Chapter 25 Text - APAblog.org

Nationalism Aroundthe World 1919 –1939Section 1 Nationalism in the Middle EastSection 2 Nationalism in Africa and AsiaSection 3 Revolutionary Chaos in ChinaSection 4 Nationalism in Latin AmericaMAKING CONNECTIONSHow can nationalism affecta country?Mexican president Lázaro Cárdenas sparked an era of changewith policies promoting land reforms and workers’ rights and limitingforeign investment—all goals of the Mexican Revolution. Known asthe president who stood up to the United States, Cárdenas seized theproperty of foreign oil companies in Mexico. In this chapter you willlearn how nationalist movements affected individual nations.• How did nationalism influence the historical path of theworld’s nations?• How does patriotism influence the behavior of Americans today?THE WORLD1919Cominternformed byLenin1921Young Kikuyu Associationprotests Britishtaxes in Africa1927Chiang Kai-shekorganizes theShanghai Massacre1920 192519301919League ofNations formed1929Great Depression begins820Mary Evans Picture Library/The Image Works, Bettmann/CORBIS

1933Franklin D. Rooseveltannounces the GoodNeighbor policy19351939British limit numberof Jewish immigrantsto Palestine1940DrawingConclusions As youread, use a Four-DoorBook to take notesabout the leaders of thenationalist movements.Draw conclusions aboutMustafaKemal(Atatürk)LázaroCárdenasMohandasGhandiHarryThukuwhat each leader sought to accomplishand what each ultimately achieved.1939World War II beginsChapter Overview—Visit glencoe.com to preview Chapter 25.Bettmann/CORBIS, Mary Evans Picture Library/The Image Works

Nationalism in the Middle EastGUIDE TO READINGThe BIG IdeaSelf-Determination After World War I,the quest for national self-determination led to thecreation of Turkey, Iran, and Saudi Arabia. In thesame period, the Balfour Declaration supported thecreation of a national Jewish homeland in Palestine.Content Vocabulary• genocide (p. 824)• ethnic cleansing (p. 824)Academic Vocabulary• legislature (p. 822) • element (p. 824)People and Places• Abdülhamīd II (p. 822)• T. E. Lawrence(p. 822)• Atatürk (p. 825)• Tehran (p. 825)• Reza Shah Pahlavi(p. 825)• Iran (p. 825)• Ibn Sa‘ıūd (p. 827)• Saudi Arabia (p. 827)• Palestine (p. 827)Reading StrategyComparing and Contrasting As youread, make a Venn diagram like the one belowcomparing and contrasting the national policies ofAtatürk and Reza Shah Pahlavi.AtatürkRezaShahPahlaviINDIANA ACADEMIC STANDARDSWorld History and Civilization8.1 Trace and explain the causes, major events,and global consequences of World War I.8.8 Describe and explain the origins of themodern state of Israel and the reactions of thepeoples and states in Southwest Asia.The Ottoman Empire ended shortly after World War I. Whilethe new Turkish Republic modernized, Persia evolved into themodern state of Iran and the kingdom of Saudi Arabia wasestablished. In Palestine, tensions mounted as both Arabs andJews viewed the area as their homeland.Decline and Fall of the Ottoman EmpireThe Ottoman Empire, which had been steadily declining since thelate 1700s, finally ended after World War I.HISTORY & YOU Do you think it is possible for an empire to exist in the worldtoday? Read to learn about the fall of the Ottoman Empire.The Ottoman Empire—which once had included parts of easternEurope, the Middle East, and North Africa—had been growingsteadily weaker. The empire’s size had decreased dramaticallyduring the nineteenth century. Greece achieved its independenceduring the course of the 1820s and 1830s, and the empire subsequentlylost much more European territory. Ottoman rule alsoended in North Africa.In 1876 Ottoman reformers seized control of the empire’s governmentand adopted a constitution that set up a legislature.However, the sultan they placed on the throne, Abdülhamīd II,suspended the new constitution. Abdülhamīd paid a high pricefor his authoritarian actions—he lived in constant fear of assassination.He kept a thousand loaded revolvers hidden throughouthis guarded estate and insisted that his pets taste his food beforehe ate it.The suspended constitution became a symbol of change to agroup of reformers named the Young Turks. This group forced therestoration of the constitution in 1908 and deposed the sultan thefollowing year. However, the Young Turks lacked strong supportfor their government. The stability of the empire was also challengedby many ethnic Turks who had begun to envision a Turkishstate that would encompass all people of Turkish nationality.Impact of World War IThe final blow to the old empire came from World War I. Afterthe Ottoman government allied with Germany, the British soughtto undermine Ottoman rule in the Arabian Peninsula by supportingArab nationalist activities there. The nationalists were aidedby the dashing British adventurer T. E. Lawrence, popularlyknown as “Lawrence of Arabia.”822

MIDDLE EAST, 1919–193540°N30°E 40°E50°EBlack Seaİstanbul(Constantinople)AnkaraGREECEAnatolianPeninsulaARMENIATURKEY(Republic established 1923)KURDISTANSOVIETUNIONCaspianSea0400 kilometers0400 milesLambert Conformal Conic projectionNW ES60°E30°NLIBYAIt.MediterraneanSeaNile RiverCyprusLEBANONBeirutPALESTINEJerusalemEGYPT(British protectorateuntil 1922)SuezCanalCairoSYRIAMadinah(Medina)EuphratesRiverTigris RiverDamascus BaghdadIRAQAmman (British mandateTRANSJORDANuntil 1932)SAUDI ARABIA(Kingdom established1932)TROPIC OF CANCERKUWAITDhahranRiyadhTehranIRAN(Known asPersia until 1935)Persian Gulf(Arabian Gulf)20°NBoundary of the Ottoman Empire, 1914British mandate, colony, or influenceFrench mandateOil-producing areasMakkah(Mecca)Red Sea1. Location Where were the oil-producingareas located?2. Regions What happened to the OttomanEmpire at the end of World War I? How mightthis change have affected Arab nationalism?See StudentWorks Plusor glencoe.com.In 1916 Arabia declared its independencefrom Ottoman rule. British troops advancedfrom Egypt and seized Palestine. After sufferingmore than 300,000 deaths during thewar, the Ottoman Empire made peace withthe Allies in October 1918.The Armenian GenocideDuring the war the Ottoman Turks hadalienated the Allies with their policiestoward minority subjects, especially theArmenians. The Christian Armenianminority had been pressing the Ottomangovernment for its independence for years.In 1915 the Ottoman government accusedthe Armenians of supporting the Russiansand used those allegations to kill or exileall Armenians.Within 7 months, 600,000 Armenians hadbeen killed, and 500,000 had been deported.Of those, 400,000 died while marchingthrough the deserts and swamps of Syriaand Mesopotamia. By September 1915, anestimated 1 million Armenians were dead.CHAPTER 25 Nationalism Around the World 823

Middle East ChangesTurkey’s president Kemal changed thepolitical system and the Turkish culture to create amodern state, while government and economic reformschanged Persia into the modern country of Iran.HISTORY & YOU If you had the power to makeyour community more modern, what changes wouldyou make? Read to learn about the modernizationof Turkey and Persia.While Turkey, Iran, and Saudi Arabiaemerged as modern states, tensionsmounted between the Jewish and Musliminhabitants in Palestine.The Modernization of TurkeyPresident Kemal was now popularlyknown as Atatürk (AT•uh•tuhrk), or“father Turk.” Over the next several years,he tried to transform Turkey into a modernstate. A democratic system was put inplace, but Atatürk did not tolerate oppositionand harshly suppressed his critics.Atatürk’s changes went beyond politics.Many Arabic elements were eliminatedfrom the Turkish language, which wasnow written in the Roman alphabet. Populareducation was introduced. All Turkishcitizens were forced to adopt family (last)names, in the European style.Atatürk also took steps to modernize Turkey’seconomy. Factories were established,and a five-year plan provided for statedirection over the economy. Atatürk alsotried to modernize farming, although hehad little effect on the nation’s peasants.Perhaps the most significant aspect ofAtatürk’s reform program was his attemptto break the power of the Islamic religion.He wanted to transform Turkey into a secularstate—a state that rejects religiousinfluence on its policies. Atatürk said,“Religion is like a heavy blanket that keepsthe people of Turkey asleep.”The caliphate was formally abolishedin 1924. Men were forbidden to wear thefez, the brimless cap worn by TurkishMuslims. When Atatürk began wearing aWestern panama hat, one of his criticsremarked, “You cannot make a Turk into aWesterner by giving him a hat.”Women were forbidden to wear the veil,a traditional Islamic custom. New lawsgave women marriage and inheritancerights equal to men’s. In 1934 womenreceived the right to vote. All citizens werealso given the right to convert to otherreligions.The legacy of Kemal Atatürk was enormous.In practice, not all of his reformswere widely accepted, especially by devoutMuslims. However, most of the changesthat he introduced were kept after hisdeath in 1938. By and large, the TurkishRepublic was the product of Atatürk’sdetermined efforts.The Beginnings of Modern IranA similar process of modernization wasunderway in Persia. Under the Qājārdynasty (1794–1925), the country had notbeen very successful in resolving its domesticproblems. Increasingly, the dynasty hadturned to Russia and Great Britain to protectitself from its own people, which ledto a growing foreign presence in Persia.The discovery of oil in the southern part ofthe country in 1908 attracted more foreigninterest. Oil exports increased rapidly, andmost of the profits went to Britishinvestors.The growing foreign presence led to therise of a native Persian nationalist movement.In 1921 Reza Khan, an officer in thePersian army, led a military mutiny thatseized control of Tehran, the capital city. In1925 Reza Khan established himself asshah, or king, and was called Reza ShahPahlavi. The name of the new dynasty hecreated, Pahlavi, was the name of theancient Persian language.During the next few years, Reza ShahPahlavi tried to follow the example ofKemal Atatürk in Turkey. He introduced anumber of reforms to strengthen and modernizethe government, the military, andthe economic system. Persia became themodern state of Iran in 1935.Unlike Atatürk, Reza Shah Pahlavi didnot try to destroy the power of Islamicbeliefs. However, he did encourage thecreation of a Western-style educationalsystem and forbade women to wear theveil in public.CHAPTER 25 Nationalism Around the World 825

