Pharmacy Practice

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ContentsForewordContributorsPrefaceAcknowledgementsPart One:The development of pharmacy practice1. The historical context of pharmacyStuart Anderson 32. The pharmacy workforceKaren Hassell and Sue Symonds 283. Primary and secondary care pharmacyCatherine Duggan 43Part Two:International dimensions of pharmacy practice4. Community pharmacy in EuropeFoppe van Mil 535. Pharmacy in North AmericaJoaquima Serradell and Albert Wertheimer 626. Pharmacy in developing countriesFelicity Smith 71Part Three:Health, illness and medicines use7. The social context of health and illnessSarah Nettleton 938. Inequalities in health and health careMark Exworthy 1099. The supply and consumption of over the counter drugsIan Bates 12410. Promoting healthAlison Blenkinsopp, Claire Anderson and Rhona Panton 13511. Compliance, adherence and concordanceRobert Horne 148Part Four:Professional practice12. Pharmacy as a professionGeoffrey Harding and Kevin Taylor 16913. Professional judgement and ethical dilemmasixxixixxxi
Richard O’Neill 18414. Effective communicationNorman Morrow and Owen Hargie 20715. Pharmacists and the multidisciplinary health care teamChristine Bond 229Part Five:Meeting the pharmaceutical care needs of specific populations16. Ethnic minoritiesMohamed Aslam, Farheen Jessa and John Wilson 25017. Parents and childrenSally Wyke, Sarah Cunningham-Burley and Jo Vallis 26518. Pregnancy and breastfeeding mothersLolkje de Jong-van den Berg and Corinne de Vries 27519. The elderly and their carersRuth Goldstein 28620. People with mental health problemsSally-Anne Francis 30121. Injecting drug usersJanie Sheridan and Trish Shorrock 315Part Six:Measuring and regulating medicines use22. Pharmacovigilance and pharmacoepidemiologyCorinne de Vries and Lolkje de Jong-van den Berg 33623. Health economicsHakan Brodin 360Part Seven:Research methods24. Measurements of health and illnessSally-Anne Francis 37625. Survey methodsJill Jesson and Rob Pocock 39626. InterviewsMadeleine Gantley 41927. Focus groupsFelicity Smith 43528. Analysing qualitative dataGeoffrey Harding, Madeleine Gantley and Kevin Taylor 44529. Statistical testsNick Barber 45130 Evaluating community pharmacy servicesFelicity Smith 46631. Evaluating hospital pharmacy servicesNick Barber and Keith Ridge 478
Page 2: Pharmacy Practice
Page 5: First published 2001 by Taylor & Fr
Page 10: ForewordThe development of pharmacy
Page 13 and 14: UKChristine BondDepartment of Gener
Page 15 and 16: Karen HassellSchool of Pharmacy and
Page 17 and 18: Felicity SmithCentre for Practice a
Page 20: PrefacePharmaceutical services are
Page 24: PART ONEThe Development of Pharmacy
Page 27 and 28: Pharmacy practice 4The emergence of
Page 29 and 30: Pharmacy practice 6of the two profe
Page 31 and 32: Pharmacy practice 8modern history o
Page 33 and 34: Pharmacy practice 10Figure 1.3 Scho
Page 35 and 36: Pharmacy practice 12Figure 1.4 Sour
Page 37 and 38: Pharmacy practice 14patients the us
Page 39 and 40: Pharmacy practice 16dominate the pr
Page 41 and 42: Pharmacy practice 18income of most
Page 43 and 44: Pharmacy practice 20the nonprofessi
Page 45 and 46: Pharmacy practice 22appointment sch
Page 47 and 48: Pharmacy practice 24Consolidation a
Page 49 and 50: Pharmacy practice 26Trease, G.E. (1
Page 51 and 52: 2The Pharmacy WorkforceKaren Hassel
Page 53 and 54: Pharmacy practice 30Table 2.1 Pharm
Page 55 and 56: Pharmacy practice 32Women’s entry
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Pharmacy practice 34important diffe
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Pharmacy practice 36multiples and t
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Pharmacy practice 38leave their pos
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Pharmacy practice 40SELF-ASSESSMENT
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3Primary and Secondary Care Pharmac
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Primary and secondary care pharmacy
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4Community Pharmacy in EuropeFoppe
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Community pharmacy in Europe 55phar
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Community pharmacy in Europe 57Icel
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Community pharmacy in Europe 59•
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Community pharmacy in Europe 61REFE
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Pharmacy in North America 63insurer
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Pharmacy in North America 65drug be
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Pharmacy in North America 67identif
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Pharmacy in North America 69REFEREN
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6Pharmacy in Developing CountriesFe
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Pharmacy in developing countries 73
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7The Social Context of Health and I
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The social context of health and il
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Pharmacy practice 110wider patterns
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Pharmacy practice 112South East 90
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Pharmacy practice 114into account.
