Marine Turtle status Report - Indian Ocean - South-East Asian ...

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Ringkasan EksekutifPerairan Daerah Semporna yang terletak di bahagian Tenggara Sabah,merupakan sebahagian daripada Kawasan Pemuliharaan Keutamaan Sempornadi Ekorantau Marin Sulu-Sulawesi (Semporna PCA). Kawasan ini terkenaldengan kepelbagaian spesies ikan dan terumbu karangnya mempunyai habitathabitatmarin yang produktif, ekosistem Taman Pulau Sipadan yang masih utuhserta menjadi laluan migrasi untuk spesies-spesies marin seperti penyu.Walaupun penyu sering kelihatan di perairan Semporna, namun status sebenarpopulasi penyu di kawasan ini masih belum diketahui dan terhad kepadamaklumat dari beberapa kajian mengenai populasi penyu serta kajian tentanginteraksi diantara penyu-manusia. Untuk mengatasi masalah ini, beberapapenilaian telah dilakukan di antara bulan November 2009 dan April 2010 olehWWF-Malaysia dengan kerjasama komuniti tempatan dan pengusahapelancongan WWF-Malaysia telah membuat tinjauan di enam pulau yangterletak di Timur Laut Semporna PCA. Analisis kualitatif tentang spesies, taburandan kelimpahan sarang, musim pendaratan, dan ancaman-ancaman terhadappenyu turut dijalankan di kawasan ini.Hasil kajian menunjukkan bahawa terdapat tiga spesies penyu di perairan timurlaut Semporna PCA iaitu Penyu Hijau (Chelonia mydas), Penyu Sisik(Eretmochelys imbricata) dan Penyu Lipas (Lepidochelys olivacea). Keenamenampulau jni telah dikenalpasti sebagai tapak untuk penyu bertelur: PulaupulauMataking, Pom-Pom, Pandanan, Timba-Timba, Kulapuan dan Boheyan.Terdapat dua pengusaha pelancongan dan keluarga tempatan yang melakukanprogram pemuliharaan penyu melalui pengurusan pusat penetasan telur penyu.Mereka juga sering membuat rondaan di sepanjang kawasan pantai PulauMataking, Pom-Pom dan Pandanan untuk mencari sarang penyu. Telur-telurpenyu yang ditemui akan dipindahkan dan ditanam di pusat penetasan penyudengan segera. Setiap sarang yang ditemui akan dilabel dan direkod.Terdapat beberapa ancaman terhadap penyu di kawasan ini. Antaranyapengutipan telur penyu secara haram untuk dimakan dan dijual; pemburuanpenyu-penyu dewasa untuk dimakan; pemangsa semulajadi (biawak, ketamhantu dan semut) dan pemangsa domestik (kucing dan anjing) yang mengancamtelur dan anak penyu; pembangunan pesisiran pantai; hakisan pantai;penangkapan secara tidak sengaja, pembuangan beg plastik; perlanggarandengan kipas bot; bom ikan; konflik manusia-haiwan (ladang rumpai laut); danpenebangan tumbuhan pesisiran pantai.Hasil kajian ini akan digunakan untuk tujuan pemantauan dan pengurusanpemuliharaan penyu di kawasan Semporna PCA. Antara cadangan dan pelantindakan lanjut yang diutarakan adalah perlindungan habitat, perlindungansarang penyu, pendidikan dan kesedaran, program pemantauan jangka panjangserta aktiviti eko-pelancongan secara bertanggungjawab dan bekerjasama.viii
1. IntroductionTurtles are reptiles of the order Testudines. They have lived on earth for over 200million years. There are three distinct types of turtles: marine turtles which arebig and live in saltwater; terrapins which have webbed feet and live in freshwater;and tortoises which have tough, thick shells and scales, and live on land in dryconditions.Marine turtles dwell in tropical and subtropical seas throughout the world. Theyare partially covered in scales, have streamlined bodies, large paddle-like flippers,lungs that require them to surface frequently for air, and salt glands that helpthem adapt to life in the sea. Unlike their terrestrial and freshwater counterparts,marine turtles are unable to retract their heads and limbs into their shells.Marine turtles are the only widely distributed marine reptiles. Many speciesmigrate for hundreds or even thousands of kilometres among their feeding,mating and nesting grounds. After mating occurs near their nesting grounds, thefemales come ashore to lay their eggs in the sand. Female turtles return to nest onthe same beach on which they were born. Males never return to the beach. Themales mate with several females in the water before returning to their feedinggrounds. All marine turtles begin their lives as tiny hatchlings on land. The sex ofhatchlings is determined by the temperature of the nest where warmer nestsproduce a majority of female hatchlings while cooler nests produce mostly malehatchlings.The scientific classification of marine turtles is described below:Kingdom : AnimaliaPhylum : ChordataClass : ReptiliaOrder : TestudinesSuborder : CryptodiraSuperfamily : Chelonioidea (Bauer, 1893)Family : Cheloniidae (Oppel, 1811): Dermochelyidae: Protostegidae (extinct): Toxochelyidae (extinct): Thalassemyidae (extinct)Today, there are seven extant or existing species of marine turtles; namely, theLeatherback (Dermochelys coriacea) (Family Dermochelydae), Loggerhead(Caretta caretta), Flatback (Natator depressus), Olive Ridley (Lepidochelysolivacea), Kemp’s Ridley (Lepidochelys kempi), Hawksbill (Eretmochelysimbricata) and Green turtle (Chelonia mydas) (all in the family Cheloniidae). Aneighth species, the Black turtle (Chelonia agassizii), is currently a subject ofdebate among biologists (Pilcher, 2001).1
Page 6 and 7: AcknowledgementsWe wish to thank su
Page 11 and 12: in individuals, parts, and derivati
Page 13 and 14: 2. Literature ReviewOf the seven ex
Page 15 and 16: 1993; Basintal, 2001), and on Matak
Page 17 and 18: Park)ThreatsIn Sipadan Island Park,
Page 19 and 20: Figure 2: Islands in the northeast
Page 21 and 22: 4.3 Analysis of nesting data obtain
Page 23 and 24: 5.1.3 Location of nesting beach and
Page 25 and 26: 5.2 Walking beach surveyThe walking
Page 27 and 28: Figure 4: Boheyan Island19
Page 29 and 30: Figure 6: Timba-Timba Island21
Page 31 and 32: Figure 8: Pom-Pom Island23
Page 33 and 34: © WWF-Malaysia / Nina HoFigure 9:
Page 35 and 36: Number of nests of Green and Hawksb
Page 37 and 38: From February to June for the year
Page 39 and 40: About 13 nests have been recorded e
Page 41 and 42: Table 12: Summary of nesting data f
Page 43 and 44: May has the highest number for Gree
Page 45 and 46: Semporna PCA is home to Malaysia’
Page 47 and 48: Education and awareness: Many peopl
Page 49 and 50: de Silva, G. S. 1982a. The leathery
Page 51 and 52: Palaniappan, P. M. Andau, P. & Pede
Page 53 and 54: 8. AppendicesAppendix 1: Two marine
Page 55 and 56: Appendix 3: Turtle hatcheries built
Page 57 and 58: Appendix 5: Indicators of marine tu

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