The Balfour DeclarationIt was just a simple letter written by Arthur JamesBalfour, Britain’s foreign secretary, to Lord Rothschild, aleader of the Jewish community in Britain. Yet relationsin the Middle East today still reflect its impact.By supporting the Zionist desire for a homeland inthe Palestine Mandate, Britain hoped to gain Jewishsupport for the Allies in World War I. The British alsohoped that the settlement of Palestine by a Jewishpopulation friendly to Britain would help protect Britishinterests around the important Suez Canal.A week after the letter was written, it was publishedin the Times of London. It became known as theBalfour Declaration. This letter became the basis ofinternational support for the modern state of Israel.1. Explaining In what way did the BalfourDeclaration fall short of Zionist desires?2. Determining Cause and Effect Howdid the Balfour Declaration affect eventsin the Middle East?Foreign powers continued to harass Iran.To free himself from Great Britain and theSoviet Union, Reza Shah Pahlavi drewcloser to Nazi Germany. During World WarII, the shah rejected the demands of GreatBritain and the Soviet Union to expel a largenumber of Germans from Iran. In response,Great Britain and the Soviet Union senttroops into the country. Reza Shah Pahlaviresigned in protest and was replaced by hisson, Mohammad Reza Pahlavi.Arab NationalismWorld War I offered the Arabs an excellentopportunity to escape from Ottomanrule. However, there was a question as towhat would replace that rule. The Arabswere not a nation, though they wereunited by their language and their Islamiccultural and religious heritage. However,efforts by generations of political leadersto create a single Arab nation have beenunsuccessful.Because Britain had supported the effortsof Arab nationalists in 1916, the nationalistshoped this support would continue afterthe war ended. Instead, Britain made anagreement with France to create a numberof mandates in the area. These mandateswere former Ottoman territories that thenew League of Nations now supervised.The League, in turn, granted its membersthe right to govern particular mandates.Iraq and Palestine (including Transjordan)were assigned to Great Britain; Syria andLebanon, to France.For the most part, Europeans createdthese Middle Eastern states. The Europeansdetermined the nations’ borders anddivided the peoples. In general, the peoplein these states had no strong identificationwith their designated country. However, asense of Arab nationalism remained.826 SECTION 1 Nationalism in the Middle East

In the early 1920s, a reform leader, Ibn Sa‘ūd, unitedArabs in the northern part of the Arabian Peninsula.Devout and gifted, Ibn Sa‘ūd (from whom came the nameSaudi Arabia) won broad support. He established thekingdom of Saudi Arabia in 1932.At first, the new kingdom, which consisted mostly ofthe vast central desert of the Arabian Peninsula, was desperatelypoor. Its main source of income came from theMuslim pilgrims who visited Makkah (Mecca) and Madinah(Medina). During the 1930s, however, U.S. prospectorsbegan to explore for oil. Standard Oil made a successfulstrike at Dhahran, on the Persian Gulf, in 1938. Soon, theArabian-American oil company Aramco was created. Theisolated kingdom was suddenly flooded with Western oilindustries that brought the promise of wealth.The Problem of PalestineThe situation in Palestine complicated matters in theMiddle East even more. While Palestine had been thehome of the Jews in antiquity, Jews had been forced intoexile in the first century a.d. A Jewish presence alwaysremained, but Muslim Arabs made up about 80 percent ofthe region’s population. In Palestine, the nationalism ofJews and Arabs came into conflict because both groupsviewed the area as a potential national state.Since the 1890s, the Zionist movement had advocatedthat Palestine should be established as a Jewish state. Jewsrecalled that the ancient state of Israel was located there.Arabs pointed out that their ancestors had also lived inPalestine for centuries.The Balfour DeclarationAs a result of the Zionist movement and growing anti-Semitism in Europe, more Jews began to migrate to Palestine.Then during World War I, the British government,hoping to win Jewish support for the Allies, issued theBalfour Declaration. It expressed support for a nationalhome for the Jews in Palestine, but it also added that thisgoal should not undermine the rights of the non-Jewishpeoples living there.The Balfour Declaration drew even more Jews to Palestine.In 1933 the Nazi regime in Germany began policiesthat later led to the Holocaust and the murder of six millionJews. During the 1930s, many Jews fled to Palestine.Violence flared between Jewish and Muslim inhabitants.Trying to end the violence, the British declared in 1939that only 75,000 Jewish people would be allowed to immigrateto Palestine over the next five years; after that, nomore Jews could do so. This decision, however, onlyintensified the tension and increased the bloodshed.✓Reading Check Explaining Why did the Balfour Declarationproduce problems in Palestine?CVocabulary1. Explain the significance of: legislature,Abdülhamīd II, T. E. Lawrence, genocide,ethnic cleansing, element, Atatürk, Tehran,Reza Shah Pahlavi, Iran, Ibn Sa‘ūd, SaudiArabia, Palestine.Main Ideas2. Explain how the Ottoman alliance withGermany in World War I contributed to thefall of the Ottoman Empire.3. Summarize the steps Atatürk took tomodernize Turkey, using a diagram like theone below.Modernizationof Turkey4. Explain why more Jewish people began tomigrate to Palestine.Critical Thinking5. The BIG Idea Evaluating Why was itdifficult for the Arab peoples to form onenation?6. Making Connections Why did foreigninterest in Persia and Saudi Arabia increasein the first half of the twentieth century?7. Analyzing Visuals Examine the illustrationon page 824. Would a Turkish magazinehave depicted this scene in the same way?Explain your answer.Writing About History8. Expository Writing Review information inyour textbook about the fall of these twoempires: the Han Dynasty (Chapter 3) andthe Roman Empire (Chapter 5). Then createa multimedia presentation that comparesthe collapse of these empires to the fall ofthe Ottoman Empire. For help with the concepts in this section of Glencoe WorldHistory, go to glencoe.com and click Study Central.827

Nationalism in Africa and AsiaGUIDE TO READINGThe BIG IdeaSelf-Determination Nationalism led thepeople of Africa and Asia to seek independence.Content Vocabulary• Pan-Africanism (p. 830) • zaibatsu (p. 834)• civil disobedience (p. 832)Academic Vocabulary• volunteer (p. 828) • compensation (p. 829)People and Places• Kenya (p. 829)• W.E.B. Du Bois(p. 830)• Marcus Garvey(p. 830)• Ho Chi Minh (p. 831)• Mohandas Gandhi(p. 832)• Mahatma (p. 832)• Jawaharlal Nehru(p. 832)• Manchuria (p. 835)Reading StrategyContrasting As you read, use a table like theone below to contrast the backgrounds and valuesof Gandhi and Nehru.Mohandas GandhiJawaharlal NehruINDIANA ACADEMIC STANDARDSWorld History and Civilization7.3 Analyze Japanese responses to challenges byWestern imperial powers and the impact of theseresponses on Japan’s subsequent development asan industrial, military, and imperial power.8.1 Trace and explain the causes, major events,and global consequences of World War I.Nationalism spread throughout Africa and Asia in the earlytwentieth century. Calls for independence came from a newgeneration of Western-educated African leaders. Ascommunism spread in Asia, Mohandas Gandhi and JawaharlalNehru worked for the independence of India. Meanwhile,militarists gained control of the Japanese government.African Independence MovementsAfter World War I, many Africans organized to end colonial rule intheir countries.HISTORY & YOU Have you ever worked with a group to promote a cause youbelieve in? Read to learn about ideas that inspired Africans to work toward independenceafter World War I.Black Africans had fought in World War I in British and Frencharmies. Many Africans hoped that independence after the warwould be their reward. As one newspaper in the Gold Coastargued, if African volunteers who fought on European battlefieldswere “good enough to fight and die in the Empire’s cause,they were good enough to have a share in the government of theircountries.” Most European leaders, however, were not ready togive up their colonies.The peace settlement after World War I was a huge disappointment.Germany was stripped of its African colonies, but thesecolonies were awarded to Great Britain and France to be administeredas mandates for the League of Nations. Britain and Francenow governed a vast portion of Africa.African ProtestsAfter World War I, Africans became more active politically. Theforeign powers that had conquered and exploited Africa alsointroduced Western education. In educating Africans, the colonialsystem introduced them to the modern world and gave themvisions of a world based on the ideals of liberty and equality. InAfrica itself, the missionary schools taught these ideals to theirpupils. The African students who studied abroad, especially inBritain and the United States, and the African soldiers who servedin World War I learned new ideas about freedom and nationalismin the West. As more Africans became aware of the enormousgulf between Western ideals and practices, they decided toseek reform.828

