Deep-Sea Coral Collection Protocols - NOAA's Coral Reef ...

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Sclerites in octocoralsby Stephen D. CairnsAlthough branching morphology, corallum size, andcolor are valuable hints for the identification ofoctocorals, and are often the only charactersavailable for field identifications, the single mostimportant character in octocoral identification is themicroscopic calcareous sclerite (Bayer, 1956).Sclerites, also called “spicules”, are found in almostall 2800 octocoral species. They usually occur ingreat numbers in every colony, 10’s of thousandsnot being unusual in a modest sized colony. Even asmall fragment may contain thousands of sclerites.Each sclerite is a small piece of calcitic calciumcarbonate ranging in size from 20 um to 5 mm; theyare found in the polyps of the colony as well as inthe coenenchymal tissue between the polyps, eachgiving a small amount of support and structure to thetissue and polyps.Fig. 11a. An illustrated octocoral axis and polyps.Sclerites occur in many shapes and sizes, the first attempt at classifying them was the illustrated trilingualglossary edited by Bayer, Grasshoff, & Verseveldt (1983), which defined, synonymized, and illustrated57 sclerite types, some with the whimsical, yet descriptive, names of: caterpillar, crutch, finger-biscuit,hockey-stick, rooted head, wart club, capstan, and opera-glass. A species may have only one type andsize of sclerite or a variety, each type sclerite type occurring in a particular part of the colony and servinga slightly different function.It is easy to examine the sclerite types from a colony. One simply cuts a small piece containing a polypand branch from a larger colony, place it on a microscope glass slide, and add a drop of commonhousehold bleach. Wait a few minutes, or until the bubbles burst, place a cover slide over thepreparation (optional), and examine at x200 with a compound microscope, or as little as x50-100 witha dissecting microscope. SEM of sclerites done at x400-500 or higher magnifications is usually notnecessary for routine identifications but does provide excellent illustrations that can be used to describespecies.9Fig. 11b.
For cleaner and more permanent preparations one should rinse the sample with successive solutions ofhydrogen peroxide, tap water, distilled water, 70% ethanol, and 95% ethanol (see Fabricius &Alderslade, 2001: 38-39). It is important not to preserve octocorals in formalin, because scleritedissolution will occur over a period of several weeks to months. Specimens may be fixed for a shorttime, (less than 24 hours) in a weak (~ 4%) formalin solution that is highly buffered.The ability to identify the suite of sclerites of a specimen using Bayer, Grasshoff & Verseveldt (1983)and using the key to the genera (Bayer, 1981) is an excellent start to the identification of any octocoral,exclusive of pennatulids. As knowledge of sclerites is so important for the identification of octocorals, itis not recommended to ask an octocoral specialist to identify a specimen based on a picture or video,because his invariable response will be to ask for the specimen, if only a tiny fragment containing a fewsclerites.Fig. 11c.Fig 11b-11c. Types of sclerites found in octocorals:135. Spiny ball. Asterospicularia randalli Gawel. x625.136. Unilaterally spiny spheroid Mopsella sp. x250.137. Triradiate. Titanideum ftauenfeldii Kolliker. x350.138. Cross. Cavernulina sp. x300.139. Cross. Ellisella sp. x375.140. Cross. Gersemia rubiformis Ehrenberg. x375.141. Six radiate. <strong>Coral</strong>lium borneense Bayer. x375.142, Six radiate. Paragorgia arborea Linnaeus. x750.143. Six radiate. Epiphaxum micropora Bayer & Muzik. x375144. Six radiate. Alcyonium digitatum Linnaeus. x500.Figures 11a-c are reporduced from the Illustrated Trilingual Glossary of Morphological andAnatomical Terms Applied to Octocorallia edited by Frederick Bayer, Manfred Grasshoff, andJakob Verseveldt and published by E.J. Brill, The Netherlands, 1983.10
Page 1 and 2: DEEP-SEA CORAL COLLECTION PROTOCOLS
Page 3 and 4: DEEP-SEA CORAL COLLECTION PROTOCOLS
Page 5 and 6: Table of ContentsForward ………
Page 8 and 9: Deep-sea coral habitat and rangeby
Page 10 and 11: Branching patterns in octocoralsby
Page 12 and 13: Fig. 9. Examples of deep-water cora
Page 16 and 17: Ahermatypic scleractinians of the w
Page 18 and 19: Reproduction in deep-sea colonial c
Page 20 and 21: Although the focus of this chapter
Page 22 and 23: Genetic methods for species identif
Page 24 and 25: Handling procedures adopted by the
Page 26 and 27: Specimen deterioration. We have see
Page 28 and 29: Documenting deep-sea coral collecti
Page 30 and 31: Video protocol (cont.)Video transec
Page 32 and 33: John Reed's August 22 article on St
Page 34 and 35: CollectingThere is a broad range of
Page 36 and 37: Tissue preservationa. Do not let sp
Page 38 and 39: Some preservation techniques for (d
Page 40 and 41: LabelingThe significance of proper
Page 42 and 43: References and further readingAbbia
Page 44 and 45: Etnoyer, P., and L. Morgan. 2005. H
Page 46 and 47: McFadden, C.S., and M.B. Hutchinson
Page 48 and 49: Van Oppen, M.J.H., B.L. Willis, and
Page 50 and 51: Appendix 1. Classification of the D
Page 52 and 53: Appendix 2. Deep-sea coral Panel of
Page 54: Appendix 3. Deep-sea corals onlineN

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