chemical weed control in wheat under irrigated conditions

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354S. U. Chaudhary et al.Amongst the factors responsible for low yield in Pakistan, weed infestation isthe most important one (20). Weeds compete with the crop plants fornutrients, moisture, light, space and growth requirements. Weeds not onlyreduce yield but also lower the quality of the crop and increase the cost ofharvesting, threshing and cleaning. Walia et al. (23) evaluated someherbicides and reported that application of metasulfuron or tribenuron methyl(10 g/ha each) offered excellent control of hardy broad leaved weeds andincreased wheat grain yield by 39.6 and 42.0 percent over control,respectively. Rapparini et al. (19) tested various graminicides alone, withadditives or in mixture with broad leaved herbicides and found that a newcompound, ideosulfuron controlled all grassy weeds as well as a number ofbroad leaved weeds.Virender et al. (22) recorded the highest weed control by the use ofisoproturon + 2, 4-D (79.3%) and metribuzin (79.2%). Malik et al. (16)reported that application of isoproturon (1.0 kg/ha) provided significantcontrol of Phalaris minor. Khan et al. (13) and Bostrom and Fogelfors (7)concluded that a mixture gave more effective and broad spectrum weedcontrol with higher yield than individual herbicides. Hussain et al. (12) andNaeem et al. (18) reported that all the herbicides decreased weed populationand significantly increased the yield and yield components as compared tocontrol. Another study (1) revealed that isoproturon and Partner controlledPhalaris minor with maximum mortality of 87.08 and 81.81 percent whilePuma Super and Topik controlled Avena fatua with in 86.76 and 85.52percent mortality, respectively. Yield and yield components positivelyresponded to the application of Puma Super and Topik which gave themaximum net income of Rs. 29221 and 28597 per hectare, respectively (1).Similarly Alvi et al. (2) stated that mortality of narrow leaved weeds rangedbetween 92.52 and 97.61 percent by the application of different herbicides.Affinity gave the highest yield (4053 kg/ha) during 2000-01 (4657.7 kg/ha)and 2001-02 (4053 kg/ha) whereas, other yield components and net benefitswere significantly higher in treated plots as compared to untreated ones.Cheema et al. (9) stated that Puma Super + Buctril Super gave 98 percentcontrol of both grassy and broad leaved weeds with maximum grain yield(3990 kg/ha) and net benefits (Rs. 35025/ha). Aslam et al. (3) reported thatall herbicides significantly decreased weeds population over weedy check.Panther and Topik + Panther gave better weed control (both broad leavedand grassy weeds) upto 98 percent and increased wheat yield by 63 and 59percent over control, respectively. Chaudhry et al. (8) reported that higherJ. Agric. Res., 2011, 49(3)
Chemical weed control in wheat355mortality of grassy weeds (96.29%) and broad leaved weeds (97.62%) withmaximum grain yield (4.36 t/ha) was recorded where isoproturon (2.00kg/ha) + Buctril Super (0.75 lit/ha) were applied. This treatment also gavehigher net return (Rs. 16544/ha) with a cost benefit ratio of 1:9.73. Someother scientists (5, 14, 15, 16) concluded that chemical weed control is themost economical approach as it increased number of grains per spike, 1000-grain weight and grain yield of wheat. Bisen et al. (6) reported that herbicidesulfosulfuron (33.3 g/ha) gave maximum grain yield which was at par withmetribuzin (250 g/ha) during first year and significantly superior to all othertreatments. The results of Dixit and Singh (11) showed that Affinityeffectively controlled the weeds in wheat (> 90%), however, the applicationof clodinafop and fenoxaprop performed better against grassy weeds.Dawson et al. (10) noted that sulfosulfuron (30 g/ha) was very effectiveagainst weeds compared to the other herbicidal treatments whereas, thegrain yield was similar to weed free treatment. Baghestani et al. (4) reportedthat clodinafop propargyl acted better than fenoxaprop-p-ethyl when tankmixed with broad leaved herbicides. Dual purpose herbicide ideosulfuron -methyl-sodium + mesosulfuron - methyl (21 g a.i./ha) was also a good optionin controlling weeds of wheat.The present study was undertaken to evaluate the effectiveness ofcommonly available herbicides against weed control in wheat crop underirrigated conditions.MATERIALS AND METHODSThis study was conducted at Adaptive Research Farm, Gujranwala, Pakistanduring the year 2006-07 to 2008-09. Wheat variety AS-2002 was planted at125 kg per hectare seed rate. NPK @ 128-114-62 kg per hectare wereapplied. All phosphorus, potash and 1/3 nitrogen was applied at sowingtime, 1/3 nitrogen with first irrigation and remaining 1/3 with 2 nd irrigation.The experiment was laid out in RCBD with three replications having 5x15meter plot size. The herbicides were sprayed at 4-6 leaf stage of weeds inmoist field, after first irrigation. These herbicides were applied by handoperated knapsack sprayer in a spray volume of 300 litre per hectare. Acheck plot was kept un-weeded for comparison. The detail of herbicidesused in the experiment is listed below.The weeds under study were naturally occurring in the field. The commonweeds observed in wheat field were; Avena fatua L. (wild oat), PhalarisJ. Agric. Res., 2011, 49(3)
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