PLANT DEVELOPMENT & REPRODUCTION - CBSE International

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AcknowledgementsAdvisoryShri Vineet Joshi, Chairman, CBSEDr. Sadhana Parashar, Director (ART & I),CBSEConceptual FrameworkShri G. Balasubramanian, Former Director (Acad), CBSEMs. Abha Adams, Consultant, Step-by-Step School, NoidaDr. Sadhana Parashar, Director (ART & I), CBSEIdeators: Classes XI and XIIProf. A K BakshiMs. Avnita BirMs. Deepa ShuklaProf. Kapil KapoorMs. Mridula AroraDr. N K SehgalMs. Renu AnandMs. Usha SharmaDr. AnshuDr. Arun MauryaDr. Deeksha BajpaiMr. L. V SehgalDr. Om VikasMs. Rajeshwari GargDr. Vijay SardaMs. Rajeshwari GargMs. Archana SinghDr. Barkatullah KhanMs. Gayatri KhannaMr. Maneesh JaryalMr. Mukesh KumarDr. Preeti TewariDr. Rajesh HassijaMr. Vinod KumarMs. Anita MakkarProf. Biswajit NagDr. Indrakant K singhMs. Mandira PalDr. Niti NandiniChatnaniMs. P RajeswaryMr. S K AgarwalaMaterial Production Groups: Classes XI and XIIEnglishMr. Anil KumarMs. Gayatri KhannaMs. Renu AnandMs. P RajeswaryMs. Sandhya AwasthiMs. Manna BaruaMs. Veena BhasinMs. Urmil GulianiMs. Sudha RaviMs. Vijaylaxmi RamanMs. Neerada SureshChemistryDr. A.C HandaDr. Adarsh GulatiDr. K. K AroraDr. Niti MishraMr. S. K JainDr. Sarita PasseyBiologyMs. Rajeshwari GargMr. Vinod KumarMs. Deepa ShuklaDr. Indrakant K singhMs. Lucy JadMs. Mandira PalMs. Mridula AroraMr. Arun MauryaMs. Archana SinghPhysicsMr. Dhirender SharmaMs. Namrata AlwadhiMs. Sonika BabbarMs. Sucharita Basu KasturiMr. VivekMr. Vivek KaushikMathematicsMs. Charu DurejaDr. H L BhatiaMs. Monica TalwarMs Neeru AggarwalDr. Saroj KhannaMs. Seema JunejaDr Sushma BansalDr. Sushil KumarGeographyMs. Bharti MalhotraMs. Deepa KapoorMr. Gurvinder SinghMs. Isha KaushikMs. Mamta Kanti KumarMs. Neena PhogatDr. Preeti TewariMs. Pooja VermaMs. Rupa DasMr. Riyazuddin KhanMs. Richa BhardwajMr. Rahul SingalMr. S Fazal Daoud FirdausiMs. Sujata SharmaMs. Sunita BajpaiMs. Shweta YadavAccountancyDr. Balbir SinghMr. Bhupendra KriplaniDr. K MohnaMr. S SSehrawatDr. ShipraVaidyaMr. Sandeep SethiMs. Sakshi MehtaBusiness StudiesMs. Komal BhatiaMs. Meenu Ranjan AroraMs. Ravisha AggarwalMs. ShegorikaMr. Sandeep SethiDr. S K BhatiaMs. Sakshi MehtaMs. Usha SharmaEconomicsMs. Ambika GulatiMs. Ingur AgarwalMs. Malti ModiMs. Nidhi SinghMr. S K AgarwalMs. Sapna DasMs. Shankar KulkarniMr Sandeep SethiMs. Sakshi Mehta(Late) Dr. Srijata DasE. O.Mr. Sandeep SethiE. O.Ms. Deepa ShuklaConsultant (Biology)Mr. Sanjay SachdevaD. O.Chief Co-ordinator: Ms. Kshipra Verma, E OMs. Neha SharmaD.D.Shri. R. P. SharmaConsultant (Science)Shri Al Hilal AhmedAEOMs. S. Radha MahalakshmiE. O.Ms. Neelima SharmaConsultant (English)Mr. R.P SinghAEOMs. P RajeswaryE.O.Ms. Reema AroraConsultant (Chemistry)Mr. Navin Maini, R O(Tech)Unit 1 Plant Development & Reproductionviii
IntroductionPlant Development And ReproductionIf you sow a tiny seed of pea in your garden or in the pot, after a few days you would finda tiny seedling coming out from seed. Such growth and development follows a precise wellregulated and highly ordered succession of events. It starts from the fusion of male gameteand miniature egg called fertilization/syngamy which occurs in ovule. The zygote grows,divides and differentiates gradually into complex tissue and organs and ultimately organizesinto mature plant. After attaining maturity, the plant bears flower, fruit