AFRICA, 193920°N01,000 kilometersTROPIC OF CANCER20°E 0°20°E 40°ESPANISH MOROCCO1921–26 TUNISIAFRENCH MOROCCORÍO DE OROMediterranean1933 1922–31ALGERIALIBYASeaEGYPT(Independentin 1922)1919Red SeaNW ES01,000 milesLambert Azimuthal Equal-Area projectionImperialism in Africa, 1914NGAMBIAU.K.PORTUGUESEGUINEAFRENCH WEST AFRICATOGOLANDSIERRALEONEGOLD NIGERIALIBERIACOASTFERNANDO PÓOSp.0°EQUATORSÃO TOMÉAND PRÍNCIPEPort.SPANISH GUINEACABINDAATLANTICOCEANFRENCHEQUATORIALAFRICAFRENCHCAMEROONSBRITISHCAMEROONSPORTUGUESEWEST AFRICA(ANGOLA)RUANDA-URUNDIBELGIANCONGOANGLO-EGYPTIANSUDANUGANDAKENYANORTHERNRHODESIAFRENCHSOMALILANDTANGANYIKAERITREA BRITISHSOMALILANDETHIOPIA(ABYSSINIA)NYASALAND1899–1920ITALIANSOMALILANDINDIANOCEANATLANTICOCEANW ES1000 kilometers1000 milesmbert Azimuthal Equal-Area projectionINDIANOCEAN20°STROPIC OF CAPRICORNSOUTHERN MADAGASCARSOUTH- RHODESIAWEST BECHUANA- MOZAMBIQUEAFRICA LANDUNIONOF SOUTHAFRICASWAZILANDBASUTOLAND1. Regions Which African country lost itsindependence between 1914 and 1939?2. Regions Which European country lostcolonies in Africa after World War I?Which gained colonies?See StudentWorks Plusor glencoe.com.40°SBelgianBritishBritish/FrenchFrenchGermanItalianPortugueseSpanishIndependentMandate for theLeague of NationsActive nationalist resistanceto European ruleOpposition to the British colonial administrationescalated in Nigeria during andafter World War I. Resistance was a combinedeffort of the traditional authority, theking of Lagos, and of educated Africanswho wanted a democratic government.Leading the nationalists was HerbertMacaulay, a civil engineer who held a positionin the colonial government. Macaulayand the editor of the Lagos Weekly Recordcarried on a years-long editorial campaignagainst the colonial government.Political unrest also took place in Kenya.One of the most important issues concernedthe redistribution of land. Large tracts ofland on the highlands had been taken fromblack Africans and given to white settlers.The Africans had received little if any compensationfor this land. Instead, they wereforced to become squatters on the land theybelieved was their own.During the 1920s, protest organizations,mostly founded by the Kikuyu, emerged inKenya. These first groups were moderate.CHAPTER 25 Nationalism Around the World 829

HistoryONLINEStudent WebActivity—Visit glencoe.com tolearn how to create amultimedia presentationand create apresentation onnationalist movements.The Kikuyu Association, founded in 1920by farmers, was intent on blocking furtherland confiscation. This association waswilling to work toward reform within theexisting colonial structure.Some of the Kenyan protesters weremore radical, however. The Young KikuyuAssociation, organized by Harry Thuku in1921, challenged European authority.Thuku, a telephone operator, protestedagainst the high taxes levied by the Britishrulers. His message was simple:PRIMARY SOURCE“Hearken, every day you pay . . . tax to theEuropeans of Government. Where is it sent? It istheir task to steal the property of the Kikuyupeople.”—Harry ThukuThuku was arrested. When an angrycrowd stormed the jail and demanded hisrelease, government authorities fired intothe crowd and killed at least 20 people.Thuku was sent into exile.Libya also struggled against foreign rulein the 1920s. Forces led by Omar Mukhtarused guerrilla warfare against the Italiansand defeated them a number of times. TheItalians reacted ferociously. They establishedconcentration camps and used allavailable modern weapons to crush therevolt. Mukhtar’s death ended themovement.Although colonial powers typicallyresponded to such movements with force,they also began to make some reforms.They made these reforms in the hope ofsatisfying African peoples. Reforms, however,were too few and too late. By the1930s, an increasing number of Africanleaders were calling for independence, notreform.New LeadersCalls for independence came from a newgeneration of young African leaders. Manyhad been educated abroad, in Europe andthe United States. Those who had studiedin the United States were especially influencedby the ideas of W.E.B. Du Bois andMarcus Garvey.Du Bois, an African American educatedat Harvard University, was the leader of amovement that tried to make all Africansaware of their own cultural heritage. Garvey,a Jamaican who lived in Harlem inNew York City, stressed the need for theunity of all Africans, a movement knownas Pan-Africanism. His Declaration of theRights of the Negro Peoples of the World,issued in 1920, impacted later Africanleaders.Leaders and movements in individualAfrican nations also appeared. Educatedin Great Britain, Jomo Kenyatta of Kenyaargued in his book Facing Mount Kenyathat British rule was destroying the traditionalculture of the peoples of Africa.Kenyatta understood that it would take adetermined effort to shake off Europeancontrol. He described the African peoples’struggle:PRIMARY SOURCE“By driving the African off his ancestral lands,the Europeans have reduced him to a state ofserfdom incompatible with human happiness.The African is conditioned, by the cultural andsocial institutions of centuries, to a freedom ofwhich Europe has little conception, and it is notin his nature to accept serfdom forever. Herealizes that he must fight unceasingly for hisown complete emancipation [freedom]; forwithout this he is doomed to remain the prey ofrival imperialisms, which in every successiveyear will drive their fangs more deeply into hisvitality and strength.”—Jomo KenyattaLéopold Senghor, who had studied inFrance and written poetry about Africanculture, organized an independencemovement in Senegal. Nnamdi Azikiwe,of Nigeria, began a newspaper, The WestAfrican Pilot, in 1937 and urged nonviolenceas a method to gain independence.These are just a few of the leaders whoworked to end colonial rule in Africa.Success, however, would not come untilafter World War II.✓Reading Check Analyzing Why did manyAfricans become more politically active after WorldWar I?830 SECTION 2 Nationalism in Africa and Asia

Revolution in AsiaIn the 1920s, the Comintern helped tospread communism throughout Asia.HISTORY & YOU Do you remember the Marxisttheory that industrial workers would defeat capitalism?Read to learn how Lenin’s revised idea ofMarxism was spread in Asia.Before World War I, the Marxist doctrineof social revolution had no appeal forAsian intellectuals. After all, most Asiansocieties were still agricultural and hardlyready for revolution. That situationchanged after the revolution in Russia in1917. Lenin and the Bolsheviks showedthat a revolutionary Marxist party couldoverturn an outdated system—even onethat was not fully industrialized—andbegin a new one.In 1920 Lenin adopted a new revolutionarystrategy aimed at societies outside theWestern world. He spread the word ofKarl Marx through the CommunistInternational, or Comintern, a worldwideorganization of Communist parties formedin 1919 to advance world revolution.Agents were trained in Moscow and thenreturned to their own countries to formMarxist parties. By the end of the 1920s,practically every colonial society in Asiahad a Communist party.How successful were these new parties?In some countries, the local Communistsestablished a cooperative relationship withnationalist parties to struggle against Westernimperialism. This was true in FrenchIndochina. Moscow-trained Ho Chi Minhorganized the Vietnamese Communists inthe 1920s. The strongest Communistnationalistalliance was formed in China(see Section 3). In most colonial societies,though, Communist parties of the 1930sfailed to gain support among the majorityof the population.✓Reading Check Evaluating What was therelationship between communism and imperialism?Ho Chi Minh: Vietnam’s Communist LeaderAt the Paris Peace Conference after World War I, Ho Chi Minh(1890–1969) tried to give U.S. president Woodrow Wilson a list ofVietnam’s grievances against the French. Yet Wilson and the Allieschose not to address his concerns.In the years following World War I, Ho continued to protest Frenchcolonialism in Vietnam. He also became increasingly drawn to the ideasof Lenin. Describing his reasons for becoming a Communist, he wrote:“I loved and admired Lenin because he was a great patriot wholiberated his compatriots. . . .The reason for my joining the French Socialist Party was thatthese ‘ladies and gentlemen’ . . . had shown sympathy towardme—toward the struggle of the oppressed peoples.”—Ho Chi Minh, The Path Which Led Me to LeninismIn 1929 Ho formed the Indochinese Communist Party. He eventuallyrose to become president of Vietnam, as well as one of the mostinfluential Communist leaders of the twentieth century. During hislifetime, Vietnam won independence from the French and fought a warover communism inVietnam. Vietnam remainsCommunist today.1. Interpreting Why did Ho Chi Minhbecome a Communist leader?2. Evaluating How might history havebeen different if Woodrow Wilsonhad not ignored Ho Chi Minh?A statue ofHo Chi MinhHo Chi Minh as a young man(l) Tim Page/CORBIS, (r) Hulton-Deutsch Collection/CORBIS

