Global Governance and Food Security as Global Public Good

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16• The World Summit on Food Security (Rome 2009)built on the AFSI approach with its “Five Rome Principlesfor Sustainable Global Food Security”. 38 Particularemphasis was given to investment in country-ownedplans.• The pledges made through the L’Aquila Food SecurityInitiative led to the establishment of the GlobalAgriculture and Food Security Program (GAFSP) 39Trust Fund, a multilateral financing mechanism runthrough the World Bank focused on the achievement ofMDG1. Its objective was to address the underfundingof country and regional agriculture and food securitystrategic investment plans already under development.Launched by the UN Secretary-General (Madrid 2009),its mandate was on building on existing structures andsupporting the implementation of the CFA, throughwork at global and national levels. It consists of apublic and private sector window and reports to havereceived commitments of USD1 billion (March 2013)from eight donors including the Gates foundation. TheGAFSP works with existing processes and institutionsand is coordinated by a secretariat, housed at theInternational Fund for Agricultural Development (IFAD)in Rome and formed by the HLTF.• The Framework for Scaling-Up Nutrition (SUN) 40is a multi-stakeholder movement (Washington April2010) focusing on nutrition-specific interventions andactions during the first 1000 days of individual growth.It advocates incorporating specific pro-nutritionactions into other sectors and development areas suchas health, food security and agriculture, gender, socialprotection, education, and water and sanitation, andincludes marginalized populations, especially women.38. “In November 2009, the World Summit on Food Security in Rome adopted the “Five RomePrinciples for Sustainable Global Food Security” based on the “L’Aquila Joint Statement onGlobal Food Security” issued at the G8+ Summit 2009: Principle 1: Invest in country-owned plans,aimed at channeling resources to well-designed and results based programmes and partnerships.Principle 2: Foster strategic coordination at national, regional and global level to improvegovernance, promote better allocation of resources, avoid duplication of efforts and identifyresponse gaps. Principle 3: Strive for a comprehensive twin-track approach to food securitythat consists of: 1) direct action to immediately tackle hunger for the most vulnerable and 2)medium- and long-term sustainable agricultural, food security, nutrition and rural developmentprogrammes to eliminate the root causes of hunger and poverty, including the progressiverealization of the right to adequate food. Principle 4: Ensure a strong role for the multilateralsystem by sustained improvements in efficiency, responsiveness, coordination and effectivenessof multilateral institutions. Principle 5: Ensure sustained and substantial commitment by allpartners to investment in agriculture and food and nutrition security, with the provision ofnecessary resources in a timely and reliable fashion, aimed at multi-year plans and programmes.These serve as a basis for turning political commitments into action and outcomes at communitylevel.” Source: Updated Comprehensive Framework for Action, HLTF, 200939. www.gafspfund.org/gafsp/content/global-agriculture-and-food-security-program40. scalingupnutrition.org/Its aim is to support SUN countries in realizing nationalnutrition goals and targets, including the MDG-1 target.Many countries have also developed specific nutritiontargets for the years beyond 2015. SUN is led by ahigh-level, multi-stakeholder Lead Group appointedby the UN Secretary-General. The SUN movement hasdeveloped considerable momentum: starting initiallywith three countries in mid-2012, by early 2013, 34countries have signed up and over 100 organizationsand entities have signaled their support.• One of the most important actions by the internationalcommunity has been the reform and transformation ofthe Committee on World Food Security (CFS). 41 TheCFS was set up in 1974 as an intergovernmental bodyfor review and follow-up on food security policies. In2009 it was reformed to become the most inclusiveinternational and intergovernmental platform for allstakeholders of food and nutrition security to worktogether in a coordinated way. Even though the reformwas triggered by the 2008 food crisis, it enabled theCFA to also deal with long term structural issues. TheCFS reports annually to Economic and Social Councilof the United Nations (ECOSOC) and the expectationis that Member States participate in CFS sessions atthe highest level possible. In practice, participation isvery wide-ranging with participants from UN agenciesand bodies, civil society and non-governmentalorganizations and their networks, internationalagricultural research systems, international andregional financial institutions and representatives ofprivate sector associations and private philanthropicfoundations. It is supported by an independent HighLevel Panel of Experts on Food Security and Nutrition(HLPE) (established 2009), which was introduced as anessential part of the CFS reform. The CFS, along with theHLPE, has also been described as a “central componentof the evolving GAFSP” providing the political andscientific arms of the partnership, while the GAFSPprovides its financial arm. The reformed CFS has begunwork on several important topics including food pricevolatility and voluntary guidelines on land tenure.41. www.fao.org/cfs/cfs-home/en/NYUCICGlobal Governance and Food Security as Global Public Good
