Evaluation of Double Drop Beads Pavement Edge Lines - University ...

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Table of ContentsTable of Contents ........................................................................................................................... iiiList of Tables ...................................................................................................................................vList of Figures ................................................................................................................................ viExecutive Summary ...................................................................................................................... vii1.0 Introduction ...............................................................................................................................1Problem Statement .................................................................................................................1Scope of Study .......................................................................................................................2Edge Line Appearance ......................................................................................................2Locations Tested ................................................................................................................4Organization of Report ...........................................................................................................42.0 Review of the Literature ...........................................................................................................5Thermoplastic Pavement Markings ........................................................................................51993 Department of Transportation Appropriations Act .......................................................6FHWA and Turner-Fairbank Studies .....................................................................................6ASTM Standards ....................................................................................................................8Evaluation of Retroreflectometers..........................................................................................8Bead Studies ...........................................................................................................................9TTI Study “First Year Report” ..........................................................................................9TTI Study “Final Report” ..................................................................................................9VTRC Study ....................................................................................................................10NCHRP 2006 Study .............................................................................................................113.0 Methodology ...........................................................................................................................12Site Selection ........................................................................................................................12Pre-Survey Site Inspection ...................................................................................................14Resources for Surveys ..........................................................................................................14Laserlux Mobile Retroreflectometer ...............................................................................14Water Truck .....................................................................................................................15Retroreflectivity Tests ..........................................................................................................16Dry Retroreflectivity Tests ..............................................................................................16Wet Retroreflectivity Tests ..............................................................................................16Variation of Discharge of Water .................................................................................16Comparison of UTCA Wet Tests with ASTM E 2177 ...............................................17Notes on Three Surveys .......................................................................................................17Test One ...........................................................................................................................18Test Two ..........................................................................................................................18iii
Test Three ........................................................................................................................18Sources of Variation .............................................................................................................184.0 Retroreflectivity Decay Models ..............................................................................................20Approach ..............................................................................................................................20Method One .....................................................................................................................20Method Two ....................................................................................................................21The Selection ...................................................................................................................21Description of Databases ......................................................................................................21Dependent Variable: Retroreflectivity ............................................................................21Independent Variables .....................................................................................................22Selecting between CTP and Age Variables ................................................................23Development of Retroreflectivity Decay Models ................................................................24Dry Retroreflectivity Decay Models for DDB ................................................................25Wet Retroreflectivity Decay Models for Double Drop Beads ........................................26Discussion ............................................................................................................................28Dry Retroreflectivity of New Markings ..........................................................................28Wet Retroreflectivity of New Markings ..........................................................................28Comparison of Decay Rates ............................................................................................28Alternative Analyses ............................................................................................................295.0 Service Life Estimation...........................................................................................................31Service Life in CTP ..............................................................................................................31Expansion of Results ............................................................................................................33Wet Retroreflectivity of Rumble Stripe at the End of Service Life .....................................346.0 Life-Cycle Cost Analysis ........................................................................................................36Input Data .............................................................................................................................36Installation Costs .............................................................................................................36Maintenance Costs ...........................................................................................................37LCCA Methodology and Results .........................................................................................377.0 Conclusions and Recommendations .......................................................................................39Conclusions ..........................................................................................................................39Recommendation ..................................................................................................................418.0 References ...............................................................................................................................43Appendix A: Abbreviations ..........................................................................................................45Appendix B: Scatter Plots .............................................................................................................46Appendix C: Regression Analyses of Retroreflectivity Decay Models ........................................49Appendix D: Prediction of Retroreflectivity Values from Decay Models ...................................51iv
Page 2: Evaluation of Double DropBeads Pave
Page 7 and 8: List of FiguresNumberPage1-1 Flat t
Page 9 and 10: 1.0 IntroductionThis study was cond
Page 11 and 12: Figure 1-1. Flat thermoplastic mark
Page 13 and 14: 2.0 Review of the LiteratureAn exte
Page 15 and 16: The Turner-Fairbank study updated t
Page 17 and 18: Bead StudiesAlabama and other state
Page 19 and 20: NCHRP 2006 StudyThe National Cooper
Page 21 and 22: For the FTM and PPM sites, test sec
Page 23 and 24: Figure 3-3. Illustration of 30-mete
Page 25 and 26: A limited test was performed to det
Page 27 and 28: As documented by HITEC (2001), the
Page 29 and 30: DDB retroreflectivity data three ti
Page 31 and 32: Cumulative traffic passages (CTP),
Page 33 and 34: Retroreflectivity (dry)The research
Page 35 and 36: Retroreflectaivity2502001501005001
Page 37 and 38: RetroreflectivityFor the dry curves
Page 39 and 40: 5.0 Service Life EstimationThis sec
Page 41 and 42: The 95% confidence intervals are re
Page 43 and 44: The values for estimated service li
Page 45 and 46: Table 6-1. Installation Costs of Ed
Page 47 and 48: 7.0 Conclusions and Recommendations
Page 49 and 50: ADTperlaneFTM95%Avg. C.I.Table 7-1.
Page 51 and 52: 8.0 ReferencesAlabama Department of
Page 53 and 54:
Appendix A: AbbreviationsADTALDOTAS
Page 55 and 56:
Dry RetroreflectivityDry Retrorefle
Page 57 and 58:
Appendix C: Regression Analyses of
Page 59 and 60:
Appendix D: Prediction of Retrorefl
Page 61:
Retroreflectivity550500450400350300
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