Distributed Solar Integration Experiences - Utility Variable ...

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Topics• Discussion of Distribution and SubtransmissionFactors Considered in Basic DG integration Studies• Useful Ratios for Screening Analysis of DG Impacts• Review of Some System Impacts:– Voltage Issues– Fault Current Issues– Islanding Issues– Ground Fault and Load Rejection Overvoltage Issues• Summary and Conclusions of PV <strong>Experiences</strong>Prepared by Nova Energy Specialists, LLC 2
Discussion ofSome Factors toConsider in DG<strong>Integration</strong>Alt. FeedOther Substationswith Load and DGLTC12.47 kVSubtransmission LineSubstationTransformerReclosing andRelay SettingsSubtransmissionSourceBulkSystemRegulator andLTC SettingsAdjacentFeedersOther load andDG scattered onfeederDistributionFeederVoltage RegulatorStep UpTransformerDGType ofGroundingRotating Machine orInverter based DGPrimary FeederPoint of Connection(POC)Alt. FeedCapacitorCustomerSite LoadPrime mover orenergy sourcecharacteristicsPrepared by Nova Energy Specialists, LLC 3
Page 1: Distributed SolarIntegration Experi
Page 5: Minimum Load to GenerationRatio (ML
Page 8 and 9: What Does it Mean if it FallsInto t
Page 10 and 11: Caveats for Use of the Ratios & Che
Page 12 and 13: High Voltage Caused by Too MuchDG a
Page 15 and 16: Fluctuating Output of aPhotovoltaic
Page 17 and 18: A Conservative Quick Screen for PV
Page 19 and 20: Estimate of Additional Tap Changes
Page 21 and 22: Fault Currents of Rotating Machines
Page 23 and 24: Fault Current Impacts:Nuisance trip
Page 25 and 26: Unintentional DGIslanding Issues•
Page 27 and 28: Islanding and PV Inverters• Inver
Page 29 and 30: Ground Fault OvervoltageV(t)Voltage
Page 31 and 32: Generator Step‐Up TransformerGrou
Page 33 and 34: PV Inverter -Neutral Is Typically N
Page 35 and 36: Solutions to Ground Fault Overvolta
Page 37 and 38: Grounding Transformer Impedance Siz
Page 39 and 40: Inverter Load Rejection Overvoltage
Page 41 and 42: Recommendations forInverter Load Re
Page 44 and 45: Conclusions• PV and other types o

Distributed Solar Integration Experiences - Utility Variable ...

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