See page R51to read Gandhi Takesthe Path of CivilDisobedience in thePrimary Sources andLiterature Library.Indian IndependenceMohandas Gandhi and JawaharlalNehru led India’s independence movement.HISTORY & YOU Do your methods for solving aproblem differ from those of your friends? Read tolearn about Mohandas Gandhi’s unusual methods.Mohandas Gandhi had been active inthe Indian National Congress and themovement for Indian self-rule beforeWorld War I. The Indian people had alreadybegun to refer to him as India’s “GreatSoul,” or Mahatma. After the war, Gandhiremained an important figure, and newleaders also arose.Protest and ReformGandhi left South Africa in 1914. When hereturned to India, he organized mass protestsagainst British laws. A believer in nonviolence,Gandhi used the methods of civildisobedience—refusal to obey laws consideredto be unjust.In 1919 British troops killed hundreds ofunarmed protesters in Amritsar, in northwesternIndia. Horrified at the violence,Gandhi briefly retreated from active politics,but was later arrested and imprisoned for hisrole in protests.In 1935 Britain passed the Governmentof India Act. This act expanded the role ofIndians in governing. Before, the LegislativeCouncil could only give advice to theBritish governor. Now, it became a twohouseparliament, and two-thirds of itsIndian members were to be elected. Similarbodies were created at the provinciallevel. Five million Indians (still a smallpercentage of the population) were giventhe right to vote.A Push for IndependenceThe Indian National Congress (INC),founded in 1885, sought reforms in Britain’sgovernment of India (see Chapter21). Reforms, however, were no longerenough. Under its new leader, MotilalNehru, the INC wanted to push for fullindependence.Gandhi, now released from prison,returned to his earlier policy of civildisobedience. He worked hard to informordinary Indians of his beliefs and methods.It was wrong, he said, to harm anyliving being. Hate could only be overcomeby love, and love, rather than force, couldwin people over to one’s position.Nonviolence was central to Gandhi’scampaign of noncooperation and civil disobedience.To protest unjust British laws,Gandhi told his people: “Don’t pay yourtaxes or send your children to an Englishsupportedschool. . . . Make your own cottoncloth by spinning the thread at home,and don’t buy English-made goods. Provideyourselves with home-made salt, anddo not buy government-made salt.”Britain had increased the salt tax and prohibitedthe Indians from manufacturing orharvesting their own salt. In 1930 Gandhiprotested these measures. Accompanied bysupporters, he walked to the sea on whatbecame known as the Salt March. On reachingthe coast, Gandhi picked up a pinch ofsalt. Thousands of Indians followed his actof civil disobedience. Gandhi and manyother members of the INC were arrested.New Leaders and ProblemsIn the 1930s, Jawaharlal Nehru enteredthe movement. The son of Motilal Nehru,Jawaharlal studied law in Great Britain.He was a new kind of Indian politician—upper class and intellectual.The independence movement split into twopaths. The one identified with Gandhi wasreligious, Indian, and traditional. The other,identified with Nehru, was secular, Western,and modern. The two approaches createduncertainty about India’s future path.In the meantime, another problem hadarisen in the independence movement. Hostilitybetween Hindus and Muslims hadexisted for centuries. Muslims were dissatisfiedwith the Hindu dominance of the INCand raised the cry “Islam is in danger.”By the 1930s, the Muslim League wasunder the leadership of Mohammed AliJinnah. The league believed in the creationof a separate Muslim state of Pakistan (“theland of the pure”) in the northwest.✓Reading Check Comparing How did Nehru’sapproach differ from Gandhi’s?832 SECTION 2 Nationalism in Africa and Asia

GANDHI ANDNONVIOLENCEWe generally think of revolutions andindependence movements as beingviolent. Yet Mohandas Gandhi, leader ofIndia’s independence movement, used anonviolent approach—civil disobedience—to protest British control in India.Gandhi’s methods included boycotts ofBritish goods and institutions as well asprolonged fasting (giving up food) to drawattention to issues. These protestseventually led to independence for India—and inspired civil rights leaders throughoutthe world.In 1930 Gandhi launched a protest tooppose the British Salt Acts. These lawsmade it illegal to prepare salt fromseawater, which would deprive the Britishgovernment of tax revenue from itsmonopoly on the sale of salt. Gandhi setout with 78 followers for the coast tocollect seawater to make salt. The Britishjailed Gandhi and more than 60,000 of hisfollowers. Yet the protesters had sent apowerful message to the British. A yearlater, the government agreed to negotiatewith Gandhi as the representative of theIndian National Congress.Gandhi and his followers on the200-mile (322-km) Salt March in 1930C25-13P-874525Gandhi described the difference between nonviolence andother forms of protest:“Passive resistance is a method of securing rights by personalsuffering; it is the reverse of resistance by arms. . . .For instance, the Government of the day has passed alaw which is applicable to me. I do not like it. If by usingviolence I force the Government to repeal the law, I amemploying what may be termed body-force. If I do notobey the law and accept the penalty for its breach, I usesoul-force. It involves sacrifice of self.”—Mohandas K. Gandhi, Non-Violence (Satyagraha)This famous photo of Gandhi shows himwith a spinning wheel, symbolizing theIndian boycott of British taxes on cloth.1. Explaining Explain how each photographshows an example of nonviolence.2. Analyzing In what ways was Gandhi’sIndian independence movement a turningpoint in history?(t) Bettmann/CORBIS, (b) Margaret Bourke-White/Time Life Pictures/Getty Images

Myrleen Ferguson Cate/PhotoEditA Militarist JapanBy the late 1920s, militant forces inJapan were campaigning for an end to peacefulpolicies.HISTORY & YOU Do you own anything made bySony, Mitsubishi, or Toshiba? Read to learn how Japandeveloped its modern industrial economy.Japanese society developed along aWestern model. The economic and socialreforms launched during the Meiji Era ledto increasing prosperity and a modernindustrial and commercial sector.A Zaibatsu EconomyIn the Japanese economy, various manufacturingprocesses were concentratedwithin a single enterprise called thezaibatsu, a large financial and industrialcorporation. These vast companies controlledmajor segments of the Japaneseindustrial sector. By 1937, the four largestzaibatsu (Mitsui, Mitsubishi, Sumitomo,and Yasuda) controlled 21 percent of thebanking industry, 26 percent of mining,35 percent of shipbuilding, and over 60percent of paper manufacturing andinsurance.The concentration of wealth led to growingeconomic inequalities. City workerswere poorly paid and housed. Economiccrises added to this problem. After WorldWar I, inflation in food prices led to foodriots. A rapid increase in population led tofood shortages. (The population of the Japaneseislands increased from 43 million in1900 to 73 million in 1940.) Later, when theGreat Depression struck, workers andfarmers suffered the most.With hardships came calls for a return totraditional Japanese values. Traditionalistsespecially objected to the growing influenceof Western ideas and values on Japaneseeducational and political systems. At thesame time, many citizens denounced Japan’sattempt to find security through cooperationwith the Western powers. Instead, theydemanded that Japan use its own strengthto dominate Asia and meet its needs.American teenagers shopping forelectronics at a mall in CaliforniaDuring Japan’s Meiji Era, family-controlled conglomerates known as zaibatsubegan to form. By the time World War II began, four zaibatsu controlled much ofJapan’s banking, trade, and heavy industry. The Japanese government aided thegrowth of the zaibatsu by granting monopolies and special privileges in return fortheir help with government projects.After World War II, the Allies broke up the zaibatsu. In the 1950s, however, newgroups called keiretsu formed, based on the old zaibatsu and often retainingtheir old names. By pooling their resources, the keiretsu helped make Japana global economic power. Today, Japanese keiretsu such as Mitsubishi,Mitsui, and Fuyo produce brands popular around the world.• Mitsubishi: Mitsubishi Electric, Mitsubishi Motors• Mitsui: Fuji, Toshiba, Toyota• Fuyo: Canon, Hitachi, Yamaha, Nissan, Ricoh 1. Analyzing What advantages aided the growth of thezaibatsu and keiretsu into powerful corporations?2. Identifying Name three products made by Japanesekeiretsu that are commonly sold in the United States.

