The Impact of the Renovation Policies on the Livelihoods of ... - RCSD

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4003713333351000VND/person/month30020010090179285235168 169180 180108 108 1128387172220Very poorPoorBetter-<strong>of</strong>f0Vau Nac Ban Cam Khau Qua Pac Han Khuoi KenProduction forest Special use forest Protection forestFigure 4: Income according to wealth ranking group in study sites, by forest typeResults from household interviews using semi-structured questionnaires show that before <strong>the</strong>renovation policies, most households in <strong>the</strong> villages experienced similar economic conditions, astypified by temporary houses, no goods <strong>of</strong> much value, low annual income, food insecurity, nocash savings, and little money to invest in production. However, <strong>the</strong> classification <strong>of</strong> wealthranking by group in Table 4 and <strong>the</strong> monthly income from Figure 4 show that after renovationpolicies, monthly income <strong>of</strong> better-<strong>of</strong>f people has improved while that <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> poor people remainspoor.• Income sources* Income sources before 1990sDiscussions in <strong>the</strong> six case study villages show that <strong>the</strong> income sources <strong>of</strong> local people in <strong>the</strong>early 1990s comprised three main sources: food crop cultivation, animal husbandry and forestproducts (Table 6).Table 6: Distribution <strong>of</strong> income sources in <strong>the</strong> six case study villages before 1990sIncome sourceProduction forest Special use forest Protection forestVau Nac Ban Khau Pac Khuoi KenCam Qua HanFood crops (%) 75 80 65 85 40 87Husbandry (%) 5 4 8 5 7 4Forest (%) 15 16 15 10 53 9O<strong>the</strong>rs (fishing) (%) - - 12 - - -Total (%) 100 100 100 100 100 100Food crops, particularly from shifting cultivation provided <strong>the</strong> main income source before <strong>the</strong>1990s in most case study villages, except in Pac Han where <strong>the</strong> income from <strong>the</strong> forest wasgreatest. Traditional cultivation by slash and burn expanded in most upland areas during that timeto maximize food crops to support subsistence.* Income sources in 2005In 2005, <strong>the</strong> income sources were more diverse than in 1990. Six main sources <strong>of</strong> income wererecorded: food crops, cash crops, husbandry, forestry activities, labouring and o<strong>the</strong>rs such asfishing, services, government salary, or project support (see Table 7).Paper for International Conference “Critical Transitions in <strong>the</strong> Mekong Region”29-31 January, 2007, Chiang Mai10
Table 7: Distribution <strong>of</strong> different income sources in 2005Income sourceProduction forest Special use forest Protection forestVau Nac Ban Khau Pac Khuoi KenCam Qua Han1. Food crops (%) 13.4 44.6 44.6 69.6 44.4 41.32. Cash crops (%) 54.6 13.9 0 0 0.8 24.73. Animal husbandry (%) 15.6 16.7 11.1 28.6 13.0 20.44. Forest (%) 8.7 12.7 3.3 1.1 40.1 11.05. Labouring (%) 2.8 5.1 0 0 0 06. O<strong>the</strong>rs (%) 1.0 2.9 41.0 0.7 1.7 2.4Total (%) 100 100 100 100 100 100Note: Labouring is farm labour; o<strong>the</strong>r work includes fishing, services, government payment forvillage/commune representatives, small shops.<strong>The</strong> income sources reported in most case study site sin 2005 differed from those recorded in <strong>the</strong>1990s. <strong>The</strong>re were three new income sources in 2005; cash crops, labouring and o<strong>the</strong>rs.Compared to <strong>the</strong> data for <strong>the</strong> 1990s, <strong>the</strong>re was a notable change in <strong>the</strong> income composition in2005 with a substantial drop in food crop production, and an increase in cash crop production(e.g. tea and Thach Den) and animal husbandry. Income from food crops was is still <strong>the</strong> mostimportant in all case studies except in Vau; however, o<strong>the</strong>r income sources had increased <strong>the</strong>irproportion considerably. For example, new income from cash crops in Khuoi Ken accounted for24.7% in 2005, and o<strong>the</strong>r sources (boat services, fishing) in Ban Cam increased from 12% in <strong>the</strong>1990s to 41% in 2005.Market demand led villagers to change crop cultivation systems very quickly after <strong>the</strong> renovationprocess. Cash crops are a new source <strong>of</strong> income for many local people. Tea and ‘Thach Den’have become main cash crops in some case study villages. In Vau, income from cash crops (tea)accounted for 54% <strong>of</strong> total income while income from food crops decreased from 75% <strong>of</strong> totalincome in <strong>the</strong> 1990s to only 13.4% in 2005. Tea plays a very important role in <strong>the</strong> economy <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong>upland area. Many households that have invested in tea planting no longer have paddy land orland for shifting cultivation. <strong>The</strong>se cases, <strong>the</strong> income from tea products is used to purchases ricefor household consumption. Similarly, Thach Den contributed 24.7% to total income in KhuoiKen. It is also planted in small plots by a few households in Pac Han in early 2005. Large areaswere expected to be developed for Thach Den in <strong>the</strong> next few years.Livestock and poultry rising also provide examples <strong>of</strong> sources <strong>of</strong> important subsidiary incomewhich can be significant for households. <strong>The</strong>se provide <strong>the</strong> main source <strong>of</strong> cash income to payschool fees and for health care by many families.<strong>The</strong> income from forests has declined in most case study areas due to forest degradation andstricter control <strong>of</strong> illegal logging. In Pac Han village, income from <strong>the</strong> forests dropped from 53%in 1990s to 40.1% in 2005. Apart from Pac Han, this source contributed 1.1-12.7% in o<strong>the</strong>rvillages. In Pac Han, Nghien (Excentrodendron tonkinense) is a high-value timber tree species.Nghien forest is classified as a special limestone-mountainous forest for protection purposes. Infact, <strong>the</strong> whole Nghien forest has been allocated to households in Pac Han for management underforest protection regulations since 1994. However, Nghien trees are still being cut by villagers forsale to China.Paper for International Conference “Critical Transitions in <strong>the</strong> Mekong Region”29-31 January, 2007, Chiang Mai11
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