The Harmful Impact of the Philippine Criminal Abortion Ban

Endnotes1 Republic of the Philippines, National StatisticsOffice, Philippines in Figures 2010 1, 23, http://www.census.gov.ph/data/publications/2010PIF.pdf.2 Const. (1987), Art. III, § 5 (Phil.) [hereinafterPhil. Const.].3 Id. Art. II, § 6.4 Leandro Heriberto Fernandez, A BriefHistory of the Philippines 310-312 (1919); seeid.5 National Commission on the Role of FilipinoWomen (NCRFW), Reproductive Health,Responsible Parenthood and PopulationDevelopment Bill Situationer 4 (2009), http://www.ncrfw.gov.ph/index.php/legislativeadvocacy/58-advocacy-reproductivehealth/79-advocacy-reproductive-healthsituationer?format=pdf;see also, Republicof the Philippines, National Statistics Office,2000 Census: Additional Three PersonsPer Minute, http://www.census.gov.ph/data/pressrelease/2003/pr0323tx.html; CentralIntelligence Agency, The World Fact Book,Philippines, https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/rp.html(follow hyperlink under “People”) (lastaccessed June 18, 2010).6 Asia Safe Abortion Partnership, Countryprofile –Philippines, http://www.asap-asia.org/country-profile-philippines.html (go to “Briefhistory of the law”).7 Revised Penal Code (1930), Act No. 3815(Phil.) [hereinafter Revised Penal Code].8 Id.; see also, Charles Sumner Lobingier,Napoleon and His Code, 32 Harv. L. Rev. 114,128 (1918).9 Revised Penal Code, supra note 7, Arts.27, 256-9; see also, Asia Safe AbortionPartnership, Country profile –Philippines,supra note 6 (go to “Law related to abortion”)(last accessed, June 18, 2010).10 Revised Penal Code, supra note 7, Art. 11(4).11 Id. Art. XII.12 Phil. Const., supra note 2, Art. II, § 12.13 Id.14 NCRFW, Report on the State of FilipinoWomen 2001-2003 xxii (2004).15 An Act Expanding the Definition of the Crimeof Rape, Reclassifying the Same as a CrimeAgainst Persons, Amending for the PurposeAct No. 3815, as amended, otherwise knownas the Revised Penal Code, and for OtherPurposes, “The Anti-Rape Law of 1997,” Rep.Act No. 8353 (1997) (Phil.), available at http://www.chanrobles.com/republicactno8353.htm.16 An Act Providing Assistance and ProtectionFor Rape Victims, Establishing for the Purposea Rape Crisis Center in Every Province andCity, Authorizing the Appropriation of Fundstherefore, and for Other Purposes, “RapeVictim Assistance and Protection Act of 1998,”Rep. Act No. 8505 (Phil.), available at http://subicrapecase.wordpress.com/full-text-ofrepublic-act-8505-rape-victim-assistance-andprotection-act-of-1998/.17 NCRFW, Bill Situationer, supra note 5;NCRFW, Report on the State of FilipinoWomen 2001-2003, supra note 14, at xvii.18 See World Health Organization (WHO),Women’s Health Western Pacific Region 5(2001), http://www.wpro.who.int/internet/files/pub/360/1.pdf [hereinafter WHO, Women’sHealth Western Pacific Region]; see also,United States Agency for InternationalDevelopment (USAID), Health PolicyInitiative, Inequalities in the Use of FamilyPlanning and Reproductive Health Services:Implications for Policies and Programs(2007), http://www.healthpolicyinitiative.com/Publications/Documents/Inequalities%20in%20Use%20of%20Family%20Planning%20final%202-8-07%20bw.pdf.19 Id.20 WHO, Model List of Essential Medicines(16 th ed., updated) (Mar. 2009), http://www.who.int/medicines/publications/essentialmedicines/Updated_sixteenth_adult_list_en.pdf.21 Misoprostol in Obstetrics and Gynaecology,http://www.misoprostol.org (last visited June16, 2010).22 Alan Guttmacher Institute (AGI), MeetingWomen’s Contraceptive Needs in thePhilippines, 1 In Brief 2 (2009) [hereinafterAGI, Meeting Women’s Contraceptive Needsin the Philippines], http://www.guttmacher.org/pubs/2009/04/15/IB_MWCNP.pdf.23 