Revolutionary Chaos in ChinaGUIDE TO READINGThe BIG IdeaOrder and Security During the 1920s,two men, Chiang Kai-shek and Mao Zedong, struggledto lead a new Chinese state.Content Vocabulary• guerrilla tactics (p. 838)• redistribution of wealth (p. 841)Academic Vocabulary• cease (p. 836) • eventually (p. 837)People, Places, and Events• Shanghai (p. 836)• Sun Yat-sen (p. 836)• Chang Jiang (p. 836)• Chiang Kai-shek(p. 837)• Shanghai Massacre (p. 837)• Nanjing (p. 837)• Mao Zedong (p. 838)• People’s LiberationArmy (PLA) (p. 839)Reading StrategySummarizing Information As youread, make a cluster diagram like the one belowshowing the Confucian values that Chiang Kai-shekused to bring modern Western ideas into a culturallyconservative population.New LifeMovementINDIANA ACADEMIC STANDARDSWorld History and Civilization8.9 Describe ethnic or nationalistic conflicts andviolence in various parts of the world, includingSoutheastern Europe, Southwest and Central Asia,and sub-Saharan Africa.9.2 Locate and analyze primary sources andsecondary sources related to an event or issueof the past.In 1923 the Nationalist and Communist Parties formed analliance to drive the imperialists out of China. Tensionsbetween the two parties grew, however. Sun Yat-sen’s successor,Chiang Kai-shek, struck against the Communists. ManyCommunists went into hiding or fled to the mountainous north,where Mao Zedong set up a Communist base.Nationalists and CommunistsCooperating to drive the imperialists from China, the Nationalistsand Communists then fought one another fiercely for the right to rule China.HISTORY & YOU Can you work with people you do not trust? Learn how thealliance between the Nationalists and the Communists in China worked out.Revolutionary Marxism had its greatest impact in China. By1920, central authority had almost ceased to exist in China. Twopolitical forces began to emerge as competitors for the right torule China: Sun Yat-sen’s Nationalist Party, which had been drivenfrom the political arena several years earlier, and the ChineseCommunist Party.The Nationalist-Communist AllianceIn 1921 a group of young radicals, including several faculty andstaff members from Beijing University, founded the Chinese CommunistParty (CCP) in the commercial and industrial city ofShanghai. Comintern agents soon advised the new party to joinwith the more experienced Nationalist Party.Sun Yat-sen, leader of the Nationalists (see Chapter 22), welcomedthe cooperation. He needed the expertise that the SovietUnion could provide. His anti-imperialist words had alienatedmany Western powers. One English-language newspaper in Shanghaiwrote: “All his life, all his influence, are devoted to ideas thatkeep China in turmoil, and it is utterly undesirable that he shouldbe allowed to prosecute those aims here.” In 1923 the two parties—Nationalists and Communists—formed an alliance to oppose thewarlords and drive the imperialist powers out of China.For over three years, the two parties overlooked their mutualsuspicions and worked together. They formed a revolutionaryarmy to march north and seize control over China. This NorthernExpedition began in the summer of 1926. By the following spring,revolutionary forces had taken control of all of China south of theChang Jiang (Yangtze River), including the major river ports ofWuhan and Shanghai.836

CHINA, 1926–193740°N100°EMONGOLIAHuang HeGOBIMu UsDesertYan‘anPekingMANCHUKUO(MANCHURIA)YellowSeaSea of Japan(East Sea)120°E 140°EKOREAJAPANWei HeCHINAXi‘anQINLINGSHANDIChang JiangWuhanNanjingJIANGXIShanghaiEastChinaSeaPACIFICOCEANTAIWAN(FORMOSA)TROPIC OF CANCERGuangzhou0800 kilometers20°N0Two-Point Equidistant projection800 milesHainanNorthern Expedition againstimperialist powers (1926–1928)Communist baseLong March led by CommunistMao Zedong (1934–1935)Communist base, 1935Area controlled by Chiang Kai-shek’sNationalist government, 1937Area occupied by Japan, 1937South China SeaNW ES1. Regions What major cities were destinationsof the Northern Expedition?Why do you think the NorthernExpedition targeted these cities?2. Human-Environment InteractionIdentify the major physical features thatMao’s army had to overcome during theLong March.Tensions between the parties eventuallyrose to the surface. Sun Yat-sen died in 1925,and General Chiang Kai-shek (JYAHNGKY•SHEHK) succeeded him as head of theNationalist Party. Chiang pretended to supportthe alliance with the Communists untilApril 1927, when he struck against them inShanghai, killing thousands. After theShanghai Massacre, the Nationalist-Communist alliance ceased to exist.In 1928 Chiang Kai-shek founded a newChinese republic at Nanjing. During thenext three years, he worked to reunifyChina. Although Chiang saw Japan as aserious threat, he believed that theCommunists were more dangerous. Heonce remarked that “the Communists are adisease of the heart.”The Communists in HidingAfter the Shanghai Massacre, most of theCommunist leaders went into hiding in thecity. There, they tried to revive the Communistmovement among the working class.Shanghai was a rich recruiting ground forthe party. People were discontented andlooking for leadership.CHAPTER 25 Nationalism Around the World 837

Private Collection/Bridgeman Art LibrarySome party members fled to the mountainousJiangxi (JYAHNG•SHEE) Provincesouth of the Chang Jiang. They were led bythe young Communist organizer MaoZedong (MOW DZUH•DUNG). Unlikemost other leading members of the CommunistParty, Mao was convinced that aChinese revolution would be driven by thepoverty-stricken peasants in the countrysiderather than by the urban workingclass.Chiang Kai-shek now tried to root theCommunists out of their urban base inShanghai and their rural base in JiangxiProvince. He succeeded in the first task in1931. Most party leaders in Shanghai wereforced to flee to Mao’s base in southernChina.Chiang Kai-shek then turned his forcesagainst Mao’s stronghold in JiangxiProvince. Chiang’s forces far outnumberedMao’s, but Mao made effective useof guerrilla tactics, using unexpectedmethods like sabotage and deception tofight the enemy. Four slogans describe hismethods: “When the enemy advances, weretreat! When the enemy halts and camps,we trouble them! When the enemy tries toavoid battle, we attack! When the enemyretreats, we pursue!”The Long March: Mao Zedong’s Rise to PowerThe Long March was physically demanding, zigzagging throughmountains and marshes. It took over a year. Only one-tenth of thetroops reached their destination in northern China.Despite the great difficulty of the journey, the Long March wascrucial for the Communists, because it helped build support amongthe Chinese people. Unlike the Nationalist soldiers, who often actedrudely and stole from the peasants, the People’s Liberation Army(PLA) soldiers followed Mao’s instructions to treat the peasants withrespect. Their behavior helped the PLA gain the support of themasses, which would prove to be key to eventual victory.Mao Zedong’s leadership during the Long March also helpedestablish him as the clear leader of the Communists. In January1935, the Red Army arrived in Zunyi. Soon, the Chinese CommunistParty held a conference and elected Mao as party leader.Mao Zedong (center) with otherChinese Communist leadersduring the Long March“The Long March is . . . a propaganda force. It has announced tosome 200 million people . . . that the road of the Red Army is theironly road to liberation. Without the Long March, how could thebroad masses have learned so quickly about the existence of thegreat truth which the Red Army embodies?”—Mao Zedong, report to a Communist Party conference, December 27, 19351. Determining Cause and Effect Whatrole did the Long March play in Mao’srise to power? How did it build supportfor the Communist cause?2. Analyzing According to Mao in thequote to the left, what “great truth” didthe Red Army embody?

The Long MarchIn 1934 Chiang’s troops, with their superiormilitary strength, surrounded theCommunist base in Jiangxi and set up ablockade of the stronghold. With the villagesbehind Chiang’s troops, no food orsupplies could pass to the Communistbase. Chiang even built small forts to preventCommunist raids. However, Mao’sarmy, the People’s Liberation Army (PLA),broke through the Nationalist lines andbegan its famous Long March.Both Mao and Chiang knew that unlessMao’s army could cross the Chang Jiang,it would be wiped out. Mao’s armybegan a desperate race. Moving on footthrough mountains, marshes, rivers, anddeserts, the army traveled almost 6,000miles (9,600 km), averaging 24 miles (38km) each day, to reach the last survivingCommunist base in northwest China. Allalong those miles, Mao’s troops had tofight Chiang’s army.Many of Mao’s troops froze or starved.One survivor of the Long March told ofsoldiers eating their horses and wild vegetablesonce their grain was gone. Anothersurvivor remembered:PRIMARY SOURCE“We were disheartened. Broken units. No food.The commanders dead. Only spirits got usthrough.”— Li Xiannian, as quoted in The Long March: TheUntold Story, Harrison E. SalisburyOne year later, Mao’s troopsreached safety in the dusty hills ofnorthern China. Of the 90,000 troopswho had embarked on the journey,only 9,000 remained. In the course ofthe Long March, Mao Zedong hadbecome the sole leader of the ChineseCommunist Party. To people wholived at the time, it must have seemedthat the Communist threat to theNanjing regime was over. To theCommunists, however, thereremained hope for the future.✓Reading Check Explaining Why didcommunism no longer seem a threat to China afterthe Long March?The New ChinaChiang Kai-shek was committedto building a new China with a republicangovernment.HISTORY & YOU How does a republic differ from amonarchy? Read what Chiang Kai-shek believed musthappen before China could be a republic.Even while trying to root out Mao’sCommunist forces, Chiang had been tryingto build a new Chinese nation. Hehad publicly declared his commitment toSun Yat-sen’s plans for a republicangovernment. But first, there would be atransitional period. In Sun’s words:PRIMARY SOURCE“China . . . needs a republican government justas a boy needs school. As a schoolboy must havegood teachers and helpful friends, so the Chinesepeople, being for the first time under republicanrule, must have a farsighted revolutionarygovernment for their training. This calls for theperiod of political tutelage, which is a necessarytransitional stage from monarchy to republicanism.Without this, disorder will be unavoidable.”— Sun Yat-sen, as quoted in Sources of ChineseTradition, William Theodore de Bary et al. (eds.)In keeping with Sun’s program, Chiangannounced a period of political tutelage(training) to prepare the Chinese peoplefor a final stage of constitutional government.Even the humblest peasant wouldbe given time to understand the country’sproblems and the new government. In themeantime, the Nationalists would use theirdictatorial power to carry out a land-reformprogram and to modernize industry.A Class DivideIt would take more than plans on paperto create a new China, however. Years ofneglect and civil war had severly weakenedthe political, economic, and social fabric ofthe nation. Most of the people who lived inthe countryside were drained by warfareand civil strife. Rural peasants—up to 80percent of China’s population—were stillvery poor and overwhelmingly illiterate.CHAPTER 25 Nationalism Around the World 839

