Towards a green economy

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CitationUNEP, 2011, Towards a Green Economy: Pathways to Sustainable Development and Poverty Eradication,www.unep.org/greeneconomyISBN: 978-92-807-3143-9Layout by UNEP/GRID-Arendal, www.grida.noCopyright © United Nations Environment Programme, 2011This publication may be reproduced in whole or in part and in any form for educational or non-profit purposes without specialpermission from the copyright holder, provided acknowledgement of the source is made. UNEP would appreciate receiving acopy of any publication that uses this publication as a source.No use of this publication may be made for resale or for any other commercial purpose whatsoever without prior permissionin writing from the United Nations Environment Programme.DisclaimerThe designations employed and the presentation of the material in this publication do not implythe expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the United Nations EnvironmentProgramme concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city or area or of its authorities,or concerning delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. Moreover, the viewsexpressed do not necessarily represent the decision or the stated policy of the UnitedNations Environment Programme, nor does citing of trade names or commercialprocesses constitute endorsement.Version -- 02.11.2011UNEP promotesenvironmentally sound practicesglobally and in its own activities. Thispublication is printed on 100% recycled paper,using vegetable - based inks and other ecofriendlypractices. Our distribution policy aims toreduce UNEP’s carbon footprint.
Towards aPathways to Sustainable Development and Poverty Eradication
Page 1: Towards aPathways to Sustainable De
Page 7: ForewordNearly 20 years after the E
Page 11 and 12: IntroductionSetting the stage for a
Page 13 and 14: ContentsIntroduction1 Introduction:
Page 15: IntroductionBox 1: Managing the pop
Page 18 and 19: Towards a green economyBiodiversity
Page 20: Towards a green economyon marginal
Page 23 and 24: Introductionpollution and limit the
Page 25 and 26: ReferencesIntroductionAdelman, I. (
Page 27: Introduction27
Page 30 and 31: Simon Rawles
Page 32 and 33: AcknowledgementsChapter Coordinatin
Page 34 and 35: Towards a green economyList of figu
Page 36 and 37: Towards a green economyKey messages
Page 38 and 39: Towards a green economy1 Introducti
Page 40 and 41: Towards a green economy1.2 Conventi
Page 42 and 43: Towards a green economythe total in
Page 44 and 45: Towards a green economy2 Challenges
Page 46 and 47: Towards a green economyPercent>8060
Page 48 and 49: Towards a green economyStunting pre
Page 50 and 51: Towards a green economy3 The case f
Page 52 and 53:
Towards a green economyBox 4: Cost
Page 56 and 57:
Towards a green economyTable 4 show
Page 58 and 59:
Towards a green economyStrategy Cro
Page 60 and 61:
Towards a green economyScenarioSout
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Towards a green economyYearScenario
Page 64 and 65:
Towards a green economy4 Getting th
Page 66 and 67:
Towards a green economyPublic procu
Page 68 and 69:
Towards a green economy5 Conclusion
Page 70 and 71:
Towards a green economyReferencesAC
Page 72:
Towards a green economyGrabski, A.,
Page 75 and 76:
AgricultureTejada, M., Gonzalez, J.
Page 77 and 78:
FisheriesInvesting in natural capit
Page 79 and 80:
FisheriesContentsList of acronyms .
Page 81 and 82:
FisheriesList of acronymsBAU Busine
Page 83 and 84:
Fisheriesdeeper spending of 0.1 to
Page 85 and 86:
FisheriesMarine fisheries landings
Page 87 and 88:
Fisheries2 Challenges and opportuni
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FisheriesStock (%)100Stock Exploita
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Fisheriescatch worldwide, thereby a
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Fisheries3 The economic case forgre
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FisheriesIdentifying greening effor
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Fisheries3.4 Cost-benefit analysiso
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Fisheries4 Enabling conditions: Ins
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Fisheriestime. Such increases in ef
Page 103 and 104:
FisheriesNational fisheries reform
Page 105 and 106:
Fisheries5 ConclusionsOur analysis
Page 107 and 108:
FisheriesFAO. (2001). International
Page 109 and 110:
FisheriesWilen, J. E. (2005). “Pr
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WaterInvesting in natural capital
Page 113 and 114:
WaterContentsList of acronyms . . .
Page 115 and 116:
WaterList of acronymsBAU Business-a
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Water4. The availability of an adeq
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WaterRainfall(thousandsof cubickilo
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Water2 Water: a unique natural reso
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WaterIn developed countries, the re
Page 125 and 126:
WaterBox 2: Millennium Development
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Waterpeople) will be living under c
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WaterBillion m 3China 17830054 5326
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WaterMainlineMastermetreWater utili
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Water4 The economics of greening wa
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WaterIn areas where the costs of en
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WaterNet virtual water importGm 3 /
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Waternow contribute around US$ 0.5
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WaterTransfer Volume (GL)1200100080
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Waternormally set building standard
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Wateruse can be sustained. Sustaina
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WaterReferencesBackground papers pr
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WaterUnited Nations. 2010a. “UN C
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ForestsInvesting in natural capital
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ForestsContentsList of acronyms . .