David A Grimes et al., Unsafe Abortion: APreventable Pandemic, 4 WHO Sexual andReprod. Hlth J. 4 (2006). http://www.who.int/reproductivehealth/topics/unsafe_abortion/article_unsafe_abortion.pdf.24 Id.25 Interview with former Secretary of thePhilippine Department of Health (DOH), MetroManila (Feb. 20, 2009).26 AGI, Meeting Women’s Contraceptive Needsin the Philippines, supra note 22, at 3.27 Id. at 2, 3.28 Id. at 2.29 NCRFW, Report on the State of FilipinoWomen 2001-2003, supra note 14, at xv;Fatima Juarez, et al., AGI, The Incidenceof Induced Abortion in the Philippines:Current Level and Recent Trends 31 Int’lFamily Planning Perspectives 140-149(September 2005), http://www.guttmacher.org/pubs/journals/3114005.pdf [hereinafterThe Incidence of Induced Abortion in thePhilippines: Current Level and Recent Trends].30 AGI, Meeting Women’s Contraceptive Needsin the Philippines, supra note 22, at 2.31 AGI, Unintended Pregnancy and InducedAbortion in the Philippines: Causesand Consequences 4 (2006), http://www.guttmacher.org/pubs/2006/08/08/PhilippinesUPIA.pdf.32 Id.33 AGI, Meeting Women’s Contraceptive Needsin the Philippines, supra note 22, at 2.34 Id.35 See Asian Development Bank (ADB),Paradox and Promise in the Philippines, AJoint Country Gender Assessment 67-68(2008) (see boxes 6.1. and 6.2), http://www.adb.org/Documents/Reports/Country-Gender-Assessments/cga-phi-2008.pdf. Most womenin the Philippines live in a state of reproductiveinsecurity which may be explained in termsof the “risk,” “vulnerability” and “shock” towhich they are exposed. Development expertshave defined risk as “uncertain events thatcan damage well-being” (box 6.1, p. 67);“insecurity” describes the “exposure to risk,and the resulting possibility of a decline inwell being following exposure to the risk;”“vulnerability” implies the level of “resilienceagainst a shock” (box 6.1, p. 67); and “shock”refers to the “event triggering the decline” (box6.1, p. 67) in well being.36 WHO, World Health Statistics 2010 26, 66(2010), http://www.who.int/whosis/whostat/EN_WHS10_Full.pdf.37 Id.38 AGI, Meeting Women’s Contraceptive Needsin the Philippines, supra note 22, at 2.39 Id.40 Id.41 WHO, World Health Day, Safe Motherhood:April 7, 1998 (1998) (citing WHO, Care forPostabortion Complications: Saving Women’sLives, 24 Population Reports (September1997)); see e-mail from Executive Directorof a Metro Manila-based women’s healthorganization to Melissa Upreti, Senior RegionalManager and Legal Advisor to Asia, Centerfor Reproductive Rights, New York (Nov. 12,2009, 3:55pm EST) (on file at the Center forReproductive Rights).42 AGI, Meeting Women’s Contraceptive Needsin the Philippines, supra note 22, at 2.43 WHO, Women’s Health Western PacificRegion, supra note 18, at 280.44 Phil. Const., supra note 2, Art. II, § 15.45 Id. Art. XIII, §§ 11, 12, 14.46 Id. Art. II, § 15.47 Id. Art. XIII, § 11.48 Id. Art. XIII, § 14.49 Id. Art. XIII, § 12.50 Philippines National Economic andDevelopment Authority (NEDA), Medium-Term Philippine Development Plan 2004-2010170 (2004), http://www.neda.gov.ph/ads/mtpdp/MTPDP2004-2010/PDF/MTPDP%202004-2010%20NEDA_Chapterx12_Poor.pdf.51 Id.52 Id. at 12.53 DOH, Philippine Reproductive Health Programof 1998, Admin. Order 1-A 1998 (1998)(Phil.), § III, http://www.doh.gov.ph/files/ao1a-98.pdf (last accessed June 16, 2010)[hereinafter Philippine Reproductive HealthProgram of 1998].54 Id.; see, e.g., NEDA, Medium-Term PhilippineDevelopment Plan 2004–2010, supra note 50,at 170.55 DOH, Philippine Reproductive Health Programof 1998, supra note 53, at 2.56 Id.57 DOH, Prevention and Management of Abortionand its Complications, Admin. Order