Deputy Chair ofthe IUCN/SSC Edentate Specialist Group, onactivities of the ESG.Mike Flint is currently arranging to have electionsand other infrastructure for PAX TAG inplace by the end of March 2004. For more information,he may be contacted at 520-548-2206 or.PAX ListservePAXtalk is a newly established listserve establishedto promote communication relative tothe husbandry and management of pangolins,aardvarks and xenarthrans. John Gramieri ofthe Lincoln Park Zoo is the moderator of thediscussion list, . To signup for the list and to find out more about thelistserver, how it works, how to use it, andwhich groups you are subscribed to, go to

xlists.aza.org> (click on MEMBERS). Due toconcerns about computer viruses, please refrainfrom attaching files to the messages you post.e contents of your existing files can usuallybe posted by choosing EDIT > SELECT ALL> COPY and then PASTE into your messages.PAXtalk is an open listserve, which willserve well to expedite the gathering of valuableinformation about pangolins, aardvarks andxenarthrans. Anyone can post requests for informationand ideas about these unique mammals.You may unsubscribe at any time by e-mailingJohn Gramieri at: .Atlas of the Colombian AmazonF u n d a c i ó nPuerto Rastrojois pleased topresent the CD-ROM “Atlas ofthe Colombian Amazon”. A consultative tool,the Atlas contains information about differentaspects of the Colombian Amazon, includingthe physical environment, public services, colonizationprocesses, economy, indigenous settlements,National Parks and institutional presence(amongst others). e Atlas contains more than35 interactive maps, as well as a database with47,000 species localities and a collection of 112photos illustrating the variety of landscapes, waysof life and activities of the Colombian Amazon.We hope that this multimedia application willbe useful for researchers, students, public andprivate institutions and the general public. euse of the maps, photos, data and texts includedin the CD-ROM is free of restriction, as longas reference is made to the source. FundaciónPuerto Rastrojo is a Colombian NGO which hasspent the last 20 years working in the ColombianAmazon carrying out conservation, researchand training programmes.e Atlas is available in Spanish. For moreinformation please contact Fundación PuertoRastrojo (FPR), Cra. 10 No. 24-76, Of. 1201,Bogotá, Colombia, Tel: (57 1) 284-9010, 560-7054, Fax: (57 1) 560-7055, e-mail: .European Zoos’ Commitment to Conservationof the Atlantic Rainforest – EAZA RainforestCampaigne mission of the European Association ofZoos and Aquaria (EAZA), Chairman MiklósPersányi, Director Koen Brouwer, is to promoteco-operation for furthering wildlife conservation,particularly through internationally-coordinatedbreeding programmes of wild animals, throughthe European Endangered Species Programmes(EEP); to promote education, in particular environmentaleducation; to promote regional collectionplanning activities; to contribute to relevantmeetings and discussions of the supra-internationalorganizations, such as the United Nations,e World Conservation Union – IUCN, theEuropean Union, and the Convention on InternationalTrade in Endangered Plant and AnimalSpecies (CITES); and to advise, as required, theEuropean Union, or other representative committeessuch as the European Parliament and theEuropean Council.At their annual conference in Prague in September2001, the EAZA launched a major,two-year, fund-raising campaign in supportof the conservation of the threatened faunaand flora of the endangered Atlantic forest ofBrazil, eastern Paraguay and northern Argentina(2001-2002). e Atlantic rain forest waschosen because of its status as a priority areafor the World Association of Zoos and Aquaria(WAZA), and focuses particularly on the conservationprograms for the four lion tamarinspecies, Leontopithecus. e zoo communityworldwide has played a fundamental role in theoverall conservation programs for these speciesin terms of reintroduction, translocation, metapopulationmanagement, scientifically-managedcaptive-breeding, and their participationin the international lion tamarin committees61

and support for conservation efforts in the field(see Mallinson, 1996; Kleiman and Mallinson,1998; Kleiman and Rylands, 2002). Most zooskeeping one or more of the species also usethem as flagships for their conservation efforts.e goals of the campaign are to raise awarenessabout the conservation needs and conservationprogrammes in the Atlantic rain forest, and toraise money for the Lion Tamarins of BrazilFund – established in 1991 by the founder ofthe Jersey Zoo, Gerald Durrell, as a mechanismspecifically targeting the institutions holdinglion tamarins in captivity to mobilize financialsupport for ongoing field conservation andresearch efforts and to launch critical new initiatives(Mallinson, 1994).e Campaign Planning Group includes: DavidField (Dublin Zoo, Ireland), Bengt Holst (CopenhagenZoo, Denmark), Kristin Leus (AntwerpZoo, Belgium), Jeremy J. C. Mallinson (untilrecently of the Durrell Wildlife ConservationTrust, Jersey) and, as Liaison for the EAZA ExecutiveOffice, Corinne Bos (Amsterdam Zoo, eNetherlands). It is hoped that the EAZA RainforestCampaign will have a long-lasting effectthrough a better understanding of the existingconservation programmes and a more directinvolvement of the European zoo world. ecampaign will thus contribute to the fulfillment ofthe accepted obligation of zoos “to contribute toanimal conservation”.ReferencesKleiman, D. G. and Mallinson, J. J. C. 1998.Recovery and Management Committees forlion tamarins: Partnerships in conservationplanning and implementation. ConservationBiology 12: 1-13.Kleiman, D. G. and Rylands, A. B. 2002. LionTamarins: Biology and Conservation. SmithsonianInstitution Press, Washington D.C.Mallinson, J. J. C. 1994. Saving the world’s richestrainforest. e Biologist 41(2): 56-60.Mallinson, J. J. C. 1996. e history of goldenlion tamarin management and propagationoutside of Brazil and current managementpractices. Zool. Garten N.F. 66: 197-217.Captive Breeding of Giant Anteaters at theHouston ZooBreeding BehaviorIn our pair of giant anteaters, the female is theone who initiates breeding. She follows the malevery closely and won’t let him out of her sight.She then grabs hold of him by standing up onher back legs and placing her front legs on hisback, forcing him to the ground. (is is easilydone because she is 20 lbs heavier.) Initially, itlooks as if she is trying to get up on his back likean baby anteater. Many times the male tries to getaway from her, but is unable to, and this may goon for several minutes until he relents. We haveobserved both animals in a “face-to-face embrace”for up to 30 minutes. is will occur off and onfor the entire day. Although they are separated inthe evening, we have seen the behavior continueagain the next day.NeonatesOur female has had several offspring here atthe Houston Zoo, and initially we tried to lether raise them herself. After she demonstratedrepeatedly that she was unable to successfullyraise her offspring, we decided to attempt tohand-raise the infants. We have now successfullyhand-raised two juveniles.Prior to parturition, we keep her inside so thatif she does deliver during the night, she will beFIGURE 1. This baby giant anteater was born on August 21 st , 2002and weighed in at 1907 grams.62 Edentata no. 5 • December 2003

away from the other animals in the enclosure,including the male. After the infant is born, wecontinue to keep her inside the barn so that shecan bond with the infant. Initially she is gentleand seems very attentive; but at anywhere from 3to 5 days after birth she becomes very aggressive,with fatal consequences for the infant. Until wecan determine the variables that will improve hermaternal behavior, we will continue to hand-rearall future offspring.Phil Coleman, Hoofstock Supervisor, HoustonZoo, Inc., 1513 North MacGregor, Houston, Texas77030, USA. E-mail: .Wildermuth, en Colonia Belgrano de la mismaprovincia siendo un bebé, para su crianza.El cuidado de la misma estuvo a cargo del Sr.Heinz Oppliger y la Sra. Gabriela Krauer. La llegadaal zoo de Zürich se produjo a fines del mesde agosto del 2001 y fue “presentada” a Rafaeloel 14 de noviembre del mismo año, luego delperíodo de cuarentena. De lo que se deduce quequedó preñada de forma inmediata, ya que lagestación dura 190 días.Guillermo Pérez Jimeno, Agrelo 1835, (2005)Rosario, Argentina. E-mail: .Pepita y Rafaelo Fueron PadresEl día 4 de junio del 2002 nació un ejemplar deoso hormiguero mayor (Myrmecophaga tridactyla)en el Zoológico de Zürich, Suiza. Este ejemplares hijo de Rafaelo y Pepita. Lo auspicioso de estenacimiento es que Pepita llegó al zoo hace apenas9 meses. Rafaelo vive aquí desde abril de 1996.Pero a pesar de haber compartido su recintodurante 5 años con “Yurumí” una hembra de laespecie, nunca se había reproducido.Pepita provenía de la naturaleza y fue entregadapor las autoridades de Fauna de la Provincia deSanta Fe, República Argentina a la FundaciónGiant Anteater SightingPaule Gros, a scientist at the St. Louis Zoo whoheads the Zoo’s conservation project in the BosawasBiosphere Reserve in northern Nicaragua,has reported a sighting of the endangered giantanteater (Myrmecophaga tridactyla) there. ediscovery is significant due to decreasing populationsin Central America. e Reserve lies justsouth of the Nicaragua-Honduras border andhas been dubbed “Central America’s Amazon”because it is part of the largest rain forest northof the Amazon. Working with the Zoo and alsothe International Center for Tropical Ecologyat the University of Missouri at St. Louis, Grosis leading a biological inventory of the region,and training Mayangnan forest guards. Sincethe project began in January 2000, researchersworking in the reserve have also found evidenceof the silky anteater (Cyclopes didactylus) and thenorthern tamandua (Tamandua mexicana).Update on Nine-Banded Armadillo Research inthe U.S.FIGURA 1. El día 4 de junio del 2002 nació un ejemplar de osohormiguero mayor (Myrmecophaga tridactyla) en el Zoológico deZürich, SuizaWe have been studying the nine-banded armadillo(Dasypus novemcinctus) population at TallTimbers Research Station in northern Florida63