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ForestsList of acronymsABS Access a
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Forests4. Tried and tested economic
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ForestsService Estimates of value (
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ForestsBiodiversity FOREST External
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Forests2 Challenges and opportuniti
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Forests2.2 OpportunitiesTogether wi
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Forestswoodland, corresponding to 5
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Forests3 The case for investing in
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ForestsNature-based tourism is also
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Forestsnational scheme (PSAH). The
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ForestsBox 9: Costs and benefits of
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ForestsActivity Location Cost/ha Re
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Forestssignificant. They conclude t
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Forests4 Modelling green investment
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Forestsarea is made possible by the
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Forestsorigin, extending the Lacey
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Forestsshould be sought for them to
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Forests6 ConclusionsUnderstanding a
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Forestsat: http://www.cpet.org.uk/f
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ForestsRodrigues, A.S.L., Andelman,
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iStockphoto/Carmen Martínez Banús
Page 198 and 199:
AcknowledgementsChapter Coordinatin
Page 200 and 201:
Towards a green economyList of figu
Page 202 and 203:
Towards a green economyKey messages
Page 204 and 205:
Towards a green economy1 Introducti
Page 206 and 207:
Towards a green economy2 Challenges
Page 208 and 209:
Towards a green economyMillennium D
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Towards a green economy3 Investing
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Towards a green economyEstimated em
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Towards a green economysociety by y
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Towards a green economyand 24 per c
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Towards a green economy% 2030 2050*
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Towards a green economy5 Overcoming
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Towards a green economypower market
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Towards a green economyMarket deplo
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Towards a green economymechanisms t
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Towards a green economyGDP/capita (
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Towards a green economy6 Conclusion
Page 238 and 239:
Towards a green economyIEA. (2010b)
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iStockphoto/Peisen Zhao
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Towards a green economyAcknowledgem
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Page 246 and 247:
Page 248 and 249:
Page 250 and 251:
Figure 2: Global material extractio
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Towards a green economy2 Challenges
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Towards a green economyRate of chan
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ManufacturingLocation Date Cost (US
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Manufacturing3 Opportunities - Stra
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Manufacturingenergy substitution (M
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Manufacturingproducts as directly c
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ManufacturingCountries Sector Energ
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Manufacturingefficiency improvement
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ManufacturingAs suggested by the US
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Manufacturingdue to lower energy co
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Manufacturing6 Enabling conditions
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Manufacturinginnovation and fail to
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Manufacturingcement industry, altho
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Manufacturingof paper, plastic and
Page 281 and 282:
Manufacturing7 ConclusionsThis chap
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ManufacturingReferencesABB Switzerl
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ManufacturingSustainable European R
Page 287 and 288:
WasteInvesting in energy and resour
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WasteContentsList of acronyms . . .
Page 291 and 292:
WasteList of acronyms3Rs Reduce, Re
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Wasteestimated at US$ 19.9 billion
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Waste■■Energy recovery, which h
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WasteGDP per capita (US$)45,000Japa
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Waste19801985 1990 1995 2000 2005In
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Waste19981999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2
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WasteBox 2: Companies resorting to
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Waste3 Making an economiccase for i
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WasteBreakup of public and private
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Wastepositive example, however, is
Page 311 and 312:
WasteBox 5: The social dimension of
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WasteBox 7: Rural energy supply fro
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Wasteyr. Between 20 and 30 per cent
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Waste4 Effects of increased investm
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Waste5 Enabling ConditionsMobilisin
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Wasteand dispose of waste responsib
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WasteLocationDhaka, BangladeshNagpu
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Waste6 ConclusionsThe increasing vo
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WasteEPA (2010). “Materials Chara
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Wastedevelopment - Chemicals, minin
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BuildingsInvesting in energy and re
Page 333 and 334:
BuildingsContentsList of acronyms .
Page 335 and 336:
BuildingsList of acronymsADB Asian
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Buildingsretrofits creates ten to 1
Page 339 and 340:
Buildings2 Challenges and opportuni
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BuildingsSome aspects of improved w
Page 343 and 344:
Buildingspenetration at certain tim
Page 345 and 346:
BuildingsNew construction potential
Page 347 and 348:
Buildings3 The case for investmenti
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Buildingsconstruction, an estimated
Page 351 and 352:
BuildingsBox 3: Retrofitting existi
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Buildingsas noise pollution, chemic
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Buildingssuch as distributing cooki
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BuildingsSpending category Impact A
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BuildingsScenarios Emission intensi
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Buildings4 Enabling conditions andp
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BuildingsBox 7: Reliable measuremen
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Buildingswater, indoor air quality
Page 367 and 368:
Buildingsenergy reduction targets h
Page 369 and 370:
Buildings5 ConclusionsThe building
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BuildingsReferencesADB. (2009). Inv
Page 373 and 374:
BuildingsSchneider, L. (2007). “I
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TransportInvesting in energy and re
Page 377 and 378:
TransportContentsList of acronyms .
