PHARMACOTHERAPY REVIEW CNS STIMULANTS for treatment of ...

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DIAGNOSTIC CRITERIA FOR ATTENTION-DEFICIT/HYPERACTIVITY DISORDERA. Either (1) or (2)(1) six (or more) of the following symptoms of inattention have persisted for at least 6 months to adegree that is maladaptive and inconsistent with developmental level:Inattention• often fails to give close attention to details or makes careless mistakes in schoolwork, work,or other activities• often has difficulty sustaining attention in tasks or play activities• often does not seem to listen when spoken to directly• often does not follow through on instructions and fails to finish schoolwork, chores, or dutiesin the workplace (not due to oppositional behavior a or failure to understand instructions)• often has difficulty organizing tasks and activities• often avoids, dislikes, or is reluctant to engage in tasks that require sustained mental effort(such as schoolwork or homework)• often loses things necessary for tasks or activities (e.g., toys, school assignments, pencils,books, or tools)• is often easily distracted by extraneous stimuli• Is often forgetful in daily activities(2) six (or more) of the following symptoms of hyperactivity-impulsivity have persisted for at least 6months to a degree that is maladaptive and inconsistent with developmental level:Hyperactivity• often fidgets with hands or feet or squirms in seat• often leaves seat in classroom or in other situations in which remaining seated is expected• often runs about or climbs excessively in situations in which it is inappropriate (inadolescents or adults, may be limited to subjective feelings of restlessness)• often has difficulty playing or engaging in leisure activities quietly• is often "on the go" or often acts as if "driven by a motor"• often talks excessivelyImpulsivity• often blurts out answers before questions have been completed• often has difficulty awaiting turn• often interrupts or intrudes on others (e.g., butts into conversations or games)B. Some hyperactive-impulsive or inattentive symptoms that caused impairment were present beforeage 7 years.C. Some impairment from the symptoms is present in two or more settings (e.g., at school [or work]and at home).D. There must be clear evidence of clinically significant impairment in social, academic, oroccupational functioning.E. The symptoms do not occur exclusively during the course of a pervasive developmental disorder,schizophrenia, or other psychotic disorder and are not better accounted for by another mentaldisorder (e.g., mood disorder, anxiety disorder, dissociative disorder, or a personality disorder).aResisting work or school tasks that require self-application because of an unwillingness to conform tothe demands of others is oppositional behavior.From Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fourth Edition, Text Revision. Copyright2000 American Psychiatric Association.8
BIBLIOGRAPHY123456789101112American Psychiatric Assoc. Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders. 4 thedition. Text Revision. 2000.Committee on Quality Improvement, Subcommittee on ADHD. Clinical PracticeGuidelines: Diagnosis and evaluation of the child with attention-deficit/hyperactivitydisorder. American Academy of Pediatrics. Pediatrics. 2000 (May 5);105:1158-70.August GJ, Realmuto GM, MacDonald AW III, et al. Prevalence of ADHD and comorbiddisorders among elementary school children screened for disruptive behavior. J AbnormChild Psychol. 1996;24:571-95.Cohen P, Cohen J, Kasen S, et al. An epidermiological study of disorders in latechildhood and adolescence I: age and gender-specific prevalence. J Child PsycholPychiatry. 1993;34:851-67.Newcorn J, Halperin JM, Schwartz S, et al. Parent and teacher ratings of attention-deficithyperactivity disorder symptoms: implications for case identification. J Dev BehavPediat. 1994;15:86-91.Shaffer D, Fisher P, Duncan MP, et al. The NIMH diagnostic interview schedule forchildren, version 2.3: description, acceptability, prevalence rates and performance in theMECA study. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 1996;35:865-77.Green M, Wong M, Atkins D, et al. Diagnosis of attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder.Technical Review 3. Rockville, MD. USDHHS Agency for Health Care Policy andResearch. 1999. Publication 99-0050.Szatmari P, Boyle M, Offord DR, et al. ADHD and conduct disorder: degree ofdiagnostic overlap and differences among correlates. J Am Acad Child AdolescPsychiatry. 1989;28:865-72.Biederman J, Faraone SV, Spencer T, et al. Gender differences in a sample of adults withADHD. Psychiatry Res. 1994;53:13-29.Levy F, Hay DA, McStephen M, et al. ADHD: a category or a continuum? Geneticanalysis of a large scale twin study. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 1997;36:737-44.Bradley C. Behavior of children receiving benzedrine. Am J Psychiatry. 1937;94:577-85.Spencer T, Biederman J, Wilens T, et al. Pharmacotherapy of ADHD across the lifecycle. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 1996;35:409-32.9
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