52. Hardy M & Armitage G The child’s right to consent to x-ray <strong>and</strong> imaging investigations:issues <strong>of</strong> restraint <strong>and</strong> immobilisation from a multidisciplinary perspective J <strong>Child</strong> HealthCare 6 (2); 107-119 200253. European Commission European guidelines on quality criteria for diagnostic radiographicimages in paediatrics Luxembourg: EC 199654. RCN <strong>Child</strong> protection - every nurses’ responsibility RCN 200355. Clements <strong>Child</strong> minding by radiographers Letters Synergy News Apr 2005; June 200522
10. AppendicesAppendix 1Main principles <strong>of</strong> the <strong>Child</strong>ren Act 1989● Welfare <strong>of</strong> the child is paramount● The best place for a child to be brought up <strong>and</strong> cared for is within their own family, whereverpossible● Agencies should work in partnership with parents in so far as this does not prejudice the welfare<strong>of</strong> the child● <strong>Child</strong>ren in danger should be kept safe <strong>and</strong> protected by effective intervention● Delays in decisions affecting children are likely to prejudice their welfare. Courts should ensurethat delay is avoided <strong>and</strong> make an order only if to do so is better than not● <strong>Child</strong>ren should be informed about what is happening to them, participate in decisions about theirfuture <strong>and</strong> have their wishes <strong>and</strong> feelings taken into account● Parents continue to have parental responsibility in relation to their children, even if their childrenare no longer living with them.(The <strong>Child</strong> in Mind 2004)Appendix 2Four Broad Categories <strong>of</strong> <strong>Child</strong> Abuse● Physical abusePhysical abuse may involve hitting, shaking, throwing, poisoning, burning or scalding, drowning,suffocating or otherwise causing physical harm to a child. Physical harm may also be caused whena parent or carer feigns the symptoms <strong>of</strong>, or deliberately causes ill health to a child whom they arelooking after. This situation is commonly described using terms such as factitious illness by proxyor Munchausen Syndrome by proxy.● Emotional abuseEmotional abuse is the persistent emotional ill-treatment <strong>of</strong> a child such as to cause severe <strong>and</strong>persistent adverse effects on the child’s emotional development. It may involve conveying tochildren that they are worthless or unloved, inadequate or valued only in so far as they meet theneeds <strong>of</strong> another person. It may involve causing children frequently to feel frightened or in danger,or the exploitation or corruption <strong>of</strong> children. Some level <strong>of</strong> emotional abuse is involved in all types<strong>of</strong> ill-treatment <strong>of</strong> a child, though it may occur alone.● Sexual abuseSexual abuse involves forcing or enticing a child or young person to take part in sexual activities,whether or not the child is aware <strong>of</strong> what is happening. The activities may involve physical contact,including penetrative or non-penetrative acts. They may include non-contact activities, such asinvolving children in looking at, or in the production <strong>of</strong>, pornographic, material or watching sexualactivities, or encouraging children to behave in sexually inappropriate ways.● NeglectNeglect is the persistent failure to meet a child’s basic physical or psychological needs, likely toresult in the serious impairment <strong>of</strong> the child’s health or development. It may involve a parent or carerfailing to provide adequate food, shelter or clothing, failing to protect a child from physical harm ordanger, or the failure to ensure access to appropriate medical care or treatment. It may also includeneglect <strong>of</strong>, or unresponsiveness to, a child’s basic emotional needs.(DH Working together to safeguard children: a guide to interagency working to safeguard <strong>and</strong>promote the welfare <strong>of</strong> children London: TSO 1999)23