and seeds and thenstarts showing senescence and ultimately dies. The potted tiny pea seed starts the life cycleas described above that you can observe. These orderly events manifested by pea plants aregoverned by internal factors (Genes and their expression and biochemical reaction, physiologicalcondition) and external factors (environmental factors like temperature, light, water availability)affecting the development.Growth and DevelopmentGrowthGrowth is considered as first fundamental event manifested by the cell (here zygote of peaplant is the first cell). Growth is a quantitative phenomenon. It can be seen as change in size(volume) and mass at the level of cell. All such changes lead to change at tissue, organ or plantlevel. Experimentally it can be seen in tissue culture laboratory. Growth of cells in culture isseen as an increase in cell number or weight (dry as well as fresh) of cells.Growth = Quantitative change in size and massYou know that once plant growth occurs, it cannot be brought back to initial zygote stage.Thus it is irreversible in nature. Growth occurs in cell by well regulated biochemical eventwith expenditure of energy. Growth is also influenced by abiotic environmental factors liketemperature, light, water and O 2availability. But remember every irreversible increase is notthe growth.During rainyseason our wooden doors andwindows absorb water and swellthat cause problem in closingand opening and distortionin shape. Is it growth?Think and answer!Stages of cellular growthNow you are familiar that growth of plant/organism is always associated with growth of cells.This growth of cells occurs in three successive phases (Figure 1). Those are as follows:1. Cell division: The processes like mitosis and meiosis, are responsible for cell division invegetative and reproductive part of plant body respectively.Unit 1 Plant Development & Reproduction 1
Page 3: The CBSE-International is grateful
Page 6 and 7: PrefaceEducation plays the most imp
Page 10 and 11: 2. Cell enlargement: In this phase,
Page 12 and 13: Auxanometer(Gr. auxain, “to grow
Page 14 and 15: with simple cell/organism like bact
Page 16 and 17: Primary and Secondary growthin a tw
Page 18 and 19: activity, such as Indol-3-ethanol,
Page 20 and 21: Commercial use of AuxinUse of auxin
Page 22 and 23: Commercial Application of GA1. GAs
Page 24 and 25: ABA (Abscisic Acid) Savoir from adv
Page 26 and 27: OHEthylene is also involved in the
Page 28: Salicylic acidIt is naturally occur
Page 31 and 32: carried out mainly by two types of
Page 33 and 34: conditions are favorable and ample
Page 35 and 36: Figure 23: Flower showing the male
Page 37 and 38: What would be theploidy of the cell
Page 39 and 40: Activity 6Aim: To study the pollen
Page 41 and 42: Megasporogenesis: The process of fo
Page 43 and 44: synchronized. Either the pollen is
Page 45 and 46: Pollination by water is quite rare
Page 47 and 48: on the stigma. The pistil has the a
Page 49 and 50: Antipodal cellPolar nuclei(n)Female
Page 51 and 52: called coleorrhiza. The portion of
Page 54 and 55: Activity 8Observe some flowers of t
Page 56 and 57: Unlike polyembryony, the apomixis i
Page 58 and 59:
of vascular plants (Dicots, gymnosp
Page 60 and 61:
two polar nuclei (the second polar
Page 62 and 63:
Q.4. Discuss the photoperiodism and
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