Medical Aspects of Chemical Warfare (2008) - The Black Vault

Medical Aspects of Chemical Warfarediscovery of antidotes for war purposes. 19,27,28 Withina short time, the subcommittee began organizingchemical agent research at universities and industriesacross the nation, while mobilizing a large portion ofthe chemists in the country. This initial phase laid thegroundwork that later led to the establishment of theCWS, the precursor to the Chemical Corps.The country’s civilian scientists, engineers, andchemistry professors played a significant role in preparingthe Army for chemical warfare. Eventually,the War Department also began to plan for chemicalwarfare, spreading responsibilities initially amongthe Medical Department, Ordnance Department, andCorps of Engineers. When General John J Pershingbegan organizing the AEF in France, however, heplaced responsibility for all phases of gas warfare ina single military service and recommended that theWar Department at home do likewise. On September3, 1917, the AEF established a centralized Gas Serviceunder the command of Lieutenant Colonel Amos AFries. 27,28Creation of the Chemical Warfare ServiceIn the spring of 1918 the US government begancentralizing gas warfare functions in the War Departmentunder a senior Corps of Engineers officer, MajorGeneral William L Sibert. President Wilson transferredthe Bureau of Mines research facilities to the War Department,and on June 28, 1918, the CWS was formallyestablished under Sibert as part of the National Army(the wartime Army, as distinguished from the RegularArmy), with full responsibility for all facilities andfunctions relating to toxic chemicals.The CWS was organized into seven main divisions:(1) The research division, responsible for most of theweapons and agent research during the war, was locatedat American University near Washington, DC. (2)The gas defense division, responsible for the productionof gas masks, had a large plant in Long Island City,New York. (3) The gas offense division was responsiblefor the production of chemical agents and weapons, itsmain facility located at Edgewood Arsenal, Maryland.(4) The development division was responsible forcarbon production and pilot plant work on mustardagent production. (5) The proving ground divisionand (6) the training division were located together atLakehurst, New Jersey. (7) The medical division wasresponsible for the pharmacological aspects of chemicaldefense.The AEF’s offensive chemical unit, the 1st Gas Regiment(formerly the 30th Engineers), was organized atAmerican University under the command of ColonelEJ Atkisson in 1917, and sent to France in early 1918(Exhibit 2-5). 19,27 The US Army finally had an organizationthat controlled offensive chemical production,defensive equipment production, training, testing, andbasic research, along with a new chemical warfare unitunified under a single commander. This organizationhelped lead the AEF to victory, although much ofits work, including the construction of facilities forproducing toxic gas, filling plants, and producinggas masks, was only partially completed by the endof the war.America entered the Great War in bleak circumstances.The failed French offensive in the spring gaveExhibit 2-5Earliest reported description involving chemical warfare on the AmericanExpeditionary ForcesThe Germans attacked on February 2, 1918, using a bombardment of 25 phosgene or diphosgene shells. The shellswere recognized by their “swish and wobbly sound in passage,” fired harmlessly by the German army near the 6thField Artillery in Hazelle woods in the late afternoon. The first American offensive instruction to attack with gas wasissued that same day by Major General Bullard. The 1st Division engaged in a long barrage of 6,750 high explosiveshells, with the German artillery in retaliation, and fired 80 gas shells on seven German batteries, consisting of No. 4(cyanogen chloride) and No. 5 (phosgene) gas shells. The French disapproved of this tactic because the firing was fastand long-lasting. This marked the first gas volley between German and US armies. Several days later, on February 6,1918, the Germans fired one shell containing mustard gas along with numerous high explosive shells, marking thefirst time that mustard was used on American forces. The first gas casualties were tallied from that shell; three soldiersof the 6th Field Artillery, Battery A, were evacuated with acute conjunctivitis the following day, and a gunner with aburned buttock was evacuated 2 days later.Data source: Spencer EW. The History of Gas Attacks Upon the American Expeditionary Forces During the World War, Part I. EdgewoodArsenal, Md: Chemical Warfare Service, US War Department; 1928: 32–33.22