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Oetjen, J., P. Fives-Taylor, et al. (2002). "The Divergently Transcribed Streptococcus parasanguisVirulence-Associated fimA Operon Encoding an Mn2+-Responsive Metal Transporter and pepOEncoding a Zinc Metallopeptidase Are Not Coordinately Regulated." Infect. Immun. 70(10): 5706-5714.http://iai.asm.org/cgi/content/abstract/70/10/5706The study of how bacteria respond to and obtain divalent metal ions provides insight into theregulation of virulence factors in the host environment. Regulation of metal permease operons ingram-positive bacteria may involve the binding of metal-responsive repressors to palindromicdomains in their control regions. The Streptococcus parasanguis fimA operon, which encodes anATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporter system with sequence homology to the LraI family ofmetal transporters, possesses a palindromic regulatory region with high homology to that of theStreptococcus gordonii ScaR binding domain. Mapping of the promoter and regulatory regions offimA and the divergently transcribed pepO gene, which encodes a zinc metalloendopeptidase,indicated that their promoter and regulatory elements overlap. fimA had one transcriptional startsite, whereas pepO had three. Analysis of truncated versions of the pepO promoter suggestedthat all three transcriptional start sites are functional. Analysis of promoter activity under variousenvironmental conditions indicated that the fimA operon promoter and the pepO promoter are notcoordinately regulated. The fimA operon is responsive to changes in Mn2+ concentration, but thepepO promoter is not. A S. parasanguis fimA mutant showed a growth deficiency underconditions of limiting Mn2+. This deficiency was not alleviated by compensation with either Mg2+or Fe3+. Wild-type S. parasanguis could take up Mn2+ and Fe3+, while the fimA mutant showeda marked reduction in this ability. These data suggested that FimA is a component of a metaltransporter system capable of transporting both Mn2+ and Fe3+. FimA expression itself wasshown to be responsive to Mn2+ concentration, but not to availability of Fe3+ or Mg2+.Oscarsson, J., M. Westermark, et al. (2002). "Characterization of a Pore-Forming Cytotoxin Expressed bySalmonella enterica Serovars Typhi and Paratyphi A." Infect. Immun. 70(10): 5759-5769.http://iai.asm.org/cgi/content/abstract/70/10/5759Cytolysin A (ClyA) is a pore-forming cytotoxic protein encoded by the clyA gene that has beencharacterized so far only in Escherichia coli. Using DNA sequence analysis and PCR, weestablished that clyA is conserved in the human-specific typhoid Salmonella enterica serovarsTyphi and Paratyphi A and that the entire clyA gene locus is absent in many other S. entericaserovars, including Typhimurium. The gene products, designated ClyASTy and ClyASPa, show[>=]90% amino acid identity to E. coli cytolysin A, ClyAEC, and they are immunogenicallyrelated. The Salmonella proteins showed a pore-forming activity and are hence functionalhomologues to ClyAEC. The chromosomal clyASTy gene locus was expressed at detectablelevels in the serovar Typhi strains S2369/96 and S1112/97. Furthermore, in the serovar Typhivaccine strain Ty21a, expression of clyASTy reached phenotypic levels, as detected on bloodagar plates. The hemolytic phenotype was abolished by the introduction of an in-frame deletion inthe clyASTy chromosomal locus of Ty21a. Transcomplementation of the mutant with a clonedclyASTy gene restored the hemolytic phenotype. To our knowledge, Ty21a is the first reportedphenotypically hemolytic Salmonella strain in which the genetic determinant has been identified.Weiss, D. J., O. A. Evanson, et al. (2002). "Differential Responses of Bovine Macrophages toMycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis and Mycobacterium avium subsp. avium." Infect.
Immun. 70(10): 5556-5561.http://iai.asm.org/cgi/content/abstract/70/10/5556Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis and Mycobacterium avium subsp. avium areantigenically and genetically similar organisms; however, they differ in their virulence for cattle. M.avium subsp. paratuberculosis causes a chronic intestinal infection leading to a chronic wastingdisease termed paratuberculosis or Johne's disease, whereas M. avium subsp. avium causesonly a transient infection. We compared the response of bovine monocyte-derived macrophagesto ingestion of M. avium subsp. paratuberculosis and M. avium subsp. avium organisms bydetermining organism survival, superoxide and nitric oxide production, and expression of thecytokines tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-{alpha}), gamma interferon (IFN-{gamma}),interleukin-8 (IL-8), IL-10, IL-12, and granulocyte-monocyte colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF).Unlike M. avium subsp. paratuberculosis, macrophages were able to kill approximately half of theM. avium subsp. avium organisms after 96 h of incubation. This difference in killing efficiency wasnot related to differences in nitric oxide or superoxide production. Compared to macrophagesactivated with IFN-{gamma} and lipopolysaccharide, macrophages incubated with M. aviumsubsp. paratuberculosis showed greater expression of IL-10 and GM-CSF (all time points) and IL-8 (72 h) and less expression of IL-12 (72 h), IFN-{gamma} (6 h), and TNF-{alpha} (6 h). Whencytokine expression by macrophages incubated with M. avium subsp. paratuberculosis wascompared to those of macrophages incubated with M. avium subsp. avium, M. avium subsp.paratuberculosis-infected cells showed greater expression of IL-10 (6 and 24 h) and lessexpression of TNF-{alpha} (6 h). Therefore, the combination of inherent resistance to intracellulardegradation and suppression of macrophage activation through oversecretion of IL-10 maycontribute to the virulence of M. avium subsp. paratuberculosis in cattle.Weijer, S., M. E. Sewnath, et al. (2003). "Interleukin-18 Facilitates the Early Antimicrobial Host Responseto Escherichia coli Peritonitis." Infect. Immun. 71(10): 5488-5497.http://iai.asm.org/cgi/content/abstract/71/10/5488To determine the role of endogenous interleukin-18 (IL-18) during peritonitis, IL-18 gene-deficient(IL-18 KO) mice and wild-type mice were intraperitoneally (i.p.) infected with Escherichia coli, themost common causative agent found in septic peritonitis. Peritonitis was associated with abacterial dose-dependent increase in IL-18 concentrations in peritoneal fluid and plasma. Afterinfection, IL-18 KO mice had significantly more bacteria in the peritoneal lavage fluid and weremore susceptible for progression to systemic infection at 6 and 20 h postinoculation than wildtypemice. The relative inability of IL-18 KO mice to clear E. coli from the abdominal cavity wasnot due to an intrinsic defect in the phagocytosing capacity of their peritoneal macrophages orneutrophils. IL-18 KO mice displayed an increased neutrophil influx into the peritoneal cavity, butthese migratory neutrophils were less activate, as reflected by a reduced CD11b surfaceexpression. These data suggest that endogenous IL-18 plays an important role in the earlyantibacterial host response during E. coli-induced peritonitis.Eitel, J. and P. Dersch (2002). "The YadA Protein of Yersinia pseudotuberculosis Mediates High-Efficiency Uptake into Human Cells under Environmental Conditions in Which Invasin IsRepressed." Infect. Immun. 70(9): 4880-4891.http://iai.asm.org/cgi/content/abstract/70/9/4880The YadA protein is a major adhesin of Yersinia pseudotuberculosis that promotes tight adhesion
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