China’s New Life MovementChina in the early 1930s faced many social andeconomic problems, as Communists and Nationalistsfought for control of the troubled nation. In 1934 ChiangKai-shek and his wife Mei-ling formed a plan to rallythe people against the Communists and increaseChinese national pride. Their New Life Movementcalled for a renewal of values such as social discipline,courtesy, and service. Four ancient Confucian virtueswould serve as guides for living: Li (courtesy), I (duty),Lien (honesty), and Chih (honor).The movement began with rules regulating clothingand prohibiting behavior such as spitting or smokingin public. It was hoped that adherence to these ruleswould unify the Chinese and prepare them to confrontChina’s larger social and economic issues. Despite thisgrand vision, however, the New Life Movement becameoverly preoccupied with its rules for daily life. In theend it failed to grow into the larger social movementthat had been envisioned.“. . . [T]he new life movement is based upon preservationof these four [Confucian] virtues, and it aimsto apply them to actual, existing conditions, in orderthat the moral character of the nation shall attainthe highest possible standard. The Generalissimoobserved that communism crushed the spirit ofthe people.”—Madame Chiang Kai-shek, 1935Generalissimo and Madame Chiang Kai-shekwere named TIME ’s Man and Wife of the Yearin 1938 for their leadership in China.1. Summarizing What did this couplehope to achieve with the New LifeMovement?2. Making Inferences Why do youthink they believed a return to ancientConfucian values would help reunifyChina?Meanwhile, a Westernized middleclass had begun to form in the cities.Here, observers would have believedthat Chiang Kai-shek had lifted Chinainto the modern world. Young people inthe cities wore European clothes; theywent to the movies and listened to theradio. It was here in the cities that thenew government of Chiang Kai-shekfound most of its support.The Westernized middle class had littlein common with the peasants in thecountryside. They pursued the middleclassvalues of individual achievement andthe accumulation of wealth.Innovations and TraditionsChiang Kai-shek was aware of the problemof introducing foreign ideas into apopulation that was still culturally conservative.Thus, while attempting to build amodern industrial state, he tried to bringtogether modern Western innovations withtraditional Confucian values of hard work,840 SECTION 3 Revolutionary Chaos in ChinaTime Life Pictures/Getty Images

obedience, and integrity. With his U.S.-educated wife MeilingSoong, Chiang set up a “New Life Movement.” Itsgoal was to promote traditional Confucian social ethics,such as integrity, propriety, and righteousness. At the sametime, it rejected what was viewed as the excessive individualismand material greed of Western capitalistvalues.Chiang Kai-shek faced a host of other problems as well.The Nanjing government had total control over only ahandful of provinces in the Chang Jiang valley. As we shallsee in the next chapter, the Japanese threatened to gaincontrol of northern China. The Great Depression was alsohaving an ill effect on China’s economy.Limited ProgressIn spite of all these problems, Chiang did have somesuccess. He undertook a massive road-building projectand repaired and extended much of the country’s railroadsystem as well. More than 50,000 miles (80,467 km) ofhighways were built around and through the coastal areas.New factories, most of which the Chinese owned, wereopened. Through a series of agreements, the foreign powersended many of their leases, gave up extraterritorialrights, and returned the customs service to Chinese control.Chiang also established a national bank and improvedthe education system.In other areas, Chiang was less successful and progresswas limited. For example, a land-reform program wasenacted in 1930, but it had little effect. Because Chiang’ssupport came from the rural landed gentry, as well as theurban middle class, he did not press for programs thatwould lead to a redistribution of wealth, the shifting ofwealth from a rich minority to a poor majority. For thepeasants and poor townspeople, there was no real improvementunder the Nanjing government.The government was also repressive. Fearing Communistinfluence, Chiang suppressed all opposition and censoredfree expression. In doing so, he alienated manyintellectuals and political moderates.Sun Fo, Sun Yat-sen’s son, expressed disapproval of theNanjing government:PRIMARY SOURCE“We must frankly admit the fact that in these twenty years themachinery and practice of the Kuomintang [Chinese Nationalist Party]have turned in a wrong direction, inconsistent with the partyconstitution drafted by Dr. Sun Yat-sen in 1923 and contrary to thespirit of democracy.”—Sun Fo, as quoted in China in Revolution, John Robottom, 1969✓Reading Check Identifying What was the intended final stageof Chiang Kai-shek’s reform program?Vocabulary1. Explain the significance of: cease,Shanghai, Sun Yat-sen, Chang Jiang,eventually, Chiang Kai-shek, ShanghaiMassacre, Nanjing, Mao Zedong, guerrillatactics, People’s Liberation Army (PLA),redistribution of wealth.Main Ideas2. Explain why the Communist Party alliedwith the Nationalist Party.3. Identify the group of people that MaoZedong believed would be the driving forcebehind the Chinese revolution.4. List Chiang Kai-shek’s successes duringthe 1930s. Use a diagram like the onebelow to make your list.Chiang Kai-shek’ssuccessesCritical Thinking5. The BIG Idea Analyzing What didMao’s Long March accomplish?6. Making Inferences Why did Chiang Kaishekbelieve a period of political tutelagewas necessary?7. Analyzing Visuals Examine the magazinecover on page 840. How does this imageillustrate the Chiangs’ connection to theWest?Writing About History8. Persuasive Writing Research how theUnited States supported Chiang Kai-shekand why. Write an editorial for or againstthe intervention of the United States inChina. For help with the concepts in this section of Glencoe WorldHistory, go to glencoe.com and click Study Central.841

The Two Chinas of the 1930sIn the 1930s, four-fifths of the Chinese population lived in rural areas. Tobuild a strong modern nation, Chiang Kai-shek and the Nationalist governmentsharply increased the peasants’ taxes. Because the projects primarily benefitedthe urban areas of the country, society was divided into two distinct sectors.As China modernized in the1930s, many young ruralChinese people moved to thecities to find jobs.China’s cities grew dramatically inthe early twentieth century. Thepopulation of Shanghai, for example,had grown from 500,000 in 1895 tothree million in the 1920s.By the 1930s,automobiles were anincreasingly commonsight in Chinese cities.Westernizedfashions becamepopular withChina’s urbanmiddle class.URBAN CHINAWestern investments and technology helped stimulate industrial growth,modern banking, and commerce in China’s urban areas. As the economychanged, wealth-building capitalist values spread among the growingurban middle class. Increasingly Westernized, the residents of China’s citiesgrew further apart from the country’s rural population.842

Road-building projects extendedinto some rural areas in the1930s. Many Chinese peasants,however, received no benefitfrom the government’smodernization programs.In the 1930s, extendedpeasant families lived insimple houses lackingelectricity, plumbing, andglass windows.Life in rural China was slowto change. Farmersin the 1930s still relied onpack animals and carts totransport goods to market.Peasants wore broad-rimmedhats made of straw to shieldthemselves from the sun whileworking outside.Chinese peasants reliedon draft animals towork their fields.RURAL CHINAThough about half of China’s farmers owned their own land, manypeasants fell into debt. Bandits, natural disasters, and warfare added tothe hardships facing them. Being forced to pay for projects that primarilybenefited city dwellers created resentment among people in ruralChina. This discontent allowed the Chinese Communist Party todevelop rural programs to win the support of the peasant masses.ANALYZING VISUALS1. Contrasting How was lifein urban China in the 1930sdifferent from life in ruralChina at that time?2. Speculating How couldmodernization programsfocusing on rural areas havemore effectively benefitedChinese peasants in the1930s?843

Nationalism in Latin AmericaGUIDE TO READINGThe BIG IdeaOrder and Security In Latin America, theGreat Depression made politics unstable, and inmany cases, military dictatorships were the result.Content Vocabulary• oligarchy (p. 847)Academic Vocabulary• investor (p. 844) • establish (p. 847)People, Places, and Events• Argentina (p. 844)• Chile (p. 844)• Brazil (p. 844)• Peru (p. 844)• Mexico (p. 844)• Juan Vicente Gómez(p. 845)• Good Neighbor policy(p. 845)• Hipólito Irigoyen(p. 847)• Getúlio Vargas (p. 847)• InstitutionalRevolutionary Party(PRI) (p. 847)• Lázaro Cárdenas(p. 847)• PEMEX (p. 848)• Diego Rivera (p. 849)Reading StrategySummarizing Information As youread, make a chart like the one below listing themain exports of Latin America.CountryExportsINDIANA ACADEMIC STANDARDSWorld History and Civilization9.4 Explain issues and problems of the past byanalyzing the interests and viewpoints of thoseinvolved.During the 1920s, U.S. investors poured funds directly intoLatin American businesses. The Great Depression devastatedLatin America’s economy and created instability. This turmoilled to the creation of military dictatorships and authoritarianstates in Latin America in the 1930s.The Latin American EconomyDuring the 1920s and 1930s, foreign investments and the GreatDepression led some Latin American nations to emphasize domestic industry tobalance the economy.HISTORY & YOU Have you ever enjoyed a banana split? Most likely, the bananacame from Latin America. Read to learn about Latin America’s changing economicrelationship with the United States.At the beginning of the twentieth century, the Latin Americaneconomy was based largely on the export of foodstuffs and rawmaterials. Some countries relied on only one or two products forsale abroad. Argentina, for example, exported beef and wheat;Chile, nitrates and copper; Brazil and Caribbean nations, sugar; andCentral America, bananas. A few reaped large profits from theseexports. For most of the people, however, the returns were small.Role of the United StatesBeginning in the 1920s, the United States began to replace GreatBritain as the major investor in Latin America. British investorshad put money into stocks and other forms of investment thatdid not give them direct control of the companies. U.S. investors,however, put their funds directly into production facilities andactually ran the companies. In this way, large segments of LatinAmerica’s export industries fell into U.S. hands. A number ofsmaller Central American countries became independent republics.However, their economies often depended on wealthynations. The U.S.-owned United Fruit Company, for example,owned land, packing plants, and railroads in Central America.American firms also gained control of the copper-mining industryin Chile and Peru, as well as of the oil industry in Mexico,Peru, and Bolivia.Many Latin Americans resented U.S. control of Latin Americanindustries. A growing nationalist awareness led many of them toview the United States as an imperialist power. It was not difficultfor Latin American nationalists to show that profits from U.S.businesses were sometimes used to keep ruthless dictators in844

