9Structural Controls - Department of Water - The Western Australian ...

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This manual does not address the use of rainwater storage systems to supply a drinking water source, although it is recognised that in many rural areas of Western Australia, roof water is the main water supply for drinking and domestic use. For more information on using roof water for human consumption, refer to the Department of Health and the Water Corporation. Best Management Practices BMP System Applicable Scale 2.1 Rainwater Storage Systems 2.2 Managed Aquifer Recharge Infiltration Systems Primary and Secondary Functions Lot, Street Water Conservation Water Quantity (Retention) Lot, Street, Precinct, Regional Infiltration through pervious paving. (Source: Washington Aggregates & Concrete Association 2006.) Water Conservation Water Quantity (Retention) 18 Stormwater Management Manual for Western Australia: Structural Controls Status of Application in Western Australia Traditionally applied in rural/ regional areas. Increased recent application as a non-potable supply for urban development. Lot (domestic) and precinct schemes (local authority public open space irrigation) have widespread use. Use of MAR schemes at the regional scale is being trialled and researched. Some limited application in Perth metropolitan area. Pervious surface under gutterless roof, Shire of Broome. (Photograph: Allan Ralph, Shire of Broome 2005.) Infiltration best management practices consist of systems where the majority of the stormwater is infiltrated to the ground, rather than discharged to a receiving surface water body. Infiltration systems cover a wide range of application scales (lot to regional) and include infiltration basins and trenches, soakwells and
pervious pavements. Infiltration can also be simply achieved through the provision of a soil surface or vegetated area allocated for this purpose, for example by directing roof runoff to a garden bed. Infiltration systems are used at different scales and under different conditions to accomplish the same goals of reducing stormwater runoff peak flows and volumes; minimising pollution conveyance; reducing downstream flooding; managing the hydrologic regime entering receiving environments; and increasing groundwater recharge. Sandy soils are ideal for infiltration systems. Even in areas where soils are less permeable, infiltration systems may still be an option for stormwater management if other engineering factors dictate the use of more permeable fill to raise the site level, or slow drainage infiltration systems are adopted. Infiltration atsource should be considered in preference to end-of-pipe or end-of-catchment systems where the stormwater has had the opportunity to pick up pollutants. To prevent infiltration systems from being clogged with sediment/litter during road and housing/building construction, temporary bunding or sediment controls need to be installed. See Section 2.1.1 ‘Land development and construction sites’ of Chapter 7 for information about site management practices. Best Management Practices BMP System Applicable Scale 3.1 Infiltration Basins and Trenches Street, Precinct, Regional Primary and Secondary Functions Water Quantity (Retention) Water Quality Water Conservation 3.2 Soakwells Lot, Street Water Quantity (Retention) Water Quality Water Conservation 3.3 Pervious Pavement Lot, Street Water Quantity (Retention) Water Quality Water Conservation Status of Application in Western Australia Widespread local application of infiltration basins. Infiltration trenches used to a lesser extent, in many cases as a retrofitting application to existing fenced sumps. Widespread local application at domestic, local authority and development scales. Limited previous local application. Recent trials and increasing application in Western Australia. Stormwater Management Manual for Western Australia: Structural Controls 19
Page 1 and 2: 9 Structural Controls
Page 3 and 4: Stormwater Management Manual for We
Page 5 and 6: Department of Water Ms Lisa Chalmer
Page 7 and 8: Preface A growing public awareness
Page 9 and 10: Contents Summary ..................
Page 11 and 12: Summary The aims of this chapter ar
Page 13 and 14: Introduction . Aims of the structur
Page 15 and 16: Table 1 provides a summary of the s
Page 17 and 18: CONSULTATION WITH RELEVANT STATUTOR
Page 19 and 20: Table 2. Structural control BMP sel
Page 21 and 22: Opportunities for retaining natural
Page 23 and 24: Maintain the pre-development water
Page 25 and 26: Different processes are required fo
Page 27 and 28: .7.9 Life cycle costs Consideration
Page 29: The pollutant removal effectiveness
Page 33 and 34: Detention Systems Liege Street Wetl
Page 35 and 36: Best Management Practices BMP Syste
Page 37 and 38: Non-structural controls: • Proact
Page 39 and 40: Figure 6. Flush kerbing to allow di
Page 41 and 42: • reduced dwelling setback (3 m)
Page 43 and 44: Challenges/lessons learnt Stabilisa
Page 45 and 46: could be applied to this site to so
Page 47 and 48: Figure 7. Central drainage linked t
Page 49 and 50: water that does not drain away imme
Page 51 and 52: Approaches implemented In order to
Page 53 and 54: Disconnection: Much of the upper ca
Page 55 and 56: The City of Joondalup has recognise
Page 57 and 58: . 3 References and further reading
Page 59 and 60: 2 Stormwater Storage and Use 2. Rai
Page 61 and 62: Sydney, Melbourne and Adelaide. Are
Page 63 and 64: Design guidelines The required capa
Page 65 and 66: Below-ground stormwater storage dev
Page 67 and 68: Stormwater Storage and Use 2.2 Mana
Page 69 and 70: Design considerations At the MAR pl
Page 71 and 72: plans should be developed to cater
Page 73 and 74: A recent analysis of a 400-lot MAR
Page 75 and 76: 3 Infiltration Systems 3. Infiltrat
Page 77 and 78: These devices should not be placed
Page 79 and 80: conductivity of clayey soils and ov
Page 81 and 82:
Where: C = runoff coefficient i = p
Page 83 and 84:
y infiltration or percolation only.
