Learning Theories - Cognitive Learning Theories CHAPTER

CHAPTER 5• LEARNING THEORIES - COGNITIVE LEARNING THEORIESProcedural memory• Procedural memory is nondeclarative knowledge in the form of skills andcognitive operations.• Procedural memory cannot be consciously recollected, at least not in the formof specific events or facts.• Procedural memory is sometimes called “knowing how,” and recently it also hasbeen described as “implicit memory.”• When students apply their abilities to perform a dance, their procedural memoryis at work.i.117Declarative memory• Declarative memory is the conscious recollection of information, such as specificfacts or events that can be verbally communicated.• Declarative memory has been called “knowing that” and more recently has beenlabelled “explicit memory.”• Demonstrations of student’s declarative memory such as describing a basic principleof math.Episodic• Episodic memories are the memories we have for times and places (like first dayAidilfitri celebration).• Information encoded in our episodic memory is in the form of images.Semantic memories• Semantic memories are our memories for general facts and concepts. Most of whatwe learned in school (instructional content) is stored in our semantic memories.117