LATIN AMERICA, 1939100°W 80°W 60°W 40°W 20°WUNITED STATES20°NMEXICOBRITISHHONDURASCUBAHAITIDOMINICANREPUBLICTROPIC OF CANCERPACIFICOCEANHONDURASGUATEMALA NICARAGUAEL SALVADORCOSTA RICAVENEZUELAPANAMACOLOMBIABRITISH GUIANADUTCH GUIANAFRENCH GUIANANW ES0°ECUADOREQUATOR01,600 kilometers01,600 milesLambert Azimuthal Equal-Area projectionImports and Exports(in millions of US $)Great Depression in Latin America175015001250100075050025001929Argentina Brazil Cuba MexicoSource: League of Nations Yearbook, 1936–37.1932 1935PERU20°SBOLIVIAPARAGUAYURUGUAYCHILEARGENTINA40°SBRAZILTROPIC OF CAPRICORNATLANTICOCEAN1. Movement Which country representedon the graph suffered thelargest decline in trade activityduring the Great Depression?2. Movement What evidence ofEuropean occupation of LatinAmerica can you find on this map?power. In Venezuela, for example, U.S. oilcompanies had close ties to the dictatorJuan Vicente Gómez.The United States had always cast a largeshadow over Latin America. It had intervenedmilitarily in Latin American affairsfor years. This was especially true in CentralAmerica and the Caribbean. ManyAmericans considered both regions vital toU.S. security.The United States made some attemptsto change its relationship with LatinAmerica in the 1930s. In 1933 PresidentFranklin D. Roosevelt announced theGood Neighbor policy, rejecting the useof U.S. military force in Latin America onprinciple. Adhering to his word, the presidentwithdrew the last United StatesMarines from Haiti in 1934. For the firsttime in 30 years, there were no U.S. troopsin Latin American countries.Impact of the Great DepressionThe Great Depression was a disaster forLatin America’s economy. Weak U.S. andEuropean economies meant there was lessdemand for Latin American exports, especiallycoffee, sugar, metals, and meat.CHAPTER 25 Nationalism Around the World 845

The total value of Latin American exportsin 1930 was almost 50 percent below thefigures for the years 1925 through 1929.The countries that depended on the exportof only one product were especially hurt.The Great Depression had one positiveeffect on the Latin American economy. Whenexports declined, Latin American countriesno longer had the revenues necessary to buymanufactured goods from abroad. Thusthey were forced to meet their own needs.Their governments began to encourage thedevelopment of new industries to producemanufactured goods. The hope was thatindustrial development would bring greatereconomic independence.Often, however, individuals could notstart new industries because capital wasscarce in the private sector. Governmentsthen invested in the new industries. Thisled to government-run steel industries inChile and Brazil and oil industries inArgentina and Mexico.✓Reading Check Comparing How did the U.S.method of investing in Latin America differ from thatof Britain?Authoritarian RuleIn most Latin American countries, asmall group of church leaders, military leaders, andlarge landowners controlled politics.HISTORY & YOU Do you think all Americans havean equal say in our government, or do some groupshave more influence than others? Read to learn aboutLatin American politics in the 1930s.Most Latin American countries hadrepublican forms of government. In reality,however, a relatively small group of churchofficials, military leaders, and large landownersruled each country. This elite groupcontrolled the masses of people, who weremostly poor peasants. Military forces werecrucial in keeping these special-interestgroups in power. Indeed, military leadersoften took control of the government.This trend toward authoritarianismincreased during the 1930s, largely becauseof the impact of the Great Depression.Domestic instability caused by economiccrises led to the creation of many militarydictatorships in the early 1930s. This trendSelected Nationalist Movements in the Early Twentieth CenturyMIDDLE EAST AFRICA AND ASIA LATIN AMERICACOUNTRY LEADER REASONS OUTCOMEArgentinaArgentine army;Group of UnitedOfficersFear of workers;dissatisfactionwith governmentNewgovernments(1930, 1943)Brazil Getúlio Vargas Bad economy Vargas’s NewState (1938)Mexico Lázaro Cárdenas Foreign controlof oil industryKenyaHarry Thuku;Jomo KenyattaHigh taxes;British ruleSeizure of oiland property(1938); PEMEXExile of Thuku(1922)Libya Omar Mukhtar Italian rule Revolt crushed(1920s)India Mohandas Gandhi British rule Government ofIndia Act (1935)TurkeyPersiaNorthern ArabianPeninsulaMustafa Kemal(Atatürk)Reza Khan (RezaShah Pahlavi)Ibn Sa‘ūdGreek seizure ofAnatolianPeninsulaBritish andSoviet presenceEuropeancreation of statesTurkish Republic(1923)Iran (1935)Saudi Arabia(1932)Mexicans cheerexpropriation of oil, 19381. Analyzing What was the most frequentmotivation for revolt in thesecountries?2. Summarizing How successful werethese nationalist movements?

was especially evident in Argentina, Brazil,and Mexico. Together, these nations possessedover half of the land and wealth ofLatin America.ArgentinaArgentina was controlled by an oligarchy,a government where a select group of peopleexercises control. This oligarchy of largelandowners who had grown wealthy fromthe export of beef and wheat failed to realizethe growing importance of industryand cities in their country. It also ignoredthe growing middle class, which reacted byforming the Radical Party in 1890.In 1916 Hipólito Irigoyen (ee•PAW•lee•toh ihr•ih•GOH•yehn), leader ofthe Radical Party, was elected president ofArgentina. The Radical Party, however,feared the industrial workers, who wereusing strikes to improve their conditions.The party thus drew closer to the largelandowners and became more corrupt.The military was also concerned withthe rising power of the industrial workers.In 1930 the Argentine army overthrewPresident Irigoyen and reestablished thepower of the large landowners. Throughthis action, the military hoped to continuethe old export economy and thus stop thegrowth of working-class power that wouldcome with more industrialization.During World War II, restless militaryofficers formed a new organization, theGroup of United Officers (GOU). Theywere unhappy with the government andoverthrew it in June 1943. Three years later,one GOU member, Juan Perón, was electedpresident of Argentina (see Chapter 29).BrazilIn 1889 the army had overthrown theBrazilian monarchy and established arepublic. It was controlled chiefly by thelanded elites, who had become wealthyfrom large coffee plantations.By 1900, three-fourths of the world’scoffee was grown in Brazil. As long ascoffee prices remained high, the rulingoligarchy was able to maintain its power.The oligarchy largely ignored the growthof urban industry and the working classthat came with it.The Great Depression devastated thecoffee industry. By the end of 1929, coffeeprices had hit a record low. In 1930 a militarycoup made Getúlio Vargas, a wealthyrancher, president of Brazil. Vargas ruledBrazil from 1930 to 1945. Early in his rule,he appealed to workers by establishing aneight-hour day and a minimum wage.Faced with strong opposition in 1937,Vargas made himself dictator. Beginningin 1938, he established his New State. Itwas basically an authoritarian state withsome fascist-like features. Political partieswere outlawed and civil rights restricted.Secret police silenced Vargas’s opponents.Vargas also pursued a policy of stimulatingnew industries. The government establishedthe Brazilian steel industry and setup a company to explore for oil. By the endof World War II, Brazil had become LatinAmerica’s chief industrial power. In 1945the army, fearing that Vargas might prolonghis power illegally after calling fornew elections, forced him to resign.MexicoMexico was not an authoritarian state,but neither was it truly democratic. TheMexican Revolution of the early twentiethcentury had been the first significant effortin Latin America to overturn the system oflarge landed estates and raise the livingstandards of the masses (see Chapter 21).Out of the revolution had emerged a relativelystable political order.The government was democratic inform. However, the official political partyof the Mexican Revolution, known as theInstitutional Revolutionary Party, or PRI,controlled the major groups within Mexicansociety. Every six years, party bossesof the PRI chose the party’s presidentialcandidate. That candidate was then dutifullyelected by the people.A new wave of change began with LázaroCárdenas (KAHR•duhn•ahs), presidentof Mexico from 1934 to 1940. He moved tofulfill some of the original goals of therevolution. His major step was to distribute44 million acres (17.8 million ha) of land tolandless Mexican peasants. This actionmade him enormously popular with thepeasants.CHAPTER 25 Nationalism Around the World 847

