Researchers - Bologna-Berlin 2003

put forward in the Communication “Investing efficiently in Education and Training: animperative for Europe” 18 and in the Communication “European Benchmarks ineducation and training: follow-up to the Lisbon European Council 19 .2. DEFINITION OF A RESEARCHERIn order to have a clearer understanding of the factors conditioning a career structure ofresearchers it is necessary to include a large number of variables that make up a“typology” of researchers in their different professional contexts. Such a “typology” ofresearchers builds upon the internationally recognised Frascati definition of research 20 :“Research and experimental development (R&D) comprise creative workundertaken on a systematic basis in order to increase the stock of knowledge,including knowledge of man, culture and society, and the use of this stock ofknowledge to devise new applications”.As a consequence, researchers are described as:“Professionals engaged in the conception or creation of new knowledge,products, processes, methods and systems, and in the management of theprojects concerned”.The above mentioned definition covers professional activities related equally to “basicresearch”, “strategic research”, “applied research”, experimental development and“transfer of knowledge” including innovation and advisory capacities, depending uponwhether the discovery or acquisition of knowledge is aimed at a particular application(either in industry of for social purposes) or not.These different research activities are to be found in a variety of research settings,namely: Universities, which normally are more oriented towards long-term basic and strategicresearch projects and are recognised as essential to the knowledge-based economy. Public or private research organisations or academies of science, which differ fromcountry to country and from one type of research activity to another with acombination of strategic and applied (market oriented) research.181920Resolution on the Promotion of Enhanced European Co-operation in Vocational Education andTraining” 14343/02 of 06.12.2002.COM(2003)779 of 10.01. 2003.COM(2002)629 of 20.11.2002.In: Proposed Standard Practice for Surveys on Research and Experimental Development, FrascatiManuel, OECD, 2002.6