Page 85 and 86:
Based on the above, the design rain
Page 87 and 88:
Infiltration Systems 3.2 Soakwells
Page 89 and 90:
i = probabilistic rainfall intensit
Page 91 and 92:
Runoff Volume Inflow Volume ∀ = F
Page 93 and 94:
Infiltration Systems 3.3 Pervious P
Page 95 and 96:
Pervious pavement systems require r
Page 97 and 98:
Figure 6. Example definition of a c
Page 99 and 100:
Brattebo, B. O. and Booth, D. B. 20
Page 101 and 102:
4 Conveyance Systems 4. Swales and
Page 103 and 104:
Table 1. Typical annual pollutant l
Page 105 and 106:
Another consideration when locating
Page 107 and 108:
Figure 5. Impact of flow depth on h
Page 109 and 110:
with grass never cut shorter than t
Page 111 and 112:
ƒ = (2125 × 1 +1125 × 0.1)/3250
Page 113 and 114:
Inlet details Flows reach the swale
Page 115 and 116:
Conveyance Systems 4.2 Bioretention
Page 117 and 118:
TP Removal (%) 100 90 80 70 60 50 4
Page 119 and 120:
Bioretention systems can be used in
Page 121 and 122:
media in the long term due to its d
Page 123 and 124:
Flow per perforation is therefore d
Page 125 and 126:
growth, organic decomposition and t
Page 127 and 128:
• Fraction impervious: 0.60 (grav
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A = catchment area (ha) Maximum inf
Page 131 and 132:
Assume orifice flow conditions: Q =
Page 133 and 134:
Impervious liner requirement In thi
Page 135 and 136:
Conveyance Systems 4.3 Living Strea
Page 137 and 138:
Table 1. Indicative costs for water
Page 139 and 140:
flow, which may compromise the surf
Page 141 and 142:
interference with the natural flows
Page 143 and 144:
encourage the growth of biofilms an
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• map the morphology (plan and cr
Page 147 and 148:
Creek Project in the City of Cannin
Page 149 and 150:
5 Detention Systems 5. Dry/Ephemera
Page 151 and 152:
Center for Watershed Protection (19
Page 153 and 154:
Note that in Figure 3, the circles
Page 155 and 156:
A o = Orifice area (m 2 ) Q d = Des
Page 157 and 158:
Detention Systems 5.2 Constructed W
Page 159 and 160:
Table 1. Typical annual pollutant l
Page 161 and 162:
Figure 3. Natural wetlands are clas
Page 163 and 164:
• Vegetate around the wetland’s
Page 165 and 166:
Table 2. Components of a constructe
Page 167 and 168:
Vegetation design Remnant vegetatio
Page 169 and 170:
• Schedule biannual inspections a
Page 171 and 172:
Taylor, A.C. and Wong, T.H.F. 2002,
Page 173 and 174:
6 Pollutant Control 6. Litter and S
Page 175 and 176:
exits the chamber through a riser p
Page 177 and 178:
• In-transit LSM systems are gene
Page 179 and 180:
is lower than the design discharge
Page 181 and 182:
The studies also found that a high
Page 183 and 184:
Victoria Stormwater Committee 1999,
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Pollutant Control 6.2 Hydrocarbon M
Page 187 and 188:
floats to the surface of the separa
Page 189 and 190:
Where: Q d = required design (treat
Page 191 and 192:
• Nuisance problems such as odour
Page 193 and 194:
Melbourne Water 2005, WSUD Engineer
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