Page 379 and 380:
TransportList of acronymsBAU Busine
Page 381 and 382:
Transport4. Investment in public tr
Page 383 and 384:
Transport2 Challenges and opportuni
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TransportRegion*GNP, 1997 (US$ bill
Page 387 and 388:
TransportStrategy Developed Countri
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Transport3 Transport in a green eco
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TransportAvoid, Shift,ImproveAvoidA
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Transport4 Quantifying the economic
Page 395 and 396:
Transportwhile some transport inter
Page 397 and 398:
Transportfigure below shows the lev
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TransportBusiness-as-usual(disperse
Page 401 and 402:
TransportFunding stream Avoid Shift
Page 403 and 404:
Transport■■Practicality - both
Page 405 and 406:
Transport1. Promoting use of existi
Page 407 and 408:
Transport6 ConclusionsThis report h
Page 409 and 410:
TransportGTZ. (2002). Transport and
Page 411 and 412:
Transport411
Page 413 and 414:
TourismInvesting in energy and reso
Page 415 and 416:
TourismContentsList of Acronyms . .
Page 417 and 418:
TourismList of acronymsACIF Amazon
Page 419 and 420:
Tourismsignificant environmental be
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Tourism2 Challenges and opportuniti
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TourismLoss of biological diversity
Page 425 and 426:
Tourismfrom Manuel Antonio National
Page 427 and 428:
TourismFor the EU 27, GHK (2007) es
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TourismBee FarmRM134%Local PeopleRM
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Tourismgreen strategy (ratio of pre
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Tourismcan offer opportunities for
Page 435 and 436:
Tourism4 Overcoming barriers:enabli
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Tourisma selection of larger firms.
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TourismTourism investment from gove
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Tourismsuitable conditions, and sim
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Tourismcountries). As the tourism i
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TourismAnnex 2: Drivers and likelyi
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TourismAnnex 3: Assumptions of the
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TourismReferencesAdamson, M. (2001)
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Tourism451
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Towards a green economyHuman develo
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Towards a green economydemand for u
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Towards a green economy3 The case f
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Towards a green economyand regional
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Towards a green economyBox 1: Green
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Towards a green economyfoster a sen
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Towards a green economy4 Greening u
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Towards a green economycities accou
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Towards a green economythe failure
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Towards a green economyof functions
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Towards a green economyEnvironmenta
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Towards a green economy5.7 Financin
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Towards a green economyReferencesAg
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Towards a green economyJenks, M., B
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Towards a green economyAppendix 1 -
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Towards a green economyC40 Cities (
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Part IIISupporting the transition t
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Towards a green economy502
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Towards a green economy(IEA 2009);
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Towards a green economyEnvironmentS
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Towards a green economyBAUScenarioR
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Towards a green economyFurther, as
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Towards a green economyMillion barr
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Towards a green economycountries ar
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Towards a green economyNatural reso
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Towards a green economyBox 1: Chang
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Towards a green economyPercentage20
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Towards a green economyBillion hect
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Towards a green economyBAU (with co
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Towards a green economyMillions of
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Towards a green economyThousands of
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Towards a green economy2011 2015 20
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Towards a green economy2015 2020 20
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Towards a green economySociety Econ
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Towards a green economyemphasis was
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Towards a green economyMorecroft, J
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Enabling conditionsSupporting the t
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Enabling conditionsContentsList of
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Enabling conditionsList of acronyms
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Enabling conditions5. A well-design
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Enabling conditions2 Key policy too
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Enabling conditionsBox 1: Investing
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Enabling conditionsfor Standardizat
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Enabling conditionsBox 6: Environme
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Enabling conditionsincreases, energ
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Enabling conditionsoffered from int
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Enabling conditionsto manage it wel
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Enabling conditionsMontreal Protoco
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Enabling conditionsbuyers and consu
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Enabling conditionsBox 12: Harnessi
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Enabling conditionsskills gap and a
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Enabling conditionsAnnex 1 - Enabli
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Enabling conditionsEnabling conditi
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Enabling conditionsLand Transport A
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Enabling conditions581
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FinanceSupporting the transition to
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FinanceContentsList of acronyms . .
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FinanceList of acronymsA/R Afforest
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Financeand governance (ESG) conside
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Finance2 The state of play2.1 The s
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FinanceTotal assets ofinternational
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Finance3 Emerging investmentin the
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Financeabove 6 per cent adjusted fo
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FinanceBox 2: Overview of REDD+Redu
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FinanceOne sign of this was the cha
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Finance£/tCO 2e250Adopting systems
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FinanceBox 5: Financial materiality
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FinanceStageCompanyconceptionProtot
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Financesharing of risk, with the gl
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Financestakeholders. It is crucial
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Finance4.5 Creating public-private
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FinanceRelated standards that can b
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Financeoutcome of this, for example
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Financelending and other support to
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Financecombination can also be mutu
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Financeframeworks that would better
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FinanceThCityUK. (2011). Fund Manag
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Towards a green economyConclusionsM
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Towards a green economythe latter i
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