No. 45-Bs. 2000 (2000) (Phil.) (on file at the Centerfor Reproductive Rights) [hereinafter PMACPolicy].58 Id. §I.59 Id.60 Id.61 Id.62 DOH, Family Planning Program, at 1, http://www.doh.gov.ph/node/1023/pdf (last accessedJune 3, 2009); former Philippines PresidentGloria Macapagal-Arroyo, Statement ofSupport to the International Conferenceon Population and Development (Mar. 22,2005), http://www.popcom.gov.ph/featured_documents/pgma_icpd.pdf.63 Republic of the Philippines, Commissionon Population, http://www.popcom.gov.ph/(follow “about us” hyperlink) (last accessedJune 16, 2010).64 Id.65 Id.66 Romeo B. Lee et al., The influence of localpolicy on contraceptive provision and use inthree locales in the Philippines, 17 Reprod.Hlth Matters 99-107.67 DOH, Safe Motherhood Policy, Admin. OrderNo. 79 s. 2000 (2000), § 3 (Phil.), http://www.doh.gov.ph/files/ao79.pdf.68 DOH, Implementing Health Reforms for RapidReduction of Maternal and Neonatal Mortality,Admin. Order No. 0029-2008 (2008), § III(Phil.) [hereinafter Implementing HealthReforms for Rapid Reduction of Maternal andNeonatal Mortality], http://home.doh.gov.ph/ao/ao2008-0029.pdf.69 DOH, Women’s Health and Safe MotherhoodProject, available at http://www2.doh.gov.ph/safemotherhood/safemotherhood_alpha_whsmp.htm; id.70 DOH, Implementing Health Reforms for RapidReduction of Maternal and Neonatal Mortality,supra note 68, § IV(4)(a)-(d).71 DOH, The Fourmula One for Health: TheRoad Map for Health Sector Reforms inthe Philippines 2005-2010 (Phil.), availableat http://www.scribd.com/doc/13885214/The-Fourmula-One-for-Health-DOH; id.72 DOH, Adolescent and Youth Health Policy,Admin. Order No. 34-A s. 2000 (2000) (Phil.)[hereinafter Adolescent and Youth HealthPolicy], http://www.doh.gov.ph/files/ao34A-00.pdf; DOH, Adolescent and Youth HealthDevelopment Program (Phil.) [hereinafterAYHDP], available at http://www.doh.gov.ph/programs/adolescent_health/ayhdp.html.73 DOH, AYHDP, supra note 72.74 DOH, Adolescent and Youth Health Policy,supra note 72, § 2; DOH, AYHDP, supra note72, Mission.75 DOH, Adolescent and Youth Health Policy,supra note 72, § III (9); DOH, A Guidebookon Adolescent and Youth Health andDevelopment Program 7 (2000).76 DOH, AYHDP, supra note 72 (go to “GuidingPrinciples, no. 2: Rights based approach”).77 NEDA, Medium-Term Philippine DevelopmentPlan 2004-2010, supra note 50, at 165.78 Redirecting the Functions and Operations ofthe Department of Health, Exec. Order No.102, § 2(a) (1999) (Phil.), available at http://www.lawphil.net/executive/execord/eo1999/eo_102_1999.html.79 Id. § 2(a)(g); The Local Government Code ofthe Philippines, Rep. Act No. 7160, § 17(b)(1)(ii) (1991), available at http://www.chanrobles.com/localgov.htm [hereinafter Phil. Local Gov.Code].80 Phil. Local Gov. Code, supra note 79, §16.81 Id. §§17(2)(iii)-(iv).82 Orville Solon et al., Insurance and PriceDiscrimination in the Market for HospitalServices in the Philippines, in Health SectorReform in Asia: Proceedings of the RegionalConference 22-25 May 1995 138 (1995).83 National Statistical Coordination Board(NSCB), 2005 Philippine National HealthAccounts (PNHA), Sources of Funds forHealth, available at http://www.nscb.gov.ph/stats/pnha/2005/sources.asp.84 NSCB, 2004 PNHA, Sources of Funds forHealth, available at http://www.nscb.gov.ph/stats/pnha/2004/sources.asp.85 Commission on Population (POPCOM),Philippine Management ProgramDirectional Plan (PMPDP) 2001–200435 (2001), http://www.popcom.gov.ph/pdf/PPMPDirectionalPlan.pdf.86 Phil. Const., supra note 2, Art. III, § 1.87 Id. Art. II, § 14.88 Id. Art. XV, § 3(1).89 Id. Art. XIII, § 1.90 Id. Art. II, § 9.91 NCRFW, Philippines Plan for Gender-Responsive Development 1995-2025 (1995);Approving and Adopting the Philippine Planfor Gender-Responsive Development 1995-2025, Exec. Order No. 273 (1995) (Phil.)