since 1992. Unfortunately, that study is nowat an end for two reasons. First, an extensivehardwood removal program conductedbetween 1998-2000 has led to significant habitatalterations, which in turn have reduced thearmadillo population at our study site by over50%. Second, Tall Timbers has contracted withthe U.S. Department of Agriculture on a studyto examine the impact of removing nest predatorsof bobwhite quail eggs. As armadillos are one ofthese predators, the few remaining animals in ourstudy area will be removed (i.e., killed) beginningin the spring of 2004. Consequently, we are inthe process of considering new directions for ourresearch. At present, we see the following as themost promising avenues for future work:1) Population Genetics: We have collectedDNA samples from nine-banded armadillopopulations located in areas across the species’range (e.g., Brazil, French Guiana, Mexico, andmany parts of the U.S.) in order to describephylogeographic patterns in the geneticstructure of these populations. However,additional samples from other parts of thespecies’ range would make our analyses farmore robust.2) Chemical Ecology: For animals whose primarysense seems to be olfaction, surprisingly littlework has been done on the chemical signalsproduced by armadillos. In nine-bandedarmadillos, secretions from the paired anal glandsseem a likely source of odors used in chemicalcommunication. It would be interesting toexamine what types of information mightbe available in these secretions (e.g., identity,state of sexual receptivity, etc.). In particular, asD. novemcinctus produces litters of geneticallyidentical quadruplets, it would be exciting todetermine whether the composition of odorssomehow covaries with genetic relatedness.3) Disease Ecology: Nine-banded armadillos areone of the few animal models for leprosy, yetalmost nothing is known about the impact ofthe disease in wild populations. Our populationat Tall Timbers was leprosy-free, so we nowhave an extensive database on an uninfectedpopulation. It might be worthwhile to nowfind a population where leprosy is prevalentand repeat the work we did at Tall Timbers inorder to assess how the disease affects armadillopopulation structure and behavior.4) Comparative Analyses: One of the main reasonsfor our study of nine-banded armadillos wasto assess the impact of polyembryony onpopulation structure and behavior, particularlywith regard to the potential for kin selection. Wehave found little evidence of any kin selectionoccurring in D. novemcinctus, but that doesnot preclude its possible importance in othermembers of the genus. What is required arecomparative data from the other species in thegenus Dasypus. (In fact, as a first step, we needgenetic data from these other species confirmingthat littermates are indeed polyembryonic.) Atan even broader level, we still have very limitedknowledge of basic life-history characteristicsfor many armadillo species. For example, evenpublished data on something as basic as littersize are often based on very limited observationsor rely on information from captive births,which may not be representative of what occursin the wild. Such data are critical if we are everto understand evolutionary patterns within thisenigmatic group.Any comments, suggestions, or ideas regarding theabove would be most welcome, as would any proposalsfor collaborative projects. We can be reachedvia e-mail at either or.W. J. Loughry and Colleen M. McDonough,Department of Biology, Valdosta State University,Valdosta, GA 31698-0015, USA.Armadillo Online!Maintained by Joshua P. Nixon, “ArmadilloOnline” is an extensive site dedicated to the 20species of armadillo, including pictures of eight.e site gives brief biological summaries of eacharmadillo species, including: range, description,habitat, ecology, and biology; a short article sum-64 Edentata no. 5 • December 2003

marizing the natural history of the armadillo; aquick fact file which answers commonly askedquestions about armadillos; and a short descriptionof the scientific and medical research usesof armadillos. Also listed is a page discussingcommon problems caused by armadillos, such asyard destruction. e site can be viewed at: . For questionsor comments contact Joshua Nixon, e-mail:.WildlifeDecisionSupport.comWildlifeDecisionSupport.com was launched byDr. Andrew McKenzie, the editor of the Captureand Care Manual – which has become thedefinitive text for wildlife managers, ranchers andveterinarians – and Peter Morrison, a well-knownecotourism manager.e first edition of the Capture and Care Manualis virtually sold out and at this stage there is nodefinite plan for a second edition; however, the fulltext of the Manual is now online at . e site also has a community-basedsection where members can share theirexperiences, knowledge, techniques and querieswith colleagues and experts globally. A “news andsmalls” section keeps the members up-to-date withtheir industry and the option to market or purchaseservices or products. e site also distributesthe specialized wildlife publications of the WildlifeGroup and has recently become the South Africandistributor for the World Organization for AnimalHealth. For further information contact: PeterMorrison, Member Communications at .Edentate Conservation Action Fund – GrantsAwardedFinanced by Conservation International’s Centerfor Applied Biodiversity Science, the EdentateConservation Action Fund offers small grants toindividuals doing conservation research on edentates.In 2002 the Fund approved the followingthree research projects:Hematology, Parasite Load and Health Statusof Wild Zaedyus pichiy Populations in Mendoza,Argentina – Mariella Superina. e pichi(Zaedyus pichiy), an armadillo endemic to Argentinaand Chile, has been classified as data deficientby the IUCN (2000). Not much scientificinformation is available about this species. Nohematologic reference values have been publishedto date, which makes health controls of wild andcaptive pichis difficult. e proposed work aimsat collecting basic data about the health status,hematology and parasitological infestation ofwild Zaedyus pichiy populations in MendozaProvince, Argentina. Such parameters of healthy,wild animals are crucial for a better sanitary controlof wild and captive pichi populations. isproject will lay the foundation for further studiesabout Zaedyus pichiy, in which the survivalof reintroduced individuals will be studied. edata collected in the proposed work will allowan evaluation of the health status of pichis beforereintroducing them into the wild, thus preventingthe release of pathogens or parasites that couldpose a threat to the extant pichi populations.A Preliminary Survey of the Edentates of theDry and Wet Chaco of Argentina – EduardoFernandez-Duque. e project will conducta preliminary survey of edentates in the GranChaco region of Formosa Province in Argentina.e objectives are: 1) to identify a population ofgiant armadillos in the dry portion of FormosaProvince amenable for long-term studies, 2) toconduct a quantitative survey of edentates inthe wet region of Formosa Province, 3) to supportthe training of Argentinean students whowill become responsible for the developmentof long-term studies on edentates in the area.Information from the study will be used in thedevelopment of a conservation education programto be started in 2002 in collaboration withthe Conservation Education Department ofthe San Diego Zoo and the Provincial WildlifeDepartment in Formosa. e study will also be65

the first step in developing a research programon edentates in the province of Formosa. In thewet region of Formosa, systematic censuses ofedentates will be conducted in Estancia Guaycolec,a cattle ranch where Fernandez-Duque hasbeen working since 1996. To find a suitable areato work with giant armadillos will require theexploration of vast areas in collaboration withknowledgeable local guides.Health Survey and Normal Physiologic Valuesof the Wild Giant Anteater (Myrmecophagatridactyla) in the Brazilian Highlands – DonGillespie. e giant anteater (Myrmecophagatridactyla) currently ranges over wide areas ofSouth America, with the Brazilian highlandsconsidered among the prime habitat for the species.Even there, the population is estimated tohave declined to 25% of the population present25-30 years ago. Being somewhat specializedfrom a dietary viewpoint, pressures from rapidland development and overhunting may soonpush this rare species to the threatened specieslist. It is crucial, therefore, to complete a numberof timely surveys, including health assessments toensure that protected areas in this part of Brazilmaintain viable populations of the giant anteaterin the future. Wild giant anteaters in the Serrada Canastra National Park in the state of MinasGerais, Brazil, will be assessed for underlyinghealth problems, and these data will be used tobuild a comparative profile of normal physiologicvalues for use in captive management, in fieldcollection, and conservation techniques. Resultswill be compared to the ISIS database and thecurrent U.S. zoo population.Lista das Espécies da Fauna Ameaçadas deExtinção no Rio Grande do Sul, BrasilA iniciativa de elaborar a primeira lista dasespécies da fauna ameaçadas de extinção no RioGrande do Sul surgiu de forma independente emdois grupos de pesquisadores gaúchos. No final de1999, a associação ambientalista PANGEA, como apoio da Fundação Biodiversitas, estabeleceucontatos com a Secretaria Estadual do MeioAmbiente (SEMA) e com alguns pesquisadoresgaúchos no sentido de dar início ao processode elaboração de uma lista a ser sancionada pordecreto governamental.Paralelamente, em agosto do mesmo ano, teveinício o projeto Livro Vermelho da FaunaAmeaçada de Extinção no Rio Grande do Sul,do Museu de Ciências e Tecnologia da PontifíciaUniversidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul(MCT-PUCRS), com a proposta mais amplade elaborar, além de uma lista, também umlivro sobre as espécies ameaçadas no Estado,gerenciando as informações através de umabase de dados permanentemente atualizável.Para evitar a duplicidade de esforços e elaboraruma lista única, as equipes foram reunidassob coordenação geral do “Projeto LivroVermelho”, contando com apoio da SEMAatravés da Fundação Zoobotânica do RioGrande do Sul. A lista aqui apresentada resultado trabalho desenvolvido desde então. Elafoi elaborada a partir do esforço conjunto de43 zoólogos diretamente vinculados ao projeto,representando 18 instituições de pesquisa, e128 colaboradores.Com o propósito de formalizar o apoio daSecretaria Estadual do Meio Ambiente ao ProjetoLivro Vermelho e encaminhar o processo dehomologação da lista pelo Governo do Estado,um convênio entre o MCT-PUCRS e a SEMAfoi firmado em agosto de 2001. Posteriormente,em 5 de dezembro do mesmo ano, os resultadosde dois anos de trabalho do projeto foramsinteticamente apresentados à sociedade gaúchaem uma audiência pública organizada pelaSEMA. Participaram representantes do poderpúblico estadual e federal, organizadores da lista,zoólogos vinculados ao projeto, colaboradores,pesquisadores, técnicos e representantes deorganizações não governamentais, além dacomunidade.Ao final, 261 espécies foram classificadas comoefetivamente ameaçadas de extinção no Rio66 Edentata no. 5 • December 2003

TABELA 1. Número de espécies ameaçadas no Rio Grande do Sulpor grupo zoológico e categoria de ameaça. As siglas seguemrecomendação da IUCN, utilizando a grafia inglesa para facilitara consulta por pesquisadores de diferentes nacionalidades.GrupoCategorias de AmeaçaRE PE CR EN VU TotalEsponjas 1 2 3Moluscos 6 11 17Crustáceos 7 7Insetos 7 11 18Peixes 4 6 18 28Anfíbios 10 10Répteis 5 12 17Aves 2 8 31 42 45 128Mamíferos 1 8 5 19 33Total 2 9 43 72 135 261RE – Regionalmente extinto; PE – Provavelmente extinto;CR – Criticamente em perigo; EN – Em perigo; VU - Vulnerável.Grande do Sul, enquadrando-se nas categorias deameaça descritas no texto do decreto (Tabela 1).Com relação aos edentatas, Myrmecophagatridactyla Linnaeus, 1758 foi classificada comoCriticamente em Perigo (CR) e Tamanduatetradactyla (Linnaeus, 1758) como Vunerável(VU). A destruição e descaracterização doshábitats constituem as principais fatores querepresentam ameaça às populações de edentatas noEstado. Como medidas para conservação dessestáxons são sugeridas a proteção e recuperação dohábitat, juntamente com programas de educaçãoambiental e estudos de auto-ecologia.Ana Alice B. de Marques, Universidade doVale do Rio dos Sinos, Avenida Unisinos, 950,93022-000 São Leopoldo, RS, Brasil. E-mail:.Carla S. Fontana, Museu de Ciências e Tecnologia,Pontifícia Universidade Católica doRio Grande do Sul, Avenida Ipiranga, 6681,Caixa Postal 1429, 90619-900 Porto Alegre,RS, Brasil.Eduardo Vélez, Museu de Ciências Naturais,Fundação Zoobotânica do Rio Grande do Sul,Rua Dr. Salvador França 1427, 90690-000 PortoAlegre, RS, Brasil.Glayson A. Bencke, Laboratório de Ornitologia,Fundação Zoobotânica do Rio Grande do Sul,Rua Dr. Salvador França 1427, 90690-000 PortoAlegre, RS, Brasil.Maurício Schneider, Departamento de Zoologia,Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, AvenidaBento Gonçalves 9500, Bloco IV, pr. 43435,90540-000 Porto Alegre, RS, Brasil.Roberto E. dos Reis, Museu de Ciências eTecnologia, Pontifícia Universidade Católicado Rio Grande do Sul, Avenida Ipiranga,6681, Caixa Postal 1429, 90619-900 PortoAlegre, RS, Brasil.ReferenceMarques, A. A. B., Fontana, C. S., Vélez, E.,Bencke, G. A., Schneider, M. and Reis, R. E.2002. Lista das Espécies da Fauna Ameaçadasde Extinção no Rio Grande do Sul. Decreto nº41.672, de 11 de junho de 2002. FZB/MCT-PUCRS/PANGEA, Porto Alegre. 52pp.Sophie Danforth Conservation Biology FundRoger Williams Park Zoo accepts proposals forthe Sophie Danforth Conservation Biology Fundof the Rhode Island Zoological Society. Annualawards of up to $1000 are granted to conservationprograms that protect threatened wildlife and habitatsworldwide. Field studies and other projectsthat demonstrate a multi-disciplinary approach tobiodiversity and ecosystem conservation, as wellas projects that involve in-country collaborators,receive highest funding priority. Environmentaleducation programs, development of techniquesthat can be used in a natural environment, andcaptive propagation programs that stress an integrativeapproach to conservation are also appropriate.Deadline for submissions is May 31. Grantrecipients will be notified by September 3. Proposalguidelines and additional information are67