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Pharmacy practice 116limited by the
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Pharmacy practice 118implications f
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Pharmacy practice 120• Clarity of
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Pharmacy practice 122Office, London
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9The Supply and Consumption of Over
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Pharmacy practice 126of medicines s
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Pharmacy practice 128Figure 9.2 Eur
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Pharmacy practice 130responsibility
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Pharmacy practice 132guardian of th
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10Promoting HealthAlison Blenkinsop
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Promoting health 137Figure 10.1 Str
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Promoting health 139• Concordance
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Promoting health 141considering cha
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Promoting health 143Level 1: displa
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Promoting health 145pharmacies and
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Promoting health 147offering advice
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Compliance, adherence and concordan
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PART FOURProfessional Practice
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Pharmacy practice 170• Profession
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Pharmacy practice 172A functionalis
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Pharmacy practice 174profession, it
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Pharmacy practice 176i.e. pharmacis
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Pharmacy practice 178When a profess
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Pharmacy practice 180predominantly
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Pharmacy practice 182Weber, M. (197
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13Professional Judgement and Ethica
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Pharmacy practice 186Figure 13.1 Th
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Pharmacy practice 188caused to pati
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Pharmacy practice 190when professio
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Pharmacy practice 192AutonomyThis i
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Pharmacy practice 19413.5), requiri
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Pharmacy practice 196beginning with
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Appropriateness of the dose, freque
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Pharmacy practice 200Box 13.8 Error
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Pharmacy practice 202FURTHER READIN
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Pharmacy practice 204Question 5: In
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Pharmacy practice 2064. A concern r
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Pharmacy practice 208The relational
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Pharmacy practice 210empathy, and l
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Pharmacy practice 212KEY COMMUNICAT
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Pharmacy practice 214referring to p
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Pharmacy practice 216• ‘What is
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Pharmacy practice 218recall is faci
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Pharmacy practice 220determine the
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Pharmacy practice 222Disclosing per
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Pharmacy practice 224• The deaf o
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Pharmacy practice 226Armstrong, D.
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Pharmacy practice 228• Provide a
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Pharmacy practice 230PHARMACISTS’
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Pharmacy practice 232emergence of t
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Pharmacy practice 234Box 15.1 Key c
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Pharmacy practice 236pharmacists. T
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Pharmacy practice 238provide prescr
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Pharmacy practice 240the Royal Coll
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Pharmacy practice 242professional c
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Pharmacy practice 2442, 223-228.Bon
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Pharmacy practice 246• Sharing a
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16Ethnic MinoritiesMohamed Aslam, F
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Pharmacy practice 252Providing tran
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Pharmacy practice 254The Chinese be
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Pharmacy practice 256excluded. When
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Pharmacy practice 258Box 16.3 Plasm
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Pharmacy practice 260Ramadan.Pharma
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Pharmacy practice 262(Ed.) Sociolog
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17Parents and ChildrenSally Wyke, S
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Parents and children 267and you use
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Parents and children 269controlled
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Parents and children 271THE PHARMAC
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Parents and children 273Question 3:
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Pharmacy practice 276Box 18.1 Terat
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Pharmacy practice 278pregnancy, or
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Pharmacy practice 280effects of dru
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Pharmacy practice 282agent and is n
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Pharmacy practice 284Rubin, P.N. (E
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19The Elderly and their CarersRuth
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Pharmacy practice 288• In support
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Pharmacy practice 290• To seek ad
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Pharmacy practice 292independently
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Pharmacy practice 294needAcceptings
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Pharmacy practice 296Pharmacy clini
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Pharmacy practice 298Goldstein, R.