77. At the end of 2009 the HLTF, recognizing theproliferation of bodies working on issues related tofood and nutrition security, requested an update ofthe CFA to better reflect ways in which UN Systembodies advise and interact with national authoritiesand numerous other stakeholders. This Updated CFA(UCFA) continues to follow the twin-track approach,but covers in more detail all aspects of food andnutrition security and prioritizes environmentalsustainability, gender equity, the prerequisites forimproved nutrition and the needs of those least ableto enjoy their right to food. It also acknowledges thatprivate sector, CSOs and NGOs have a critical role forensuring food and nutrition security.5. Embedding food and nutrition security into theglobal agenda78. Food and nutrition security were part of the globalagenda since the establishment of the UN system, butuntil the agreement on the MDGs it was relegated tothe mandates of dedicated and specialized agencies(FAO, IFAD, WFP). While local and regional food crisesin Africa since the mid-seventies proved that foodsecurity had broader humanitarian, security anddevelopment implications, wealthier countries viewedit as an issue requiring compassion, but not one thatimpacted on their national policies or security. Povertyissues were handled through national welfare andsafety nets, and agricultural policies were designedto generate massive surpluses that were thentransferred to needy developing countries, often evendestabilizing local production systems.79. The UN organizations and mechanisms developed inresponse to the mid-seventies’ crisis were ultimatelyneutralized, partially because of related economicinterests and because the east-west conflictovershadowed every scope for global action. With thecollapse of the Soviet Union and the opening up ofChina, and the emergence of Brazil, China and Indiaas dynamic economic powers, the global contextchanged completely, culminating in the expansionof the originally G7 to G8 and then to the G20 thatincludes several of the emerging large economies.80. With poverty and hunger eradication ranking first inthe MDG agenda, these issues moved out of the nicheof dedicated agencies and became a responsibility ofthe broader UN family but remained still an issue ofcompassion rather than of global strategic importance.81. The 2008 food price hikes forced recognition of foodsecurity’s broader implications. In combination withincreased understanding of the potential threats ofclimate change to production systems and patterns,the topic of food and nutrition security as one thatimpacts global and national security has moved to thecenter of global attention and management, in a widerange of fora.82. All major inter-governmental consultative processesand mechanisms now have food and nutrition securityas a standing item on their agenda, whether it is theOECD, the World Economic Forum, the EuropeanUnion, the G8/G20 or the UN.• Since the food price crisis in 2008, the issue of foodsecurity has become a standing item of the consultationsof the G8/G20, resulting in position papers and policycommitments, as well as in the engineering of anupdated governance system of food security involvingthe UN system agencies. The G20’s “Action Plan onFood Price Volatility and Agriculture” (2011) seeksmore efficient global and national agricultural policies,increased international coordination, and specificmeasures to promote food security and sustainableagricultural production. Increasing food production isseen as a solution to reducing price volatility (throughan increase in productivity, better market informationsystems, greater trade openness and more sustainableagricultural, rural development and investmentpolicies). It is significant that for its implementation theG20 relies on national as well as various internationalinstitutions, including the CGIAR, the World Bank, FAO,WFP, the United Nations, WTO as well as the OECD.• In order to get price volatility for food commodities undercontrol, the G8/G20 tasked several intergovernmentalorganizations (World Bank, FAO and OECD) to launchan Agricultural Market Information System (AMIS),17Global Governance and Food Security as Global Public GoodNYUCIC
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