Physical Characteristics and Land Uses of the Avon River Drainage ...

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Tile drainage of fields is a common practice in the basin, covering over 60% of the cropland. Tiling is most prevalent on the till plain below Stratford to accommodate intensivecropping on poorly drained soils. Tile drainage above station 1 is focussed on low-lyingareas and pockets of heavier organic soil found there. However, most of the soils in thisarea are well drained.Cropping patterns in the lower basin and in the moraine area above station 1 are verysimilar. Corn is the predominant crop followed by small grains and hay in roughly equalproportions (Table 7). The till plain area of the upper basin shows the same generalpattern, but proportionately less corn is planted in favour of more hay and small grains.The similarity of cropping patterns in the lower basin till plain and the more erosivemoraine area above station 1 suggests that erosion has not been an influential factor incrop selection.An almost universal tillage practice in the Avon watershed is fall plowing with a moldboardplow. While approximately 7% of the farm operators make use of a chisel plow, themajority of these follow with a moldboard plow. Another fairly common practice in the fallis to either disc or cultivate prior to or following plowing. Secondary tillage in the springusually involves 2-3 passes with a cultivator. On the final pass over the field a spike toothharrow is attached. Discs are also used, especially when the field was in sod the previousyear. Harrowing often follows seeding of the field in small grains. There are, however,various alternatives used by individual farm operators in the work of their fields.20
The use of fertilizers is another almost universal practice throughout the Avon watershed.Two of the most popular fertilizers are 8-32-16 and 15-15-15. On grain, the applicationrates tended to vary between 100-200 lbs/acre and on corn, 150-250 lbs/acre. In someinstances, especially on continuous corn, the application rates appear excessive, with thetotal amount of inorganic fertilizer ranging up to 600 lbs/acre. It should be noted,however, that these are only broad generalizations as both the analysis and rate ofapplication vary significantly.5.3 Manure Generation And ManagementThe generation and management of manure is an important issue since so many basinfarms are livestock operations. Estimates of manure generation and application rates weredeveloped using farm inventory data and typical levels of waste output (Carroll 1981, pg.26-29). Results of this analysis, expressed in terms of animal units of waste, are depictedin Figures 6 and 7 and summarized in Table 8.In the upper basin there are 68.2 animal units per livestock operation compared to 70.2units in the lower basin. Of the 185 livestock and mixed operations in the basin, 93produce fewer than 50 animal units per year while 12 produce more than 150.Manure application rates are depicted in Figure 5 using three categories for rates ofapplication: less than the optimum rate, between optimum and maximum acceptable rates,greater than maximum acceptable rates. These rates, defined by the Agricultural Codeof Practice, relate to nutrient requirements for corn and consider soil type.21
Page 1: STRATFORD-AVON RIVER ENVIRONMENTALM
Page 4 and 5: Enquiries with respect to this repo
Page 6 and 7: TABLE OF CONTENTSPage1. Introductio
Page 9: I. INTRODUCTIONThe Avon River is a
Page 12 and 13: 2. PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICSThe lowe
Page 14 and 15: associated with a former glacial sp
Page 16 and 17: TABLE 2:Acreages Of Soil Capability
Page 18 and 19: TABLE 3:Drainage Statistics For The
Page 20 and 21: 5. AGRICULTURAL PRACTICES *The chan
Page 22 and 23: 5.1 Farm Operations By TypeThe majo
Page 24 and 25: TABLE 4:FARM ENTERPRISES BY TYPEUPP
Page 27: TABLE 7: Rural Land Use and Croppin
Page 31 and 32: Figure 7:Manure Application Rates23
Page 33 and 34: In the case of the maximum rate, nu
Page 35 and 36: deposits. The nature of the soils d
Page 37 and 38: Figure 10: Livestock Barns Near Maj
Page 39 and 40: REFERENCESCaldwell, W., and S. Carr

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