available on the Roger Williams Park Zoo websiteat: , in the Conservationsection, or may be acquired by contactingStacia Martin at .The Lincoln Park Zoo Neotropic Funde Lincoln Park Zoo Neotropic and Africa/Asia Funds support field research in conservationbiology around the world. e Neotropicfund focuses on projects undertaken in LatinAmerica and the Caribbean. Since 1986, thefund has awarded over 150 grants in 19 countries.e Africa/Asia Fund, launched in 1997,focuses on projects throughout Africa, Asia, andthe Pacific. e funds emphasize 1) the supportof graduate students and other young researchers,2) direct impact on wildlife conservationand/or conservation biology, 3) involvement bystudents and/or local field assistants from LatinAmerica, Africa, or Asia at levels that engenderappreciation for wildlife conservation, and 4)links to either the Lincoln Park Zoo animal collectionor conservation activities of the zoo staff.Each fund typically supports between five andten projects annually, including project renewalsfor a second year. Most awards fall into therange of $3,000-$6,000. Initial support is for upto 12 months from the date of award, and themaximum duration of support is two years. ecurrent deadline for receipt of Neotropic andAfrica/Asia proposals is October 1st. For additionalinformation and application proceduresgo to , e-mail:, or write to: LincolnPark Zoo NF/AA Funds, Department of Conservationand Science, Lincoln Park Zoo, 2001 N.Clark St., Chicago, IL 60614.Version 2.0 of Ramas Red List SoftwareAvailableVersion 2.0 of the RAMAS® software, usedfor assessing the conservation status of speciesfor possible inclusion in the IUCN Red Listof reatened Species, is now available. esoftware incorporates the revised Red List Categories(2000) (see below). To purchase a copy,please contact Isabelle Weber, IUCN/SSC, RueMauverney 28, CH-1196 Gland, Switzerland,Fax: +41-22-9990015; e-mail: or Applied Biomathematics, 100 North CountryRoad, Setauket, NY 11733, USA, Fax: +1 516-751-3435. Single-user and site-licensed copies ofthe software are priced at US$295 and US$445respectively. From: IUCN Species Survival Commission(SSC) E-Bulletin - May 2001. Anna Knee,Communications Officer, SSC/IUCN.The Automated Telemetry Project: StudyingSpecies Interactions in a Tropical ForestPresently being installed on Barro ColoradoIsland (BCI), Republic of Panama, the premierfield station of the Smithsonian Tropical ResearchInstitute, an automated telemetry system willpermit the radio-tracking of tagged animals on alarge scale in a tropical forest. e project is beingfunded by the Celerity Foundation, Gray IslandSystems and the Smithsonian Tropical ResearchInstitute and will address many of the mostimportant questions in biology and conservationincluding: species interactions and the evolutionof diversity, competition, predation, seed dispersal,effects of fragmentation and human disturbance.Applying telemetry will also allow for theability to consistently find a study animal, whichopens up future possibilities to research behavior,eco-physiology, disease, etc.e project will be using an automated telemetrysystem designed by William Cochran, anddescribed by Larkin et al. (1996). e system usesa scanning receiver which measures the relativesignal strength from an array of six directionalantennas to estimate the direction of a transmitter.e correct placement of towers should providegood coverage of the entire island for large terrestrialanimals and medium sized high-flying animals,and respectable coverage for smaller animals.68 Edentata no. 5 • December 2003

Initial tests suggest an accuracy of about 5 degreesin direction finding. Wireless communication willlink each receiver to the main lab and will allowthe transmission of data back to the lab in real timewhich will be used to triangulate location of theanimal. Data will be immediately available onlinethrough software provided by Gray Island Systemsand will be used both for educational purposes,open to the general public, and also through passwordprotected areas available only to researchersinvolved in specific projects. Presently, three initialprojects are planned to test the system, which willhopefully include a study of ocelots, high flyingbats, and large frugivorous bats.For further information contact: RolandKays, Ph.D., Curator of Mammals, NewYork State Museum, CEC 3140, Albany, NY12230, Tel: 518-486-3205, Fax: 518-486-2034, email: , .ReferenceLarkin, R. P., Raim, A. and Diehl, R. H. 1996.Performance of a nonrotating directionfinderfor automatic radio tracking. Journalof Field Ornithology 67: 59-71.Mammalian SpeciesMammalian Species, editor Virginia Hayssen, ispublished regularly by the American Society ofMammalogists with 25-30 new accounts issuedeach year. Each account summarizes the currentunderstanding of the biology of a single species,including systematics, distribution, fossil history,genetics, anatomy, physiology, behavior, ecology,and conservation. e American Society of Mammalogistshave now put 631 mammalian speciesaccounts online as PDF files, and subscriptionsto the series are also available for $30.00 per year.For more information on the series email DavidStadler at Allen Press: or visit the Mammalian Species website at.Ecología AustralEcología Austral is the scientific journal ofthe Argentine Ecological Society. It publishesoriginal scientific articles on any area of theenvironmental sciences. Articles may be (1)Original research: results of field, experimentalor theoretical research, (2) Reviews: papersreviewing the present knowledge of a topic, and(3) Short communications: short papers reportingon a minor work representing an improvementin general knowledge or a methodologicaldevelopment. Articles are peer-reviewed by atleast two referees. Manuscripts are accepted inSpanish, English or Portuguese. e Editorin-Chiefis seeking the help of reviewers inany of the three languages of the journal. Tothis end, a database is being developed (about120 reviewers already entered), in order tohave a wide range of expertise available, andalso to avoid requesting reviews from the sameexpert too frequently. For those interestedin volunteering for the peer review processplease send a message to: Dr. Jorge Rabinovich,Editor, Ecología Austral, e-mail: . From: NeoCons 1(2),April 2001, Neotropical Conservation BiologyBulletin: .Revised Red List Criteriae new improved categories and criteria usedfor listing plants and animals on the IUCN RedList of reatened Species are now available,after a four-year review which was called for byIUCN members. e review, coordinated bySSC, involving broad consultation with usersand organizations from around the world, hasproduced a clearer, more open, and easy-to-usesystem for assessing species. With particularattention paid to marine species, harvested species,and population fluctuations, the review hasrefined the effectiveness of the Red List categoriesand criteria as indicators of extinction risk.69

See for more details. From:IUCN Species Survival Commission (SSC) E-Bulletin- March 2001. Anna Knee, CommunicationsOfficer, SSC/IUCN.International Foundation for ScienceExcerpt from the IFS website: IFS is an NGO providingsupport to developing country scientiststo conduct, in a developing country, relevantand high quality research on the management,use, and conservation of biological resources andtheir environment. IFS believes that the interestsof both science and development are best servedby promoting and nurturing the research effortsof young science graduates, who are at the beginningof their research careers. Since 1974, IFShas provided support, mainly in the form ofsmall research grants, to over 3,200 scientists in99 developing countries.IFS support is primarily financial and in theform of a research grant in the amount of upto USD 12,000, which may be renewed twice.Each grant is for one research period, normallynot less than one year nor more than three yearsand is intended for the purchase of the basic toolsneeded to conduct a research project: equipment,expendable supplies, and literature. It cannot beused for education, travel, or the applicant’s salary.However, a PhD Fellowship (Carolina MacGillavryFellowship) is available for applicants fromthe SADC countries. IFS research areas include:Aquatic Resources, Animal Production, CropScience, Forestry/Agroforestry, Food Science,and Natural Products. A wide interpretationof these scientific disciplines is encouraged, aslong as scientific research is proposed, and not atransfer of already-existing technology. Researchersmust also ask themselves how their researchwill affect, or be affected by, local ecological andsocio-economic conditions where the research islikely to be implemented.e applicant for an IFS Research Grant mustsatisify the following critera: be a scientist anda citizen of a developing country, have at least aMSc or equivalent degree, be under 40 years ofage (30 for Chinese applicants), be working at auniversity or research institution in a developingcountry (the institution is expected to providesalaries and basic research facilities), will doresearch in one of the IFS Research Areas anddo the research in a developing country. eselection process is rigorous with considerablecompetition for the available grants. eapplications are judged by an internationalpanel of Scientific Advisers on the basis of theapplicant’s personal qualifications, the scientificquality and feasibility of the proposal, and therelevance of the planned research results. Formore information see: oremail:.9 th International Mammalogical Congresse Congress Committee for MAMMAL2005(the 9 th International Mammalogical Congress;formerly the International eriological Congress:ITC) has been launched. e CongressCommittee will periodically inform about thepreparation of MAMMAL2005 through e-mailand the official website (), which is now fully operational. oughwe are now managing e-mail addresses based onmembers lists of the 7 th and 8 th ITC and severalmammalogical organizations, we would like torenew the list of addresses for MAMMAL2005.If you are you interested in MAMMAL2005,please reply to . If you have a colleague who is interestedin MAMMAL2005, please recommend him/herto contact us at : Koichi Kaji and Takashi Saitoh (SecretaryGeneral). For more information, pleasecontact: Tomoko Takahashi (Secretary), e-mail:.70 Edentata no. 5 • December 2003

