Windows Kernel - H2HC

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Windows KernelWhile the x86 architecture supports four differentprivilege levels (numbered 0 to 3), only the twoextreme privilege levels are used.Usermode programs are run with CPL 3, and thekernel runs with CPL 0. These two levels are oftenreferred to as "ring 3" and "ring 0", respectively.Design decision to achieve code portability toRISC platforms, that only support two privilegelevelsThe original Multics system had eight rings, butmany modern systems have fewer.
Windows KernelEffective use of ring architecture requires closecooperation between hardware and the operatingsystem (the Apple advantage ??)Operating systems designed to work on multiplehardware platforms may make only limited use ofrings if they are not present on every supportedplatform.Often the security model is simplified to "kernel"and "user" even if hardware provides finergranularity through rings.More security ? Build your hardware and OS(Microsoft future ? Apple first vision ?)
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Windows Kernel - H2HC

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