Time, Cratons, and Voyageurs NP

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AbsoluteTime• Oneimmenselyfrustratingaspectofrelativetime:Howlongagoweretheseevents?• Manyestimatesweremadebasedonmodernsedimentationanderosionalrates,butresultsvariedwidely.Unconvincing.Neededaclock.• Withthediscoveryofspontaneousradioactivefission(decay)ofnaturally‐occurringisotopes,coupledwiththerealizationthattheratesofdecayweremeasurableandapparentlyconstant,aclock(severalclocks,actually),becameavailable.
Page 2 and 3: Today’s Lecture• Geologic Time
Page 4 and 5: PrinciplesofStratigraphy• Origina
Page 6 and 7: Layered sedimentary rock is typical
Page 8 and 9: The Principle of Superposition stat
Page 10 and 11: The mudcracks shown above formed ov
Page 13 and 14: The Principle of Cross-Cutting Rela
Page 15 and 16: Complex sequences of events can be
Page 17 and 18: Unconformities• Nosinglelocationo
Page 19 and 20: Intrusive igneous rocks and metamor
Page 21 and 22: Note the abrupt interruption of the
Page 23: Both “sides” of this angular un
Page 26: The Grand Canyon has several unconf
Page 29 and 30: FaunalSuccessionandCorrelation• W
Page 31 and 32: Correlation of rock units over grea
Page 33: DivisionsofTimeScale• Eons(larges
Page 37 and 38: Age EquationD = Do + N(e ⎭t -1)D=
Page 39 and 40: WhatEventsCanBeDated?• Forigneous
Page 41 and 42: K-Ar dating was utilized to assign
Page 43 and 44: One short-lived isotope is 14 C, al
Page 45 and 46: Radiocarbon dating is useful for as
Page 47 and 48: Radiocarbon dating is useful for ca
Page 49 and 50: Dendrochronology: Trees produce ann
Page 51 and 52: Lichenometry: Lichens are symbiotic
Page 53 and 54: Earth’s Crust…
Page 55 and 56: AGE OF NORTHAMERICANBASEMENTROCKS(B
Page 57 and 58: Formation ofContinental CratonsMeta
Page 59 and 60: North America in the Early Cambrian
Page 61 and 62: Voyageurs National Park,Minnesota
Page 63 and 64: Voyageurs National ParkHolocene His
Page 65 and 66: Voyageurs National ParkGeologic His
Page 71: Voyageurs National ParkGeologic His

Time, Cratons, and Voyageurs NP

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