RECENT PUBLICATIONSAZA Conference Proceedingse AZA Annual Conference Proceedings fromSaint Louis are now available for purchase. Memberscan receive a copy for $45. Please log on toAZA’s website at , and click on“Publications” for more information on how toorder a copy. An order form can be downloadedfrom the website and should be filled out andreturned to the AZA Publications Departmentwith a check or money order drawn from a U.S.bank. If you have any questions, please feel freeto contact the Publications Department at 301-562-0777, ext. 253 or ext. 247.CITES: A Conservation Tool – New EditionAvailablee IUCN/SSC Wildlife Trade Programmehas completed the seventh edition of CITES:A Conservation Tool, A Guide to Amending theAppendices to the Convention on InternationalTrade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna andFlora. is publication guides the CITES Partiesthrough the Convention’s articles and resolutionsand covers the process for the submission, presentation,and adoption of proposals to amendthe Appendices for the 12th CITES Meetingof the Conference of the Parties (CoP 12,3-15 November 2002, Chile). e seventh editionhas been produced in booklet form and CDfor the first time. e guide is available in PDFin English, French and Spanish. is guide formspart of a series of tools prepared by the WildlifeTrade Programme for CITES Scientific Authorities.ese include a checklist and resource guideto help CITES Scientific Authorities make Non-Detriment Findings (a requirement for exportof certain specimens) which will be publishedas an SSC Occasional Paper. e Programme isworking with the CITES Secretariat to developother tools and is providing input to technicaltraining workshops. e Analyses of Proposals toAmend the CITES Appendices will be producedin collaboration with the TRAFFIC Network forthe 12th COP. For more information see: or .A Red Data Book for the Mammals of Ecuadore Red Data Book for Ecuadorean Mammals(Libro Rojo de Los Mamíferos de Ecuador) is editedby Diego Tirira, S. It is an attractively producedand informative evaluation, in Spanish, of thethreatened mammals of Ecuador. Authors ofthe treatments of the various mammal groupsinclude: Carlos Boada (SIMBIOE), SantiagoBurneo (Museo de Zoologia, Pontificia UniversidadCatólica del Ecuador), ArmandoCastellanos (Fundación Zoobreviven, Quito),Cristina Castro, A. (Yaqu-Pacha, Organizaciónpara la Conservación de Mamíferos Acuáticosen Sudamérica), Francisco Cuesta (FundaciónEcoCiencia, Quito), Stella de la Torre (Quito),Judith Denkinger (Yaqu-Pacha, Organizaciónpara la Conservación de Mamíferos Acuáticosen Sudamérica), Godfrey Merlen (EstaciónCientífica Charles Darwin, Galápagos), SandieSalazar (Estación Científica Charles Darwin,Galápagos), Luis Suárez (Fundación EcoCiencia,Quito), Diego Tirira, S. (SIMBIOE) andVictor Utreras, B. (Wildlife ConservationSociety – Ecuador). e list of threatened specieswas the result of two years’ work and theparticipation of more than thirty people. Followingtraining in threatened species assessmentand the use of the 2000 IUCN criteria given bythe IUCN/SSC Red List program staff, the listwas finalized at a workshop organized by SIM-BIOE and the Fundación EcoCiencia in Quito,September 2000.Each threatened species is nicely illustrated, withinformation on the distribution, current status,principal threats, and measures already undertakenand measures proposed for their conserva-71

tion. e IUCN 2000 criteria are used for theassessments (IUCN, 2001). In the introduction,Diego Tirira, Francisco Cuesta and Luis Suárezexplain that Ecuador has the richest biodiversityper unit area of any country in the world.ey report 369 mammal species, 12 of whichare edentates. e book includes some valuableanalyses of the biogeography and status of Ecuadoreanmammals in general by Santiago Burneoand Diego Tirira. Nine of the 13 mammalorders in Ecuador have threatened species.Forty-nine mammals are listed as threatened,and four orders account for nearly 78% of them– Rodents 14 of 100 species, Carnivora 11 of 31species, Cetacea 7 of 33 species and Chiroptera 6of 132 species. Of the 12 edentate species Tirirarecognizes for Ecuador, the following are listedas threatened: Near threatened (NT) – Cabassouscentralis; Data Deficient (DD) – Cabassousunicinctus, Choloepus hoffmanni, Cyclopes didactylus,Dasypus kappleri, Myrmecophaga tridactyla,Priodontes maximus.Two books to accompany this one are Biología,Sistemática y Conservación de los Mamíferos delEcuador (1998) and Mamíferos del Ecuador(1999), both also by Diego Tirira. e first isan edited volume, which reviews numerousaspects of Neotropical mammalogy and Ecuadoreanmammals in particular. e second is amore formal review of the diversity, distributionsand taxonomy of Ecuadorean mammals,including chapters on diversity, Ecuadoreanspecies and their distributions, an identificationguide, bibliography and scientific collections.Besides the species mentioned above in theRed Data Book, Tirira (1999) lists for Ecuador– Bradypus variegatus, Choloepus didactylus,Dasypus novemcinctus, Tamandua mexicana andT. tridactyla.e Red Data Book is available from: SIM-BIOE, Av. Amazonas 2915 e Inglaterra, EdifícioInglaterra, Piso 2, Apartado 17-11-6025, Quito,Ecuador, Tel: (593-2) 431-097 or 452-596, Fax:(593-2) 442-771; e-mail: .ReferencesIUCN. 2001. IUCN Red List Categories andCriteria. Version 3.1. IUCN Species SurvivalCommission. IUCN, Gland, Switzerlandand Cambridge, UK.Tirira S., D. (ed.) 1998. Biología, Sistemática yConservación de los Mamíferos del Ecuador.Publicación Especial 1. Museo de Zoología.Centro de Biodiversidad y Ambiente, PontificiaUniversidad Católica del Ecuador ySociedad para la Investigación y Monitoreode la Biodiversidad Ecuatoriana (SIMBIOE),Quito. 217pp. ISBN 9978-40-434-1.Tirira S., D. 1999. Mamíferos del Ecuador.Publicación Especial 2. Museo de Zoología.Centro de Biodiversidad y Ambiente, PontificiaUniversidad Católica del Ecuador ySociedad para la Investigación y Monitoreode la Biodiversidad Ecuatoriana (SIMBIOE),Quito. 392pp. ISBN 9978-40-835-5.Tirira S., D. (ed.) 2001. Libro Rojo de Los Mamíferosde Ecuador. Sociedad para la Investigacióny Monitoreo de la Biodiversidad Ecuatoriana(SIMBIOE) / Ecociencias / Ministerio delAmbiente / UICN. Serie Libros Rojos delEcuador, Tomo 1. Publicación Especial sobrelos Mamíferos del Ecuador. 236pp. ISBN9978-41-614-5.BooksLessons from Amazonia: e Ecology and Conservationof a Fragmented Forest, edited byRichard O. Bierregaard Jr., Claude Gascon,omas E. Lovejoy and Rita Mesquita. 2001,478pp. Yale University Press, NY. ISBN 0-300-08483-8 (Cloth). Price: $65.00. e forewordis by Edward O. Wilson, and prologue by EneasSalati. is book presents the results of the longest-runningand most comprehensive study offorest fragmentation ever undertaken, the BiologicalDynamics of Forest Fragments Project(BDFF), north of Manaus, in central Amazonia,run jointly by the Smithsonian Institution andthe National Institute for Amazon Research(INPA). Forest fragmentation is one of the72 Edentata no. 5 • December 2003

iggest research fields in tropical conservationbiology, and this book provides a remarkableoverview of many of the key issues, presenting theexperimental research, inventories and long-termmonitoring of biotic and abiotic aspects of forestfragments of different sizes since 1979 when theproject was begun. It is divided into five parts:1. eory and overview (4 chapters); 2. Forestecology and genetics (4 chapters); 3. Fragmentationeffects on plant communities (5 chapters),on invertebrate communities (5 chapters), andon vertebrate communities (4 chapters); 4. Managementguidelines (6 chapters), and 5. Synthesis(1 chapter on principles of forest fragmentationand conservation in the Amazon). Available from:Yale University Press, in the US (toll-free) – Tel:1-800-405-1619, Fax: 1-800-406-9145, e-mail:; in Canada, Mexico,South America, Japan, South Korea, Taiwan, orAustralia – Customer Service Dept., Tel: 401-531-2800, Fax: 401-531-2801; in the United Kingdom,Europe, Africa, or Asia – London office, Tel:44-207-431-4422, Fax: 44-207-431-3755, e-mail:. Website: .Experimental Design and Data Analysis forBiologists, by Gerry P. Quinn, Monash Universityand Michael J. Keough, University of Melbourne,2002, Cambridge University Press. Price:$110.00 (Hardbound), ISBN: 0-521-81128-7.Price: $45.00 (Paperback), ISBN: 0-521-00976-6. Statistical analysis is at the core of most modernbiology, and many biological hypotheses, evendeceptively simple ones, are matched by complexstatistical models. Prior to the development ofmodern desktop computers, determining whetherthe data fit these complex models was the provinceof professional statisticians. Many biologistsinstead opted for simpler models whose structurehad been simplified quite arbitrarily. Now, withimmensely powerful statistical software availableto most of us, these complex models can be fitted,creating a new set of demands and problemsfor biologists. We need to know the pitfalls andassumptions of particular statistical models, beable to identify the type of model appropriatefor the sampling design and kind of data that weplan to collect, be able to interpret the output ofanalyses using these models, and be able to designexperiments and sampling programs optimally,i.e. with the best possible use of our limited timeand resources. e analysis may be done by professionalstatisticians, rather than statistically trainedbiologists, especially in large research groups ormultidisciplinary teams. In these situations, weneed to be able to speak a common language:frame our questions in such a way as to get a sensibleanswer, be aware of biological considerationsthat may cause statistical problems – we can notexpect a statistician to be aware of the biologicalidiosyncrasies of our particular study, but if he orshe lacks that information, we may get misleadingor incorrect advice – and understand the advice oranalyses that we receive, and be able to translatethat back into biology. is book aims to placebiologists in a better position to do these things.It arose from our involvement in designing andanalyzing our own data, but also providing adviceto students and colleagues, and teaching classes indesign and analysis. As part of these activities, webecame aware, first of our limitations, promptingus to read more widely in the primary statisticalliterature, and second, and more importantly, ofthe complexity of the statistical models underlyingmuch biological research. In particular, wecontinually encountered experimental designsthat were not described comprehensively in manyof our favorite texts. is book describes many ofthe common designs used in biological research,and we present the statistical models underlyingthose designs, with enough information tohighlight their benefits and pitfalls. Our emphasishere is on dealing with biological data – howto design sampling programs that represent thebest use of our resources, how to avoid mistakesthat make analyzing our data difficult, and howto analyze the data when they are collected.We emphasize the problems associated withreal world biological situations. Where to order:Cambridge University Press, 40 West 20thStreet, New York, NY, 10011-4211, USA. Tel:(800) 872-7423 Fax: (914) 937-4712, website:.73

