Guide to Hydrological Practices, 6th edition, Volume II - Hydrology.nl

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II.1-2GUIDE TO HYDROLOGICAL PRACTICESfunction of hydrological variability. The risks canbe mitigated through cooperative management oftransboundary rivers. Cooperation in transboundaryriver management is fundamentally a politicalactivity. Allocation of the resources or distributionof the benefits is essentially dependent on theknowledge of water availability and the relatedhydrological variability. A shared and acceptedknowledge of the resources, their projected availabilityand the confidence in their accuracy greatlyhelp in assessing the feasibility and fairness ofalternative management and investmentscenarios.A lack of homogeneity in the data on the land phaseof the hydrological cycle limits the scientific capacityto monitor changes relevant to climate and todetermine the causes of variability and change inthe hydrological regime. River discharge has a rolein driving the climate system, as the freshwaterflows into the oceans may influence thermohalinecirculation. For easy and reliable use, the quality ofsuch data and the procedures for its acquisition,storage and exchange should in general followcertain specified standards and protocols.All of these factors increased the need for ensuringthe quality of hydrological data. WMO, with avision to provide expertise in international cooperationin weather, climate, hydrology and waterresources, issues international guidance materialand standards, and it is hoped that this Guide willform an important link in the quality managementframework for hydrological practices. To meet suchrequirements, continuing efforts have been madeto expand and improve the Guide, now in its sixthedition. It is expected that this Guide will be usefulto agencies – not only to National HydrologicalServices, but also to other stakeholders.This Guide addresses all aspects of the land phase ofthe hydrological cycle, especially its phases uponand under the surface of the land. In conjunctionwith the manuals published by WMO, it providesdetailed information on those areas that fall withinthe scope of the hydrology and water resourcesactivities of the Organization designed to supportNational Hydrological Services and services with asimilar mission.The Guide forms part of an overall framework ofrecommended practices and procedures providedby Technical Regulations (WMO-No. 49) Volume III –Hydrology, as approved by WMO. Members areinvited to implement these recommended practicesand procedures in developing their HydrologicalServices and activities.1.3 CONTENTS OF THE GUIDEIt is difficult to set a clear dividing line between thescience of hydrology and the practice of waterresources planning and management. Nevertheless,for practical reasons, it was necessary to split theGuide into two volumes as shown in Figure II.1.1.Volume I, entitled Hydrology – From Measurementto Hydrological Information, deals with networks,instruments, methods of observation and primarydata processing and storage. It contains ten chapters,beginning with an introduction and an outlineof the contents in Chapter 1.Chapter 2, entitled Methods of observation,deals with the design and evaluation of hydrologicalnetworks and provides an overview ofinstruments and methods of observation forvarious hydrological elements that are describedin detail in the subsequent chapters. Precipitationmeasurement in Chapter 3 is covered in all itsaspects, ranging from the location of raingaugesto the observation of precipitation by remotesensing.The chapter covers liquid and solidprecipitation, including their quality. Chapter 4,Evaporation, evapotranspiration and soil moisture,addresses both direct and indirect methodsand also briefly reviews methods for evaporationreduction.Chapter 5, Surface water quantity and sedimentmeasurement, is pivotal and deals with measurementof flow in rivers and the capacity of lakes andreservoirs. It is also concerned with the measurementof sediment discharge. This subject matter isdiscussed in greater detail in the Manual on StreamGauging (WMO-No. 519) and the Manual onOperational Methods for the Measurement of SedimentTransport (WMO-No. 686), to which the reader isinvited to refer for more information.Chapter 6, which is entitled Groundwater, isconcerned with measurements from wells and thehydraulic properties of aquifers. It also looks insome detail at various remote-sensing techniquesfor groundwater observation.The development of water resources is not onlyconstrained by their quantity but also by theirquality. Accordingly, Chapter 7, Water quality andaquatic ecosystems, addresses subjects ranging fromsampling methods to remote-sensing. Chapter 8,Safety considerations in hydrometry, discussestopics ranging from the safety of personnelperforming the measurements to safeguardingrecording stations and the samples collected.
CHAPTER 1. INTRODUCTIONII.1-3Network designInstrumentsMethods ofobservationNetwork operationData transmissionFeedbackHistorical andreal-time dataHydrological forecastingPrimary and secondary dataprocessing and storageSecondary data processingData analysisUsersWater resourcesplanningHistorical dataDesign dataderivationReal-timedataWater managementsystems operationHistorical and real-time dataOther usesNavigationAgriculturePowerproductionIndustryEcologyFigure II.1.1. Hydrological systemLastly, Chapters 9 and 10, Data processing andquality control and Data storage, access anddissemination, respectively, include the disseminationof data for use by the wider watercommunity.Volume II deals with the application of theinformation referred to above in hydrologicalforecasting and the planning and design of variouswater projects. Accordingly, the volume is entitledManagement of Water Resources and Applicationof Hydrological Practices. It consists of sevenchapters beginning with an introduction andoutline of the contents in Chapter 1.Chapter 2 provides guidance on the managementof hydrological services, including human resourcesaspects and financial and asset management.Chapter 3 introduces integrated water resourcesmanagement and emphasizes the vital role of qualityhydrological data in addressing various complexwater management issues. Chapter 4 highlights theuse of hydrological information in applications towater management, namely estimating reservoir
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