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Pharmacy practice 300Advantages: pa
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Pharmacy practice 302frequently tha
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Pharmacy practice 304discharge of p
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undesirability’ (Fabrega 1990).Ph
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Pharmacy practice 308insight may be
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Pharmacy practice 310providing exte
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Pharmacy practice 312family in the
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Pharmacy practice 314community?Ques
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Pharmacy practice 316WORKING IN PAR
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Pharmacy practice 318HEALTH NEEDS R
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Pharmacy practice 320either want, o
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Pharmacy practice 322is trying to p
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Pharmacy practice 324Other:Methadon
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Pharmacy practice 326particularly a
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Pharmacy practice 328Hepatic and re
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Pharmacy practice 330CONCLUSIONThis
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Pharmacy practice 332Question 4: Ho
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22Pharmacovigilance andPharmacoepid
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Pharmacy practice 338• The identi
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Pharmacy practice 340strength (crit
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Pharmacy practice 342Usually, the d
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Pharmacy practice 344As seen in Fig
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Pharmacy practice 346Weaknesses•
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Pharmacy practice 348minus 75×2.5
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Pharmacy practice 350• Descriptiv
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Pharmacy practice 352Risk estimates
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Pharmacy practice 354If the inaccur
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Pharmacy practice 356Sons, New York
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clear relation between drug exposur
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Health economics 361is often used i
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Health economics 363most of the sam
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Health economics 365costs and effec
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Health economics 367METHODS FOR PHA
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Health economics 369concept is vari
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Health economics 371dilemma arising
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PART SEVENResearch Methods
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Measurements of health and illness
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25Survey MethodsJill Jesson and Rob
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Pharmacy practice 398Social modelTh
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Pharmacy practice 400PARADIGMS AND
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Pharmacy practice 402Pharmacist?’
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Pharmacy practice 404FraudIt is cle
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Pharmacy practice 406database of re
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Pharmacy practice 408Figure 25.2 sh
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Pharmacy practice 410meaningful and
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Pharmacy practice 412Check that the
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Pharmacy practice 414interview, whi
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Pharmacy practice 416advantage. Thi
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Pharmacy practice 418● Use one or
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Pharmacy practice 420include maximu
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Pharmacy practice 422Table 26.1Adva
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Pharmacy practice 424it, towards yo
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Pharmacy practice 426maintained, an
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Pharmacy practice 428the research,
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Pharmacy practice 430provide scope
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Pharmacy practice 432Mays, N. and P
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Pharmacy practice 434Figure 26.1 Ke
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Pharmacy practice 436group research
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Pharmacy practice 438other. Members
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Pharmacy practice 440explore the ra
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Pharmacy practice 442over the telep
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28Analysing Qualitative DataGeoffre
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Analysing qualitative data 447Figur
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Analysing qualitative data 449be ch
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29Statistical TestsNick BarberINTRO
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Statistical tests 453HYPOTHESIS TES
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p
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Statistical tests 457hypothesis tel
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Statistical tests 459Figure 29.2 Fl
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Statistical tests 461be needed for
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Statistical tests 463hangover after
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30Evaluating Community Pharmacy Ser
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Pharmacy practice 468assessment of
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Pharmacy practice 470AcceptabilityT
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Pharmacy practice 472themselves, as
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Pharmacy practice 474approaching cl
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Pharmacy practice 476CONCLUSIONGive
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31Evaluating Hospital Pharmacy Serv
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Pharmacy practice 480• Needs anal
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Pharmacy practice 482Evaluation of
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Pharmacy practice 484Dispensaries t
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Pharmacy practice 486used to study
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Pharmacy practice 488St. Leger, A.S
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32Professional Audit and Clinical G
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Professional audit and clinical gov
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Anti-retrovirals 336ANOVA 483 -5Apo
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Index 505Cohort Study 366, 368 -70C
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Index 507Developing countries 77 -9
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Index 509opportunity 398-399, 401di
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Floating Sixpence 15Focus groups 44
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Health status measurement 397, 410i
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Insurance, health 68, 70, 80-2, 382
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Index 517Pharmacy, see Over the cou
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causes 168-176, 231consequences 167
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Index 521databases 376-377strengths
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Index 523Primary health care 81, 24
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Index 525Register of Pharmaceutical
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Index 527Social action 469Social ca
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UNICEF 81Unit dose 509United Kingdo
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