Diversidad y Conservación de los Mamíferos Neotropicales,edited by Gerardo Ceballos and JavierA. Simonetti, Comisión Nacional para el Conhecimentoy Uso de la Biodiversidad (CONABIO)and Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México,México, DF. 2002. 582pp. ISBN 970-9000-18-7. is edited volume provides excellent country-by-countryreviews of the mammal faunas ofSouth America, Costa Rica, Cuba, Panama, andMexico. In Spanish but with English abstracts.e Prologue is by Michael Mares (OklahomaMuseum of Natural History and Departmentof Zoology, University of Oklahoma). Contents:Mamíferos de Argentina – R. A. Ojeda, C. E.Borghi & V. G. Roig, pp. 23-63; Mamíferos deBolivia – J. G. Bravo, T. L. Yates & L. M. Zalles,pp.65-113; Mamíferos de Brasil – C. J. R. Alho,M. L. Reis & P. Seixas, pp.115-150; Mamíferosde Chile – J. E. Mella, J. A. Simonetti,A. E. Spotorno & L. C. Contreras, pp.151-183; Mamíferos de Colombia – M. Alberico &V. Rojas-Diaz, pp.185-226; Mamíferos de CostaRica – D. E. Wilson, R. M. Timm & F. A. Chinchilla– pp.227-253; Mamíferos de Cuba – G. S.Taboada, pp.255-270; Mamíferos de Ecuador –L. Albuja V., pp.271-327; Mamíferos de Guyana– M. D. Engstrom & B. K. Lim, pp.329-375;Mamíferos de México – G. Ceballos, J. Arroyo-Cabrales & R. A. Medellin, pp.377-413; Mamíferosde Panamá – R. Samudio Jr., pp.415-451;Mamíferos de Paraguay – P. Myers, A. Taber & I.G. de Fox, pp.453-502; Mamíferos de Perú – V.Pacheco, pp.503-549; Mamíferos de Uruguay– P. O. Baes, S. Sühring & G. Ceballos, pp.551-565; Mamíferos de Venezuela – G. Ceballos, P.O. Baes, S. Sühring, Y. Domínguez & H. Zarza,pp.567-582. Available from: Comisión Nacionalpara el Conhecimento y Uso de la Biodiversidad(CONABIO), Liga periférico-Insurgentes sur4903, Col. Parques del Pedregal, Tlalpan, 14510,México, DF, México.Biology, Medicine, and Surgery of South AmericanWild Animals, edited by Murray E. Fowlerand Zalmir S. Cubas, 2001, 536pp. Iowa StateUniversity Press, Ames, Iowa. ISBN 0 81382846-5. Price US$89.65. An extraordinarycompilation of continent-specific coverage ofamphibians, birds, reptiles and all South Americanmammals arranged by order and genus.Topics include conservation efforts, diseases infree-ranging populations, and management ofanimals in captivity. Special coverage is givento general health topics such as nutrition, ophthalmologyand dentistry. Pages 238 to 255 arededicated to the Xenarthra, with the followingcontributions: Biology and Captive Managementof Armadillos and Anteaters – Ana MariaBeresca and Kátia Cassaro, pp.238-245; Biologyand Captive Management of Sloths – CarlosEsbérard, pp.245-246; Husbandry – AntônioMessias-Costa and Carlos Esbérard, pp.246-247;Medicine and Neonatal Care of Sloths – AntônioMessias-Costa, pp.247-249; General Medicine– Lilian de Stefani Munão Diniz, pp.249-255.An excellent compendium and difficult to believethat any zoo or breeding institution could dowithout it. Available from: Iowa State UniversityPress, 212 South State Avenue, Ames, IA 50014,USA, Tel: 800 862 6657, 515 292 0155, Fax:515-292-3348. Website: .e New Encyclopaedia of Mammals, edited byDavid W. Macdonald, Assistant Editor SashaNorris. 2001. Oxford University Press, Oxford.930pp. ISBN 0 19 850823 9. Price £35.00.Unsurpassed in the breadth and depth of its textand the scope of its illustrations, this book treatsevery living species of mammal from aardvarkto antechinus and from zebra to zorros, andall of the edentates besides. Each entry gives asystematic account of a species’ or group’s form,diet, distribution, behaviour, natural history, andconservation status. e very latest discoveries ofnew species are also included, making this themost comprehensive and up-to-date resourceavailable. e text is augmented by numerousillustrations which combine the best of wildlifephotography with superb detailed colour artwork.‘Factfile’ panels with distribution maps andscale drawings give readers an instant overview ofkey data. It is the completely revised successor toe Encyclopaedia of Mammals published in 1984(George, Allen and Unwin, London). e bookitself claims to be the definitive reference workon mammals for the 21 st Century and nobody74 Edentata no. 5 • December 2003

could argue with that right now. It is a spectacularbook and an extremely valuable, an essentialreference for any zoologist. Its price is accessible– it is a great bargain. e advisory editors wereHans Kruuk (Centre for Ecology and Hydrology,Banchory, UK), Richard Connor (University ofMassachusetts, Dartmouth, USA), John Harwood(Gatty Marine Laboratory, University ofSt. Andrew’s, UK), Guy Cowlishaw (Institute ofZoology, London, UK), John du Toit (MammalsResearch Institute, University of Pretoria, SouthAfrica), Jerry O. Wolff (University of Memphis,Tennessee, USA), Christopher R. Dickman(University of Sydney, Australia), and GarethJonnes (University of Bristol, Bristol, UK). eartwork is by Priscilla Barrett, Denys Ovenden,Malcolm McGregor, Michael R. Long andGraham Allen. Edentates (a general introduction)– Christopher R. Dickman, pp.786-787;Anteaters – Virginia Naples, pp.788-791; Sloths– Christopher R. Dickman, pp.792-795; Armadillos– Colleen McDonough & W. Jim Loughry,pp.796-799. Available from: Direct Sales Department,Oxford University Press, Saxon Way West,Corby, Northhamptonshire NN18 9ES, UK.By e-mail: . Website:.Diversidade Biológica e Cultural da Amazônia,edited by Ima Célia Guimarães Vieira, JoséMaria Cardoso da Silva, David Conway Orenand Maria Ângela D’Incao. 2001, MuseuParaense Émilio Goeldi, Belém, Pará, Brazil.421pp. ISBN 85 7098 067 1. Price $25.00(+ US$5.00 p&p outside of Brazil). In Englishand Portuguese. e results of a symposiumcelebrating the 130 th anniversary of the MuseuParaense Émilio Goeldi, Belém, 23-27 October1996 – “e Biological and Cultural Diversityof Amazonia in a World of Transformation”. ebook covers three basic questions: What is theorigin of Amazonian biodiversity?; What is theorigin of the region’s cultural diversity?; and Howto promote the sustainable use of biodiversity inthe Amazon? Contents: Part I. Origin of Biodiversityin Amazonia. e Amazonian rainforest onlysome 6-5 million years old – N.-A. Mörner, D.Rosetti & P. M. de Toledo, pp.3-18; Paleoecologyof Amazonia – T. Van der Hammen, pp.19-44;Hypotheses to explain the origin of species inAmazonia – J. Haffer, pp.45-118; Avian diversificationin Amazonia: evidence for historicalcomplexity and a vicariance model for a basicdiversification pattern – J. Bates, pp.119-137;Molecular phylogenetics and the diversificationof Amazonian mammals – J. Patton & M. N.F. da Silva, pp.139-164. Part II. Human andCultural Diversity. Diversidade genética depopulações humanas na Amazônia. – D. de F.Lobato da Silva, A. K. C. Ribeiro dos Santos &S. E. Batista dos Santos, pp.167-193; Amazôniasocioambiental – sustentabilidade ecológica ediversidade social – D. Lima & J. Pozzobon,pp.195-251; Um aspecto da diversidade culturaldo caboclo – R. H. Maués, pp.253-272; Scienceand the representation of nature in Amazonia:from La Condamine through Da Cunha to AnnaRoosevelt – D. Cleary, pp.273-296. Part III.Sustainable Use of Biodiversity in Amazonia. Asciências, o uso de recursos naturais na Amazônia ea noção de desenvolvimento sustentável: por umainterdisciplinaridade ampla – F. de Assis Costa,pp.299-318; Natural vs. social science conceptsin applied research on Amazônia: a critical assessment– M. Nitsch, pp.319-346; Domesticationof Amazonian fruit crops – past, present, future– C. R. Clement, pp.347-367; Dinâmica evolutivaem roças de caboclos amazônicos – P. S.Martins, pp.369-384; Influence of habitat on thesustainability of mammal harvests in the PeruvianAmazon – R. Bodmer, P. Puertas, R. Aquino &C. Reyes, pp.385-402; Biodiversity: today’s andtomorrow’s importance – W. Kerr, pp.403-409.Part IV. Tributes. La Penha: gerador e gerenciadorde ciência – L. M. F. Bassalo, pp.413-416; PauloSodero: mestre por excelência – I. C. G. Vieira,p.417; Jorge Pozzobon, agora no céu comdiamantes, M. Meira, pp.419-421. Availablefrom: Biblioteca, Museu Paraense Émilio Goeldi,Caixa Postal 399, 66040-170 Belém, Pará, Brazil.Website: .Técnicas de Coleta e Preparação de Vertebrados,edited by Paulo Auricchio and Maria da GraçaSalomão (eds.), 2002. is 350-page book inPortuguese is the first Brazilian compilation of75

techniques used for the preparation of vertebratesto be included in museum collections.Chapters, written by nine authors, include discussionof diaphanization; infiltration of paraffin;preparation of skins; cytogenetic, enzymatic andmolecular techniques; museum curacy and legalaspects of field work and animal maintenance inBrazil. e book is well illustrated and is a goodreference for researchers, technicians, teachersand students who are interested in taxidermy. Toorder from Brazil: send a FAX to: + 55 11 46552731 with your mailing address and the bankdeposit receipt from the Instituto Pau Brasil. Paymentshould be made by bank deposit to: InstitutoPau Brasil, Banco do Brasil, Branch 1476-1,- Arujá - SP, Current account 5682-0. To orderfrom outside Brazil: please arrange for a wiretransfer to be made from your account to InstitutoPau Brasil, Banco do Brasil, Branch 1476-1,Arujá, São Paulo, Current account 5682-0. Forfurther information, contact: Paulo Auricchio,e-mail: .Técnicas de Coleta e Preparação de Vertebrados,de Paulo Auricchio e Maria da Graça Salomão.Publicado pelo Instituto Pau Brasil de HistóriaNatural, é o primeiro livro brasileiro que reúnetécnicas de coleta e preparação de vertebrados. Osnove autores reuniram os mais recentes procedimentos,sendo ricamente ilustrado para facilitaro entendimento das técnicas. Foi elaboradopara servir como referência a uma vasta gamade interessados: pesquisadores, professores deensino médio e estudantes, abrangendo técnicasde Taxidermia científica e didática desde Peixesà Mamíferos, diafanização, preparação científicae didática de esqueletos, infiltração em parafina,curtimento de peles, técnicas citogenéticas,enzimáticas e moleculares, um capítulo sobrecoleções zoológicas e outro sobre procedimentoslegais. Este livro pretende preencher a lacunaexistente na área técnico científica do Brasil eser um referencial na preparação e manutençãode material biológico de Vertebrados. 350páginas; capa mole plastificada. R$ 40,00 (nãoincluindo transporte). Pedidos: Enviar fax para(011) 46552731, com endereço e comprovantede depósito. Forma de pagamento (Depósitoem conta): Instituto Pau Brasil, Banco do Brasil,Agência 1476-1 c/c 5682-0.Animal, e Definitive Visual Guide to theWorld’s Wildlife, edited by Don E. Wilson andDavid Burnie, 2001, 624pp., DK Publishing,ISBN: 0-789-47764-5, over 4000 color photosand color illustrations. Price: £30.00. Researchedby over 70 zoologists and naturalists this bookcovers over 2000 mammals, birds, amphibians,reptiles, fish and invertebrates. Principle consultantsinclude: Juliet Clutton-Brock (Mammals)– Dr Francois Vuilleumier (Birds) – RichardRosenblatt (Fish) – Chris Mattison (Reptiles) –Tim Halliday (Amphibians) – George McGavin(Arthropods) – Richard Barnes (Non-ArthropodInvertebrates). Available from: NHBS Mailorderbookstore, 2-3 Wills Road, Totnes, Devon, TQ95XN, UK, web site: .NHBS Stock Code: #119919W hardback.e Trade in Wildlife: Regulation for Conservation,edited by Sara Oldfield. 2002. EarthscanPublications, London. ISBN 1 85383 954 X(hardback), 1 85383 959 0 (paperback). Price:£48.00 (hardback) and £17.95 (paperback). isbook provides a critical assessment of how thetrade in wildlife is currently regulated and theregulations are enforced. rough analysis of casestudies and comparisons with the trade in illegalgoods, it shows what the weaknesses are, andwhere the system is failing. It points the way towhat must be done if conservation efforts are tobe supported by trade regulations, and not undermined.Contents: Preface – Michael Meacher.Part 1. Background. e nature and extent oflegal and illegal trade in wildlife; What is the goalof regulating wildlife trade?; Is regulation a goodway to achieve this goal?; Regulatory design;Regulation, conservation and incentives; Controland the holy grail. Part 2. Systems Regulationand Enforcement. Compliance and enforcementmechanisms of CITES; e European Communitywildlife trade regulations; Evolution, impactand effectiveness of domestic wildlife trade bansin India. Part 3. Case Studies. Regulation andprotection: successes and failures in rhinocerosconservation; Elephant poaching and resource76 Edentata no. 5 • December 2003

