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MEDICINE AND SOCIETYprematurity was reported more in males and other deathcauses were equal in both sexes. These results may bedue to this aspect that the 8 females had a more desirablebiological capacity during the neonatal period than males. 11but care was given more for males than females. 12It was shown that 85.13% of neonatal deaths occurred inmothers aged 18-35 years. Regarding the marriage age inIran, these findings do not seem out of place. Also, similarresults were obtained from another study conducted in2002, while the causes of deaths were prematurity andmalformation and 79.5% of dead infants had mothersaged 18-35 years and the majority of deaths also occurredin the first birth orders , while in the present study 43.29%of neonatal deaths were reported in the first order too.In the studies conducted on the direct causes of neonataldeath in 2000, it was shown that 28% of neonates hadgestational ages less than 37 weeks. It is notable that inthe countries with more than 29/1000 of death, the causeby infection was more than prematurity as the cause ofdeath, and prematurity was seen even less in countrieswith few neonatal deaths, which may be due to concealeddeaths due to prematurity in the group with infection. 9,14Low birth weight is also one of the indirect and importantcauses of neonatal death while 18 million low birth weightinfants are born annually 14 , whereas, only one half of thenewborns were weighed at the time of birth 15 and althoughlow birth weight included 14% of newborn infants, thisfigure covered 60-80% of dead infants. 13 In the presentstudy, it was shown that 52% of neonatal death occurredin 9 weights lower than 2500 g, whereas, 18.46% of deadinfants had no recorded weight in this study.Finally, regarding interventions to reduce neonatal deathin the countries with high and stable neonatal deaths andwith regards to the results of available studies and thepresent one, it was shown that programs in remote andlow income areas and with, more pregnancies at risk,more attention seems necessary to care for first birthsand during the first week of birth. More care during thepregnancy period is needed to reduce preterm labor.Hospitals far from the centers with newborn intensivecare should be equipped, folic acid administration threemonths before pregnancy would be beneficial, andequipment and emergency ambulances with portableincubators to transport a newborn to more equippedcenters would reduce the risk of mortality rate.In the present study, 67.14% of infants died in the first37 weeks of pregnancy, which is similar to internationalresults.Table 1. Frequency of neonatal death causes in relation to sex in Fars Province, 2004Sex Male Female TotalDeath cause No Rate No Rate No Rate(1000) (1000)Prematurity 15 0.49 7 0.2 4 22 0.3 7Genetic or Congenital Malformation 12 0.39 4 0.14 16 0.27Laboring injuries 49 1.6 5 1.75 100 1.68Low weight 127 4.16 101 3.47 228 3.82Unknown (missing) 1 0.03 1 0.34 51 0.85Total 204 6.68 164 5.63 41 7 6.99Table 2. Neonatal mortality based on the birth orderin Fars Province, 2004Birth order Frequency %1 143 34.292 81 19.423 77 18.464-6 50 127-9 15 3.6Unknown 51 12.23Total 417 100Table 3. Neonatal mortality rate based on the gestational agein Fars Province in 2004Gestational Age Frequency %Under 34 wks 176 42.2034-37 wks 104 24.9437-42 wks 117 28.06Over 42 wks 10 2.4Unknown 10 2.4Total 417 10044MEJFM - Volume 5 Issue 1 - January 2007
MEDICINE AND SOCIETYTable 4. Neonatal mortality rate by weight, 2004Weight (g) Frequency %Unknown 77 18.46Less than 999 3 0.72999-1499 117 28.061500-2499 97 2 3.262500-3999 111 26.62Over 4000 12 2.88Total 417 100Fig 1. Frequency of neonatal death causes in Fars Province in 2003.250200150100500PrematurityCongenitalmalformationLaboringinjuriesLow weightUnknownFig 2. Reported neonatal mortality rate by age of mothers in FarsProvince, 2003.Fig 3. Neontal mortality rate by age in Fars Province, 2003.40035030025020015010020015050100500Under 18 18 - 35 35 and over Unknown0Less than one day 1-7 days 8-26 days UnknownACKNOWLEDGEMENTSThe authors would like to thank Dr. Davood Mehrabani for editorialassistance.REFERENCES1. Zupun J, Aahaman E. Perinatal Mortality for the year 2000. Estimatesdeveloped by WHO, Geneva: World Health Organization, 2005.2. Naghavi Hassan, Death appearance in 18 provinces of the country, 2001.3. Provinces rural areas living study results collection, 2002.4. Naghavi Hassan, Mafi Alireza, Lornejad Hamid. Determination of themost important causes of mortality and disability in under 5 years oldchildren. Children office, Family Health General Office, Deputy forHealth, Ministry of Health and Medical Education, 2004.5. Lornejad Hamid. Neonatal death Reduction: procedures and programs.Children Office, Family Health Office, Deputy for Health, Ministry ofHealth and Medical Education, 2004.6. Behram RE, Kliegman RM, Arvin AM et al (EDS): “Nelson text book ofpediatrics”. 16th W.B.Sounders.7. Sharifi Behrooz, et al. Fars Province Living Results study. Networkscoordination headquarter, Deputy for Health, Shiraz University of MedicalSciences, 2002.8. Lawn JE, Cousens SN, Wilczynska K. Estimating the causes of fourmillion neonatal deaths in the year 2000: Statistical annex the WorldHealth Organization, 2005.9. Lawn JE, Cousens SN, Bhutta Zulfiqar A, et al. “Four million neonataldeath: When? Where! Why”. The LANCET. Volume 365, ISSU 9462, 5March 2005.10. Health appearance in the Islamic Republic of Iran. Sep 2001. Family HealthOffice, Deputy for Health, Ministry of Health and Medical Education,2001.11. Ulizzi, Zonta LA. Sex different patterns in perinatal deaths in Italy. HumBiol 2002; 74:879-88.12. Nielsen BB, Lijstrand J, Hedegaard M, et al. Reproductive pattern,Perinatal Mortality and sex preference in rural Tamil Nadu, South India:Community based, cross sectional study. BMJ 1997; 314: 1521-24.13. Ayatollahi Seyed Alireza, Sharifzadeh Gholamreza (2004). Evaluation ofthe causes and factors effective on death of under one year old Childrenin the rural areas under supervision of Health centers of Birjand township2000-2001.14. Bang A, Reddy MH, Deshmukh MD. Child mortality in MaharashtraEconomic, Political-weekly 2002;37: 4947-65.15. Blank AK, Ward lawt. Monitoring low birth wt: an evaluation ofinternational estimates and updates estimates procedure, Bull WHO,2002.MEJFM - Volume 5 Issue 1 - January 2007 45
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