Portugal, the Consuls, and the Jewish Refugees ... - Yad Vashem

S.Wyman, in his classic Paper Walls, presents an eclectic variety of attitudestaken by American consuls in relation to refugees ― Jews and non-Jews. Andin spite of the critical tone evident in the book, the general picture of theconsuls is more positive than negative. Except for some cases of extremeintransigence, most of them collaborated with aid organizations (Quakers,Unitarian Service, American Friends Service Committee, etc.) and empathizedwith the cause of the refugees. 40The policy of the American states and the attitude of their consuls was vital,since obtaining a Portuguese visa and transit through Spain was dependanton their being a final haven. The importance of the Portuguese consuls can bemeasured by their courage to help Jews deprived of visas to other countries,in the first stage, and by their strategic positions, as neutral consular agents,in the stage of deportations to the extermination camps.A Paragon of Ambivalence-Ambassador Alberto daVeiga Simões 41Veiga Simões began his consular and diplomatic career with theestablishment of the republic; he was foreign minister for a short time in 1921.During this period he absorbed liberal and democratic ideas, a fact which, at40Wyman, Paper Walls, pp. 155-168.41Alberto da Veiga Simões was born on December 16, 1888, in Arganil.From an early age he showed his literary skills, writing short stories andessays on political issues for local newspapers. He studied law at theUniversity of Coimbra, receiving his diploma in 1910. Till he entered theconsular corps in 1915, Alberto da Veiga Simões practiced law and was alsoinvolved in the politics of Arganil, aspiring to become a national figure. Hisrepublican leanings led him to become a journalist, writing for the weekly ofthe Centro Republicano Evolucionista [Evolutionary Republican Center] in hiscity, having been invited by Antonio José de Almeida, president of the CentralCommittee of the Evolutionary Party, to become the political editor of itsorgan: República. See Neves, ed., Veiga Simões, Vida e Obra (Arganil:Publication of the City Council, 1988). This study, published in his memoryand therefore apologetic, is clearly anti-authoritarian. "Today we can no longerdoubt: the memory of Veiga Simões has not been respected with the attentionit deserves, for reasons whose roots are clearly political. Who knows ifunconsciously, but the truth is that the political struggles in which he becameinvolved in the early years of the Republic increased later, during the longyears of authoritarianism which followed 1926, as if it were a crime to be ademocrat." p. 13.__________________________________________________________________________12/31Shoah Resource Center, The International School for Holocaust Studies