allocation for law enforcement; Crocodiles: legaltrade snaps back; Regulation of the timber trade;Bushmeat: traditional regulation of or adaptationto market forces; e impact of the proposal tolist the devil’s claw on Appendix II of CITES;e need for a better understanding of contextwhen applying CITES regulations: the case ofthe Indonesian parrot – Tanimar corella. Part 4.Lessons from Illegal Trade in Other Goods. Lessonsfrom the control of illegal trade in ozonedepletingsubstances, fisheries and timber; econtrolled trade in drugs; Lessons from the tradein illicit antiquities; Conclusion: looking ahead:international wildlife regulation and enforcement.Contributors: S. Broa, T. Mulliken, D.Roe, N. Sinclair-Brown, B. Moyle, M. Murphree,J. C. Vasquez, D. Morgan, M. Misra, N. Leader-Williams, H. Jachmann, J. Hutton, G. Webb, S.Oldfield, W. Bowen-Jones, C. Lombard, P. duPlessis, P. Jepson, D. Brack, D. Lowe, N. Brodieand R. Cooney.Other titles from Earthscan Publications include:Policing International Trade in Endangered Species:e CITES Treaty and Compliance, by RosalindReeve (£19.95 – paperback and £50.00– hardback), and Endangered Species, reatenedConvention: e Past, Present and Future ofCITES, the Convention on International Tradein Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora,edited by J. Hutton and B. Dickson (£14.95– paperback and £35.00 – hardback). Availablefrom: Earthscan, 120 Pentonville Road, London,N1 9BR, UK, Fax: +44 (0)20 7278 1142, e-mail:. Website: .A Biodiversidade nos Grandes Remanescentes Florestaisdo Estado do Rio de Janeiro e nas Restingasda Mata Atlântica, por Carlos Frederico Duarteda Rocha, Helena de Godoy Bergallo, MariaAlice dos Santos Alves e Monique Van Sluys.2003. RiMa Editora, Rio de Janeiro. 134pp.ISBN 85-86552-49-6. Parceria: Departamentode Ecologia, Instituto de Biologia, UniversidadeEstadual do Rio de Janeiro (UERJ), InstitutoBiomas e Centro de Conservação da Biodiversidadeda Conservation International do Brasil.Apoio Fundação Brasileira para a Conservação daNatureza (FBCN). Roberto Cavalcanti, ex-Presidenteda Conservation International do Brasil,escreveu, “Para conservar é preciso saber ondeestão as oportunidades e o que tem de ser feito.Este livro apresenta um diagnóstico precioso dopatrimônio natural remanescente no Estado doRio de Janeiro. A obra comprova que o Estado éprivilegiado em termos de biodiversidade e que,embora sejam gravíssimas as ameaças à sobrevivênciadas espécies únicas da região, a situaçãoatual pode ser revertida a fim de melhorar oambiente natural e garantir a qualidade de vidadas pessoas e das espécies com que compartilhamoso planeta. Por meio de linguagem técnicamas acessível, os autores descrevem a geologia,o clima, os solos e a biota dos principais blocosde floresta do Rio de Janeiro, dando destaque àsunidades de conservação e à sua biodiversidade.Mostram que os parques e reservas não estão alipor capricho ou acaso; sua função é conservara biota nativa e permitir que gerações futurespossam continuar a coexistir com as espécies quesempre nos fascinaram. Trata-se de obra essencialpara todos os envolvidos com conservação,planejamento e educação ambiental.” Sumário:Prefácio – L. P. Pinto, pp.ix-x; Apresentação,pp.ix-xiii. Parte I. O estado da Biodiversidade noEstado do Rio de Janeiro. 1. Os grandes blocosde remanescentes florestais no Estado do Rio deJaneiro, pp.3-32; 2. Esforço de conservação nosblocos de grandes remanescentes do Estado doRio de Janeiro, pp.33-36; 3. Fatores predominantesde pressão de degradação nos grandesblocos de remanescentes florestais, p.37-42; 4.A relevância do estabelecimento de corredoresinterligando os grandes remanescentes florestaisdo Estado do Rio de Janeiro, pp.43-46; 5. Estadodo conhecimento científico biológico nos grandesblocos de remanescentes florestais do Estado doRio de Janeiro, pp.47-48; 6. Espécies endêmicase ameaçadas de vertebrados terrestres no grandesblocos de remanescentes florestais do Estado doRio de Janeiro, pp.49-67. Parte II. A Biodiversidadenas Restingas dos Corredores da Serra doMar e Central da Mata Atlântica. 7. Diagnósticodo estado de conservação da biodiversidade dasrestingas do Corredor da Serra do Mar e do77

Corredor Central da Mata Atlântica, pp.71-74;8. Fatores predominantes de pressão de degradaçãonas restingas dos corredores e diversidadede vertebrados terrestres, pp.75-80; 9. A fragmentaçãodos habitats de restinga e a ordenaçãona extinção das espécies das comunidades devertebrados terrestres, pp.81-84; 10. Esforço deconservação nas restingas do Corredor da Serrado Mar e do Corredor Central da Mata Atlântica,pp.85-88; 11. Vertebrados terrestres endêmicos eameaçados, pp.89-100; 12. Indicadores biológicospara monitoramento da biodiversidade,pp.101-108; 13. Ampliação da extensão de áreasprotegidas e criação de novas áreas para conservaçãonos grandes blocos de remanescentesflorestais e nas restingas dos Corredores da Serrado Mar e Central da Mata Atlântica, pp.109-112; Recomendações, pp.113-116. Para maioresinformações: Carlos Frederico Duarte da Rocha,Departamento de Ecologia, Instituto de BiologiaRoberto Alcântara Gomes, Universidade Estadualdo Rio de Janeiro, Rua São Francisco Xavier524, Maracanã 20550-013, Rio de Janeiro, RJ,Brasil, e-mail: .ArticlesAdamoli, V. C., Cetica, P. D., Merani, M. S. andSolari, A. J. 2001. Comparative morphologicplacental types in Dasypodidae (Chaetophractusvillosus, Cabassous chacoensis, Tolypeutes matacusand Dasypus hybridus). Biocell 25(1): 17-22.Anacleto, T. C. S. and Marinho-Filho, J. 2001.Food habits of the giant armadillo (Xenarthra,Dasypodidae) in an area of grasslandof central Brasil. Revista Brasileira de Zoologia18(3): 681-688. In Portuguese.Anderson, R. P. and Handley, C. O., Jr. 2002.Dwarfism in insular sloths: Biogeography,selection, and evolutionary rate. Evolution56(5): 1045-1058.Anderson, R. P. and Handley, C. O., Jr. 2001.A new species of three-toed sloth (Mammalia:Xenarthra) from Panama, with a reviewof the genus Bradypus. Proceedings of the BiologicalSociety of Washington 114(1): 1-33.Avey-Arroyo, J. 2002. Sloths. In: Hand-RearingWild and Domestic Mammals, L. J. Gage(ed.), pp. 81-89. Iowa State Press, Ames.Bargo, M. S. 2001. e ground sloth Megatheriumamericanum: Skull shape, bite forces, and diet.Acta Palaeontologica Polonica 46(2): 173-192.Barros, M. C., Sampaio, I. and Schneider, H.2003. Phylogenetic analysis of 16S mitochondrialDNA data in sloths and anteaters.Genetics and Molecular Biology 26(1): 5-11.Bechara, G. H., Szabo, M. P. J., Almeida-Filho,W. V., Bechara, J. N., Pereira, R. J. G.,Garcia, J. E. and Pereira, M. C. 2002. Ticksassociated with armadillo (Euphractus sexcinctus)and anteater (Myrmecophaga tridactyla)of Emas National Park, State of Goiás,Brazil. Annals of the New York Academy ofSciences 969: 290-293.Bezerra, A. M. R., Rodrigues, F. H. G. and Carmignotto,A. P. 2001. Predation of rodentsby the yellow armadillo (Euphractus sexcinctus)in the cerrado of central Brazil. Mammalia65(1): 86-88.Boily, P. 2002. Individual variation in metabolictraits of wild nine-banded armadillos (Dasypusnovemcinctus), and the aerobic capacitymodel for the evolution of endothermy.Journal of Experimental Biology 205(20):3207-3214.Bond, B. T., Warren, R. J. and Nelson, M. I.2002. Winter mortality of adult nine-bandedarmadillos (Dasypus novemcinctus) on CumberlandIsland, Georgia. Georgia Journal ofScience 60(4): 209-215.Cheadle, M. A., Tanhauser, S. M., Dame, J. B.,Sellon, D. C., Hines, M., Ginn, P. E.,MacKay, R. J. and Greiner, E. C. 2001. enine-banded armadillo (Dasypus novemcinctus)is an intermediate host for Sarcocystisneurona. Int. J. Parasitol. 31(4): 330-335.Codón, S. M., Estecondo, S. G., Galindez, E. J.and Casanave, E. B. 2001. Ultrastructureand morphometry of ovarian follicles in thearmadillo Chaetophractus villosus (Mammalia,Dasypodidae). Brazilian Journal of Biology61(3): 485-496.Coke, R. L., Carpenter, J. W., Aboellail, T.,Armbrust, L. and Isaza, R. 2002. Dilated car-78 Edentata no. 5 • December 2003

