mobile ad hoc networks providing efficient multicasting techniques

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MOBILE AD HOC NETWORKS PROVIDING EFFICIENT MULTICASTING TECHNIQUES5. Multicast data forwardingMaintain the multicast table, and the memberzones normally cannot be reached within one hopfrom the source. When a node N has a multicastPacket to forward to a list of destinations (D1;D2; D3; :), it decides the next hop node towardseach destination (for a zone, its center is used)using the geographic forwarding strategy. Afterdeciding the next hop nodes, N inserts the list ofnext hop nodes and the destinations associatedwith each next hop node in the packet [6] header.An example list is (N1: D1; D3; N2: D2; :),where N1 is the next hop node for thedestinations D1 and D3, and N2 is the next hopnode for D2. Then N broadcasts the packetpromiscuously (for reliability and efficiency).Upon receiving the packet, a neighbor node willkeep the packet if it is one of the next hop nodesor destinations, and drop the packet otherwise.When the node is associated with somedownstream destinations, it will continueforwarding packets similarly as done by nodeN[9]..6. Multicast Route Maintenance andOptimizationIn the zone structure, due to the movement ofnodes between different zones, some zones maybecome empty. It is critical to handle the emptyzone problem in a zone-based protocol.Compared to managing the connections ofindividual nodes, however, there is a much lowerrate of zone membership change and hence amuch lower overhead in maintaining the zonebasedtree[6].When a member node moves to a new zone, itmust rejoin the multicast tree through the newleader. When a leader is moving away from itscurrent zone, it must handover its multicast tableto the new leader in the zone, so that all thedownstream zones and nodes will remainconnected to the multicast tree.INPUT DESIGNThe input design is the link between theinformation system and the user. It comprises thedeveloping specification and procedures for datapreparation and those steps are necessary to puttransaction data in to a usable form for processingcan be achieved by inspecting the computer toread data from a written or printed document or itcan occur by having people keying the datadirectly into the system[6]. The design of inputfocuses on controlling the amount of inputrequired, controlling the errors, avoiding delay,avoiding extra steps and keeping the processsimple. The input is designed in such a way sothat it provides security and ease of use withretaining the privacy. Input Design considered thefollowing things: What data should be given as input? How the data should be arranged or coded? The dialog to guide the operating personnelin providing input. Methods for preparing input validations andsteps to follow when error occur.Dudekula Yasmine and V.Subbaramaiah 376
MOBILE AD HOC NETWORKS PROVIDING EFFICIENT MULTICASTING TECHNIQUESOBJECTIVES1. Input Design is the process of converting auser-oriented description of the input into acomputer-based system. This design is importantto avoid errors in the data input process and showthe correct direction to the management forgetting correct information from thecomputerized system.2. It is achieved by creating user-friendly screensfor the data entry to handle large volume of data.The goal of designing input is to make data entryeasier and to be free from errors. The data entryscreen is designed in such a way that all the datamanipulates can be performed. It also providesrecord viewing facilities [9].3. When the data is entered it will check for itsvalidity. Data can be entered with the help ofscreens. Appropriate messages are provided aswhen needed so that the user will not be in maizeof instant. Thus the objective of input design is tocreate an input layout that is easy to follow.OUTPUT DESIGNA quality output is one, which meets therequirements of the end user and presents theinformation clearly. In any system results ofprocessing are communicated to the users and toother system through outputs. In output design itis determined how the information is to bedisplaced for immediate need and also the hardcopy output. It is the most important and directsource information to the user. Efficient andintelligent output design improves the system’srelationship to help user decision-making.1. Designing computer output should proceed inan organized, well thought out manner; the rightoutput must be developed while ensuring thateach output element is designed so that peoplewill find the system can use easily andeffectively. When analysis design computeroutput, they should Identify the specific outputthat is needed to meet the requirements.2. Select methods for presenting information.3. Create document, report, or other formats thatcontain information produced by the system.The output form of an information system shouldaccomplish one or more of the followingobjectives. Convey information about past activities,current status or projections of the Future. Signal important events, opportunities,problems, or warnings. Trigger an action. Confirm an action.CONCLUSIONIn this paper, we proposed an efficient andscalable geographic multicast protocol, EGMP,for MANET. The scalability of EGMP isachieved through a two-tier virtual-zone-basedstructure, which takes advantage of the geometricinformation to greatly simplify the zonemanagement and packet forwarding. The positioninformation is used in the protocol to guide thezone structure building, multicast treeconstruction, maintenance, and multicast packetforwarding [6]. Compared to conventionaltopology based multicast protocols; the use oflocation information in EGMP significantlyreduces the tree construction and maintenanceoverhead, and enables quicker tree structureadaptation to the network topology change. Wealso develop a scheme to handle the empty zoneproblem, which is challenging for the zone-basedprotocols. Additionally, EGMP makes use ofgeographic forwarding for reliable packettransmissions, and efficiently tracks the positionsof multicast group members without resorting toan external location server [9].Dudekula Yasmine and V.Subbaramaiah 377
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