[hereinafter Adopting the Philippine Plan forGender-Responsive Development].92 Beijing Declaration and Platform for Action(BPA), Fourth World Conference on Women,U.N. Doc. A/CONF.177/20 (1995) and A/CONF.177/20/Add.1 (1995) (Sept. 15, 1995)[hereinafter BPA].93 NCRFW, Philippines Plan for Gender-Responsive Development, supra note 91;Adopting the Philippine Plan for Gender-Responsive Development, supra note 91.94 NCRFW and NEDA, Framework Planfor Women (2004), available at http://www.filipiniana.net/ArtifactView.do?artifactID=PWS000000007#.95 NCRFW, What is the Framework Plan forWomen?, http://www.ncrfw.gov.ph/index.php/knowledgebase/37-faq-gender-mainstreamingphilippines/244-faq-framework-plan-forwomen(last accessed Mar. 20, 2010).96 An Act Providing for the Magna Carta ofWomen, Rep. Act No. 9710 (2008) (Phil.)[hereinafter Magna Carta of Women], http://www.ncrfw.gov.ph/images/documents/ra9710_with_irr.pdf.97 Nina Somera, Isis International, Gainsand Gaps in the Philippines Magna Carta,Sept. 2, 2009, http://www.isiswomen.org/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=1296&Itemid=100. (“According tothe Philippine National Commission on theRole of Filipino Women Chair Myrna Yao,‘The Magna Carta of Women is a landmarklaw because the Philippines will now have anational framework for the implementationof the provisions of the United NationsConvention on the Elimination of All Formsof Discrimination against Women (CEDAW),considered as the international bill of rights forwomen.’”).98 Magna Carta of Women, supra note 96, ch. IV,§ 8.99 Id. chs. IV, § 8, III, § 19(c).100 Id. ch. III, § 17(3).101 Id. ch. IV, § 17(a)(8).102 Id. ch. IV, § 17(a).103 Id.104 Id.105 Id.106 Id. § 17(b).107 Philippine Commission on Women, PCWBoard Adopts MCW IRR, http://www.ncrfw.gov.ph/index.php/ncrfw-photo-releases/409-news-pcw-adopts-mcw-irr; The ImplementingRules and Regulations (IRR) of Republic ActNo. 9710, otherwise known as the “MagnaCarta of Women,” http://www.ncrfw.gov.ph/images/documents/ra9710_with_irr.pdf [hereinafter IRR of the Magna Carta ofWomen].108 Id. § 20.109 Universal Declaration of Human Rights(UDHR), adopted Dec. 10, 1948, G.A. 217A(III), at 71, U.N. Doc. A/810 (1948).110 International Covenant on Civil and PoliticalRights (ICCPR), adopted Dec. 16, 1966, G.A.Res. 2200A (XXI), U.N. GAOR, 21 st Sess.,Supp. No. 16, at 52, U.N. Doc. A/6316 (1966),999 U.N.T.S. 171 (entered into force Mar. 23,1976).111 Optional Protocol to the ICCPR, adopted Dec.16, 1966, G.A. Res. 2200A (XXI) (entered intoforce Mar. 23, 1976).112 International Covenant on Economic, Socialand Cultural Rights (ICESCR), adopted Dec.16, 1966, G.A. Res. 2200A (XXI), U.N.GAOR, Supp. No. 16, at 49, U.N. Doc. A/6316(1966) (entered into force Jan. 3, 1976).113 International Convention on the Elimination ofAll Forms of Racial Discrimination, adoptedDec. 21, 1965, G.A. Res. 2106, annex, U.N.GAOR, 20 th Sess., Supp. No. 14, at 47, U.N.Doc. A/6014 (1966) (entered into force Jan. 4,1969).114 Convention on the Elimination of All Formsof Discrimination against Women (CEDAW),adopted Dec. 18, 1979, G.A. Res. 34/180,U.N. GAOR, 34 th Sess., Supp. No. 46, at 193,U.N. Doc. A/34/46 (entered into force Sept. 3,1981).115 Optional Protocol to CEDAW (CEDAWOptional Protocol), G.A. Res. 54/4, annex,U.N. GAOR, 54 th Sess., Supp. No. 49, at 5,U.N. Doc. A/54/49 (Vol. I) (2000) (entered114 FORSAKEN LIVES: The Harmful Impact of the Philippine Criminal Abortion Ban FORSAKEN LIVES: The Harmful Impact of the Philippine Criminal Abortion Ban 115