diomyopathy and amebic gastritis in a giantanteater (Myrmecophaga tridactyla). Journal ofZoo and Wildlife Medicine 33(3): 272-279.Cuellar, E. 2002. Census of the three-bandedarmadillo Tolypeutes matacus using dogs,southern Chaco, Bolivia. Mammalia 66(3):448-451.Dalecky, A., Chauvet, S., Ringuet, S., Claessens,O., Judas, J., Larue, M. and Cosson,J. F. 2002. Large mammals on small islands:short term effects of forest fragmentation onthe large mammal fauna in French Guiana.Revue d’Ecologie la Terre et la Vie Supplement8: 145-164.Damas, J. 2001. Autopharmacology, sloths andphysiology in Liege. Revue Medicale de Liege56(7): 531-535.Delsuc, F., Stanhope, M. J. and Douzery, E. J. P.2003. Molecular systematics of armadillos(Xenarthra, Dasypodidae): Contributionof maximum likelihood and Bayesiananalyses of mitochondrial and nuclear genes.Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 28(2):261-275.DeLucia, P. M., Cheadle, M. A. and Greiner, E. C.2002. Prevalence of Sarcocystis sarcocysts innine-banded armadillos (Dasypus novemcinctus)from Florida. Veterinary Parasitology103(3): 203-205.Dereure, J., Barnabe, C., Vie, J. C., Madelenat, F.and Raccurt, C. 2001. Trypanosomatidaefrom wild mammals in the neotropical rainforestof French Guiana. Annals of TropicalMedicine and Parasitology 95(2): 157-166.Desch, C. E. and Stewart, T. B. 2002. Firstdescription of a hair follicle mite from thehost order Xenarthra: Demodex dasypodi n.sp. (Acari: Demodecidae) from the ninebandedarmadillo, Dasypus novemcinctusLinnaeus, 1758 (Dasypodidae). InternationalJournal of Acarology 28(2): 169-174.Frutos, S. D. and Van Den Bussche, R. A. 2002.Genetic diversity and gene flow in ninebandedarmadillos in Paraguay. Journal ofMammalogy 83(3): 815-823.Galindez, E. J., Estecondo, S. and Casanave,E. B. 2003. e spleen of Zaedyus pichiy,(Mammalia, Dasypodidae): A light and electronmicroscopic study. Anatomia HistologiaEmbryologia 32(4): 194-199.Gambaryan, P. P. 2002. Ways of adaptive changesin claws of digging mammals. ZoologicheskiiZhurnal 81(8): 978-990. In Russian.Gilmore, D. P., Da Costa, C. P. and Duarte,D. P. F. 2001. Sloth biology: An update ontheir physiological ecology, behavior androle as vectors of arthropods and arboviruses.Brazilian Journal of Medical and BiologicalResearch 34(1): 9-25.Gonzalez, E. M., Soutullo, A. and Altuna, C. A.2001. e burrow of Dasypus hybridus(Cingulata: Dasypodidae). Acta eriologica46(1): 53-59.Guimarães, M. A. B. V. 2001. e applicationof assisted reproduction techniques in wildanimals kept in captivity. Rev. Brasil. Reprod.Anim. 25(2): 116-117.Herrick, J. R., Campbell, M. K. and Swanson, W.F. 2002. Electroejaculation and semen analysisin the La Plata three-banded armadillo (Tolypeutesmatacus). Zoo Biology 21(5): 481-487.Komar, O. and Hanks, C. K. 2002. Fan-tailedWarbler foraging with nine-banded armadillos.Wilson Bulletin 114(4): 526-528.Loughry, W. J. and McDonough, C. M. 2002.Phenotypic variablity within and between littersof nine-banded armadillos. SoutheasternNaturalist 1(3): 287-298.Loughry, W. J., McDonough, C. M. and Robertson,E. G. 2002. Patterns of anatomicaldamage in a population of nine-bandedarmadillos Dasypus novemcinctus (Xenarthra,Dasypodidae). Mammalia 66(1): 111-122.Loughry, W. J. and McDonough, C. M. 2001.Natal recruitment and adult retention in apopulation of nine-banded armadillos. Actaeriologica 46(4): 393-406.Marques, S., Barros Battesti, D. M., Faccini, J. L. H.and Onofrio, V. C. 2002. Brazilian distributionof Amblyomma varium Koch, 1844(Acari: Ixodidae), a common parasite ofsloths (Mammalia: Xenarthra). Memorias doInstituto Oswaldo Cruz 97(8): 1141-1146.McCain, C. M. 2001. First evidence of the giantanteater (Myrmecophaga tridactyla) in Honduras.Southwestern Naturalist 46(2): 252-254.79

McDonald, H. G. 2002. Fossil Xenarthra ofMexico: A review. In: Avances en los estudiospaleomastozoológicos en México, M. MontellanoBallesteros and J. Arroyo Cabrales(eds.), pp. 227-248. Colección CientíficaSerie Arqueología 443. Instituto Nacionalde Antropologia e Historia, Mexico City.Mercolli, C. and Yanosky, A. A. 2001. Greaterrhea predation in the Eastern Chaco ofArgentina. Ararajuba 9(2): 139-141.Moraes, N., Morgante, J. S. and Miyaki, C. Y.2002. Genetic diversity in different populationsof sloths assessed by DNA fingerprinting.Brazilian Journal of Biology62(3): 503-508.Mourão, G. and Medri, Í. M. 2002. A new wayof using inexpensive large-scale assembledGPS to monitor giant anteaters in shorttime intervals. Wildlife Society Bulletin30(4): 1029-1032.Naughton-Treves, L., Mena, J. L., Treves, A.,Alvarez, N. and Radeloff, V. C. 2003. Wildlifesurvival beyond park boundaries: eimpact of slash and burn agriculture andhunting on mammals in Tambopata, Peru.Conservation Biology 17(4): 1106-1117.Oliveira, E. V. 2001. Dental microwear insome Dasypodidae (Mammalia: Xenarthra).Acta Biologica Leopoldensia 23(1): 83-91. InPortuguese.Pedrosa, M. A. C., Lima, A. M. J., Bezerra, A. P.,Duarte, D. P. F. and Da Costa, C. P. 2002.e effect of feeding on the respiratory activityof the sloth. Brazilian Journal of Medicaland Biological Research 35(7): 851-854.Pessino, M. E. M., Sarasola, J. H., Wander, C.and Besoky, N. 2001. Long-term responseof puma (Puma concolor) to a populationdecline of the plains vizcacha (Lagostomusmaximus) in the Monte Desert, Argentina.Ecologia Austral 11(2): 61-67. In Spanish.Platt, S. G. and Rainwater, T. R. 2003. Aboveground“nest” of the nine-banded armadilloin Belize. Florida Field Naturalist31(1): 8-9.Ponder, W. F., Carter, G. A., Flemons, P. andChapman, R. R. 2001. Evaluation of museumcollection data for use in biodiversity assessment.Conserv. Biol. 15(3): 648-657.Rodrigues, F. H. G., Marinho-Filho, J. anddos Santos, H. G. 2001. Home ranges oftranslocated lesser anteaters Tamanduatetradactyla in the cerrado of Brazil. Oryx35(2): 166-169.Roldán, A. I. and Simonetti, J. A. 2001. Plantmammalinteractions in tropical Bolivianforests with different hunting pressures. Conserv.Biol. 15(3): 617-623.dos Santos Filho, M. and Ferreira da Silva, M.N. 2002. Use of habitats for mammals inareas of Cerrado of central Brazil: A studywith photographic snares. Revista Brasileirade Zoociências 4(1): 57-73. In Portuguese.Schratter, D. 2001. Successful rearing of twins ofthe giant anteater (Myrmecophaga tridactyla)in Schoenbrunn Zoo. Zoologische Garten71(2): 97-112. In German.Soares, C. A. and Carneiro, R. S. 2002. Socialbehavior between mothers x young of slothsBradypus variegatus Schinz, 1825 (Xenarthra:Bradypodidae). Brazilian Journal of Biology62(2): 249-252.Tanhauser, S. M., Cheadle, M. A., Massey, E. T.,Mayer, B. A., Schroedter, D. E., Dame, J.B., Greiner, E. C. and MacKay, R. J. 2001.e nine-banded armadillo (Dasypus novemcinctus)is naturally infected with Sarcocystisneurona. Int. J. Parasitol. 31(4): 325-329.Taube, E., Keravec, J., Vie, J. C. and Duplantier,J. M. 2001. Reproductive biology andpostnatal development in sloths, Bradypusand Choloepus: Review with originaldata from the field (French Guiana) andfrom captivity. Mammal Review 31(3-4):173-188.Terrell, S. P., Weber, M. A., Neiffer, D. L.,Miller, M. A., Mangold, B. J., Fontenot,D. K. and Stetter, M. A. 2001. Cutaneouspox virus infection in two giant anteaters(Myrmecophaga tridactyla) with clinicaland pathologic features similar to humanmolluscum contagiosum. In: Proceedings ofthe American Association of Zoo Veterinarians,American Association of Wildlife Vet-80 Edentata no. 5 • December 2003

erinarians, Association of Reptilian andAmphibian Veterinarians and the NationalAssociation of Zoo and Wildlife VeterinariansJoint Conference, Orlando, Florida,September 18-23, 2001, C. K. Baer and M.M. Willette (eds.), pp. 127-130. AmericanAssociation of Zoo Veterinarians, Place ofpublication not given.Timock, J. and Vaughan, C. 2003. A census ofmammal populations in Punta Leona PrivateWildlife Refuge, Costa Rica. Revista deBiologia Tropical 50(3-4): 1169-1180.Touchton, J. M., Hsu, Y. C. and Palleroni, A.2002. Foraging ecology of reintroducedcaptive-bred subadult harpy eagles (Harpiaharpyja) on Barro Colorado Island, Panama.Ornitologia Neotropical 13(4): 365-379.Tury, E., Messias, A. C., Belak, K. andGimeno, E. J. 2001. Acute disseminatedtoxoplasmosis in a captive three-toed sloth(Bradypus tridactylus). J. Comp. Pathol. 125(2/3): 228-231.Van Deelen, T. R., Parrish, J. D. and Heske, E. J.2002. A nine-banded armadillo (Dasypusnovemcinctus) from central Illinois. SouthwesternNaturalist 47(3): 489-491.Vizcaino, S. F., Milne, N. and Bargo, M. S.2003. Limb reconstruction of Eutatusseguini (Mammalia: Xenarthra: Dasypodidae).Paleobiological implications.Ameghiniana 40(1): 89-101.Vizcaino, S. F. and Milne, N. 2002. Structureand function in armadillo limbs (Mammalia:Xenarthra: Dasypodidae). Journal ofZoology (London) 257(1): 117-127.Werning, H. 2002. e long-haired armadillo(Chaetophractus vellerosus). Rodentia 2(3):31-34, Nr. 7. In German.Zabala, R. 2002. Environmental enrichment:Yurumi (Myrmecophaga tridactyla). AnimalKeepers’ Forum 28(7): 277-281.Zimmerman, B., Peres, C. A., Malcolm, J. R.and Turner, T. 2001. Conservation anddevelopment alliances with the Kayapó ofsouth-eastern Amazonia, a tropical forestindigenous people. Environmental Conservation28(1): 10-22.MEETINGS2004Student Conference on Conservation Science,24-26 March, 2004, Department of Zoology,University of Cambridge, UK. Plenary lecturesby four leading figures in the field: Prof. GretchenDaily (Stanford University), Prof. Kathy Homewood(University College, London), Prof. JohnReynolds (University of East Anglia) and Dr.Bob Watson (e World Bank and former Chair,IPCC). For more information see the website:.International Fund for Animal Welfare– Forum on Wildlife Conservation, 17-20 June2004, Limerick, Ireland. e International Fundfor Animal Welfare (IFAW), in association withthe University of Limerick, will be holding aninternational forum in Limerick, Ireland, from17-20 June 2004. e theme of the forum is:Wildlife Conservation: In Pursuit of EcologicalSustainability. e objective of the forumis to focus attention on, and to advance theunderstanding of, issues surrounding the pursuitof ecologically sustainable use and theconservation of wildlife (including fisheries).e programme consists of approximately24 invited lectures, and a limited number of contributedpapers, which will be presented as posters.e programme is divided into five sessions:1) e Global Context; 2) Modern Examples;3) Factors at Play; 4) e Way Forward;5) eory into Practice.e programme committee invites submissionof abstracts to be considered for inclusion inthe programme as contributed poster papers.Abstracts will be received until 1 February 2004.Abstracts should follow the guidelines describedin the “Abstract Guidelines” section on the IFAWwebsite. For more information on the Forum,including a list of confirmed speakers, please visit81

or contact SherylFink at .Association for Tropical Biology and Conservation2004 Annual Meeting, 12-15 July 2004,Miami, Florida, USA. e meeting will be held atthe James L. Knight International Center in downtownMiami, with the theme of “Geographic andConceptual Frontiers of Tropical Biology.” emeeting will be co-sponsored by the University ofMiami and Florida International University, alongwith other members of the Center for Excellencein Tropical Biology. e deadline for symposiumproposals is 15 October 2003. For more informationas it becomes available, visit the ATBCMeetings webpage at or contact the two ProgramDirectors: eodore H. Fleming, Department ofBiology, University of Miami, Coral Gables, FL33124, USA, Tel.: 305-284-6881, Fax: 305-284-3039, email: , orDavid Lee, Department of Biological Sciences,Florida International University, University Park,Miami, FL 33199, USA, Tel.: 305-348-3111, Fax:305-348-1986, email: .VI International Conference on Wildlife Managementin Amazonia and Latin America, 5-10September, 2004, Iquitos, Peru. Organized bye National University of the Peruvian Amazon(UNAP), the Durrell Institute of Conservationand Ecology (DICE) and the Wildlife ConservationSociety (WCS). e organizers cordiallywelcome and invite the participation of a wideaudience including students, professionals, localcommunities, NGOs, government representativesand the general public. Special emphasis duringthis conference will be on lessons learnt in wildlifeconservation and management in Amazonia andLatin America. Discussions and presentations willlook at the advances made for conservation, andthe lessons learnt in the design, development,implementation, methods, and managementplans for wildlife in Amazonia and Latin America.If you are interested in receiving further informationabout the conference; submission of abstracts,workshops, and courses; and information on registrationand hotels, please visit the conferencewebsite at . Ifyou have any questions, contact the conferenceorganisers by e-mail at . e Organizing Committee includesDr Richard Bodmer-DICE, Dr Lorgio Verdi-UNAP, Pablo Puertas-WCS.200519th Annual Meeting of the Society for ConservationBiology, Está previsto para acontecerem julho de 2005, na Universidade de Brasília(UnB). A Diretoria da Society for ConservationBiology (SCB) escolheu Brasília como sede docongresso no dia 2 de julho último durante a 17ªreunião que foi realizada em Duluth, MN, EUA.A organização geral estará a cargo do Prof. MiguelÂngelo Marini do Departamento de Zoologia daUnB. Participarão da comissão organizadora,professores do Departamento de Zoologia daUnB, membros da diretoria da Seção da AméricaAustral e Neotropical (ANA) da SCB, e outrospesquisadores principalmente do Brasil e deoutros países Latino-americanos. A data exata darealização do congresso será definida nos próximosmeses. Informações detalhadas do congressosó estarão disponíveis na Internet em 2004.Association of Tropical Biology and Conservation2005 Annual Meeting, 23-29 July 2005,Uberlândia, Brazil. e venue is the CenterConvention Uberlandia. For more informationwrite to the Chair of the Organizing Committee,Kleber del-Claro, Laboratório de Ecologia Comportamentale Interações, Universidade Federalde Uberlândia, Caixa Postal 593, 38400-902Uberlândia, Minas Gerais, Brazil, or email to or .29 th International Ethological Conference, 20-27 August, 2005. Budapest, Hungary. Hosted bythe Hungarian Ethological Society at the EötvösUniversity (ELTE) Convention Centre. For moreinformation, write to IEC2005, Departmentof Ethology, Eötvös University, 1117 Budapest,Hungary, or join the e-mail newsletter:.82 Edentata no. 5 • December 2003

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NOTES TO CONTRIBUTORSScopeEdentata, the newsletter of the Edentate SpecialistGroup, aims to provide a basis for conservation informationrelating to edentates. We welcome texts onany aspect of edentate conservation, including articles,thesis abstracts, news items, recent events, recent publications,and the like.SubmissionPlease send all submissions in English, Portuguese orSpanish to: John Aguiar, Center for Applied BiodiversityScience, Conservation International, 1919 MSt. NW, Suite 600, Washington, DC 20036, USA,Tel: (202) 912-1000, Fax: (202) 912-0772, e-mail:.ContributionsManuscripts may be in English, Portuguese or Spanish,and should be double-spaced and accompaniedby the text and any tables and/or figures on diskettefor PC compatible text-editors (MS-Word, WordPerfect,Excel, and Access), and/or emailed to . Hard copies should be supplied forall figures (illustrations and maps) and tables. e fullname and address of each contributing author shouldbe included. Please avoid abbreviations and acronymswithout the name in full. Authors whose first languageis not English should please have their texts carefullyreviewed by a native English speaker.ArticlesA broad range of topics is welcomed and encouraged,including but not limited to: Taxonomy, Systematics,Genetics (when relevant to systematics), Biogeography,Ecology, Conservation, and Behavior. Texts should notexceed 20 pages in length (double-spaced and includingthe references). For longer articles please include anabstract in English and an optional one in Portugueseor Spanish. Please limit the number of tables and figuresto six, excepting cases where fundamental to the text.News ItemsPlease send any information on projects, field sites,courses, recent publications, awards, events, etc.ReferencesExamples of house style may be found throughout thisnewsletter. Please refer to these examples when citingreferences:Journal article. Carter, T. and Encarnação, C. D. 1983.Characteristics and use of burrows by four species ofarmadillos in Brazil. J. Mammal. 64(1): 47-53.Chapter in book. Wetzel, R. M. 1985a. e identificationand distribution of recent Xenarthra (Edentata).In: e Evolution and Ecology of Armadillos, Sloths, andVermilinguas. G. G. Montgomery (ed.), pp.23-46.Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington, DC.Book. Emmons, L. and Feer, F. 1990. NeotropicalRainforest Mammals: A Field Guide. e University ofChicago Press, Chicago.esis/Dissertation. Superina, M. 2000. Biologie undHaltung von Gürteltieren (Dasypodidae). Doctoralthesis, Institut Für Zoo-, Heim- und Wildtiere, UniversitätZürich, Zürich, Switzerland.Report. Muckenhirn, N. A., Mortensen, B. K., Vessey,S., Frazer, C. E. O. and Singh, B. 1975. Report on aprimate survey in Guyana. Unpublished report, PanAmerican Health Organization, Washington, DC.Edentata is produced in collaboration with theCenter for Applied Biodiversity Science at ConservationInternational, 1919 M St. NW, Suite600, Washington DC, 20036, USA.Figures and MapsArticles may include small high-quality black-and-whitephotographs, figures, maps, and tables. Image resolutionshould be 300 dpi or higher in any of the following electronicfile formats: .jpg, .tif, .eps, .pdf, .psd, or .ai. Wealso accept original artwork, photos, or slides to scan andreturn to the owner. Please contact Kim Meek at (202)912-1379 or via e-mail at ifyou have any questions regarding file formats or images.

EdentataThe Newsletter of the IUCN Edentate Specialist Group • December 2003 • Number 5Articles1 A Localidade Tipo da Preguiça-de-Coleira, Bradypus torquatus Illiger, 1811(Xenarthra, Bradypodidae)Sérgio Maia Vaz4 Lista de Localidades de Captura de Xenartros sob Ameaça de Extinção no BrasilSérgio Maia Vaz5 Giant Anteater (Myrmecophaga tridactyla) Health Care SurveyScott Morford and Mary Ann Meyers20 Giant Anteater (Myrmecophaga tridactyla) Diet SurveyScott Morford and Mary Ann Meyers24 Crianza Artificial y Manejo Reproductivo de los Tamanduá (Tamandua tetradactyla) enel Jardín Zoológico de Rosario, ArgentinaGuillermo Pérez Jimeno29 Dieta de Tamanduá-Bandeira (Myrmecophaga tridactyla) no Pantanal daNhecolândia, BrasilÍsis Meri Medri, Guilherme de Miranda Mourão, y Ana Yoshi Harada35 Datos Morfométricos de los Armadillos del Complejo Ecológico Municipal de Sáenz Peña,Provincia del Chaco, ArgentinaNatalia Ceresoli, Gonzalo Torres Jiménez, y Eduardo Fernandez Duque37 Fitting Radio Transmitters to Giant Anteaters (Myrmecophaga tridactyla)Flavio Henrique Guimarães Rodrigues, Guilherme Henrique Braga de Miranda,Ísis Meri Medri, Fernanda Vinci dos Santos, Guilherme de Miranda Mourão, Adriani Hass,Pablo Sebastian Tavares Amaral, and Fabiana Lopes Rocha40 Observations of Xenarthra in the Brazilian Cerrado and GuyanaJames Sanderson and Leandro Silveira44 Diurnal Rest Sites of Translocated Lesser Anteaters (Tamandua tetradactyla) in theCerrado of BrazilFlávio H. G. Rodrigues and Jader S. Marinho-Filho46 The Yellow Armadillo, Euphractus sexcinctus, in the North/Northeastern Brazilian CoastAdriani Hass, Flávio H. G. Rodrigues, and Tadeu G. de Oliveira47 Reproducción de Dasypus novemcinctus en el Izozog, Santa Cruz, BoliviaClara R. Rojas-Suárez y Leonardo Maffei54 News71 Recent Publications81 Meetings