President Cárdenas also took a strongstand with the United States over oil. By1900, Mexico was known to have enormousoil reserves, especially in the Gulf ofMexico. Over the next 30 years, oil companiesfrom Britain and, in particular, theUnited States, made large investments inMexico and the oil industry there. After adispute with the foreign-owned oil companiesover workers’ wages, the Cárdenasgovernment seized control of the oil fieldsand the property of the foreign-owned oilcompanies.The U.S. oil companies were furious andasked President Franklin D. Roosevelt tointervene. He refused, reminding them ofhis promise in the Good Neighbor policynot to send U.S. troops into Latin America.Mexicans cheered Cárdenas as the presidentwho had stood up to the UnitedStates.Eventually, the Mexican government didpay the oil companies for their property. Itthen set up PEMEX, a national oil company,to run the oil industry. PEMEX didnot do well at first, however, becauseexports fell. Still, for many, PEMEX was asymbol of Mexican independence.✓Reading Check Examining How was theMexican government democratic in form but not inpractice?The Political Art of Diego RiveraA2 Karl Marx holds a pagefrom The Communist Manifestocalling for the formation of anew societyAB1-B2 Workers in variousfields, in typical poses andactionsA2-B2-B3 In compartmentsunder Marx: (a) capitalistsaround a ticker-tape machine;(b) Mexican president Calleswith his evil advisers, a generaland a priest; (c) members ofthe upper class and the clergybehaving decadentlyC2-C3 Reading and teachingrevolutionary textsBCA3Communist flagA3-A4 Mexico City burns inclass warfare1 2 3 4B3-B4 A worker agitates a crowdB3 Government troops put down a strike (huelga)C3 Government troops attack peasantsIn 1929 Diego Rivera began to paint murals in the National Palacein Mexico City. The murals portray the history of Mexico from pre-Columbian times to the future. The mural above is called MexicoToday and Tomorrow.1. Identifying Who does Rivera portray favorably in the mural?2. Recognizing Bias How does Rivera reveal his political biasesin the mural?Schalkwijk/Art Resource, NY

Culture in Latin AmericaLatin American artists adapted European modern art techniquesto their own native roots.HISTORY & YOU Think about the meaning of the word abstract. Whatwould you expect “abstract art” to look like? Read to learn aboutabstract modern art in Latin America.During the early twentieth century, European artisticand literary movements began to penetrate Latin America.In major cities, such as Buenos Aires in Argentina and SãoPaulo in Brazil, wealthy elites expressed interest in thework of modern artists.Latin American artists went abroad and brought backmodern techniques, which they often adapted to their ownnative roots. Modern artists, such as Roberto Matta fromChile and Carlos Merida from Guatemala, created abstractart, which did not closely resemble the way objects reallyappear. Gunther Gerzso, considered Mexico’s most significanttwentieth-century abstractionist, once said:PRIMARY SOURCE“Many people say I am an abstract painter. Actually, I think mypaintings are very realistic. They are real because they express veryaccurately what I am all about, and in doing so they are to somedegree about everybody else.”—Gunther GerzsoMany artists and writers used their work to promote theemergence of a new national spirit. An example was theMexican artist Diego Rivera. Rivera had studied in Europe,where he was especially influenced by fresco painting inItaly. After his return to Mexico, he developed a monumentalstyle that filled wall after wall with murals. Rivera’s wallpaintings can be found in such diverse places as the Ministryof Education, the Chapel of the Agriculture School at Chapingo,and the Social Security Hospital. His works were aimedat the masses of people, many of whom could not read.Rivera sought to create a national art that would portrayMexico’s past, especially its Aztec legends, as well as Mexicanfestivals and folk customs. Rivera’s work also carried a politicaland social message. Rivera did not want people to forgetthe Mexican Revolution, which had overthrown the largelandowners and the foreign interests that supported them.Rivera’s work was often controversial. U.S. businesstycoon Nelson Rockefeller hired Rivera to paint a muralon the wall of the RCA building at Rockefeller Center inNew York City. Before Rivera finished, Rockefeller had themural destroyed because it included a portrait of Sovietleader V. I. Lenin.✓Reading Check Examining How did Diego Rivera use hisartistic talent as a political tool?Vocabulary1. Explain the significance of: Argentina,Chile, Brazil, investor, Peru, Mexico, JuanVicente Gómez, Good Neighbor policy,oligarchy, Hipólito Irigoyen, establish,Getúlio Vargas, Institutional RevolutionaryParty (PRI), Lázaro Cárdenas, PEMEX,Diego Rivera.Main Ideas2. Explain why most individuals could notstart new businesses in Latin America.3. List the political struggles in Argentina andBrazil during the first half of the twentiethcentury. Use a table like the one below tomake your list.ArgentinaBrazil4. Describe how Diego Rivera portrayedMexico’s native roots.Critical Thinking5. The BIG Idea Determining Cause andEffect Why did the Great Depressioncause many Latin American countries to tryto gain more independence from foreigneconomic dominance?6. Making Predictions How might theCárdenas government’s dispute withforeign-owned oil companies affect futureforeign investment in Mexico?7. Analyzing Visuals Choose one of thedetails from the painting on page 848 andexplain why Diego Rivera chose to includeit in this mural.Writing About History8. Descriptive Writing Using outsidesources, find examples of Diego Rivera’smurals. In an essay, compare his paintingsto the frescoes of medieval Italian painterslike Giotto. How do Rivera’s murals reflectItalian influence? How are they different? For help with the concepts in this section of Glencoe WorldHistory, go to glencoe.com and click Study Central.849

Visual SummaryYou can study anywhere, anytime by downloading quizzesand flash cards to your PDA from glencoe.com.Mao Zedong on the Long MarchMao Zedong became thesole leader of the ChineseCommunist Party.THE MIDDLE EAST AND CHINAInfluenced by Nationalismand Revolution• The Ottoman Empire ended after World War I.• Modernization and nationalist movements helpedTurkey, Iran, and Saudi Arabia become modern states.• In China, the Nationalist and Communist Parties formeda brief alliance to drive out imperialists.• After the alliance split in China, the Communistswent into hiding, and Chiang Kai-shek tried to builda republic.AFRICA AND ASIA A Influencedby Nationalism• Nationalism led Africa and Asia to seek independencefrom colonial rule.• Comintern spread Marxist ideas to Asia, resulting inCommunist parties in all colonies.• India’s independence movement split into two paths,led by Gandhi and Nehru.• Japan moved from a democratic government to amilitaristic state.Celebrations in Moscow Mark the SecondMeeting of the Communist InternationalAgents were trained inMoscow and then sentback to Asia to formCommunist parties.Oil Gusher in MexicoThe Mexican governmentnationalized the oil industryafter Britain and the UnitedStates tried to control it.LATIN AMERICA A Influencedby Nationalism• Latin American nationalists resented foreign investors andviewed them as imperialist powers.• The Great Depression devastated Latin America’s economyand created instability.• Turmoil led to military dictatorships and authoritarian ruleby small groups.• Artists combined European modern art with their nativeculture, often promoting a national spirit.(t) S.M./SV-Bilderdienst/The Image Works, (c) State Russian Museum, St. Petersburg/Bridgeman Art Library, (b) SSPL/The Image Works

AssessmentINDIANA STATEWIDE TEST PRACTICETEST-TAKING TIPRead each answer choice carefully and eliminate any statements that you know are false. Getting rid ofthese wrong answer choices will help you find the correct answer.Reviewing VocabularyDirections: Choose the word or words that best complete thesentence.1 Mao Zedong used , or unexpectedmethods like sabotage and deception, to fightChiang Kai-shek’s forces.A trench warfareB guerrilla tacticsC war of attritionD total war2 The term for the deliberate mass murder of aparticular racial, political, or cultural group is.A patricideB suicideC homicideD genocide3 In Argentina in the early 1930s, the thatcontrolled the government was made up of largelandowners.A oligarchyB zaibatsuC hierarchyD bureaucracy4 As a form of protest, Mohandas Gandhiadvocated , or the refusal to obey lawsconsidered to be unjust.A collective bargainingB extraterritorialityC civil disobedienceD guerrilla tacticsReviewing Main IdeasDirections: Choose the best answers to the following questions.Section 1 (pp. 822–827)5 Between 1915 and 1918, what Christian minoritygroup was targeted by the Ottoman Turks?A ArmeniansB ZionistsC SlavsD Communists6 Who began transforming Turkey into a modernstate in the early 1920s?A Reza Shah PahlaviB Ibn Sa‘ıūdC Mustafa KemalD Abdülhamīd II7 What British document supported the creation ofa Jewish homeland in Palestine?A The Zionist ActB The Dawes PlanC The Palestine ActD The Balfour DeclarationSection 2 (pp. 828–835)8 Who founded the Pan-Africanism movement?A Nnamdi AzikiweB Marcus GarveyC Jomo KenyattaD Léopold SenghorNeed Extra Help?If You Missed Questions . . .Go to Page . . .1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8838 824 847 832 823 824 827 830Go GO On ONCHAPTER 25 Nationalism Around the World 851

9 Where did some Indian Muslims want to form aseparate state in the 1930s?A PakistanB Taiwan (Formosa)C PalestineD LiberiaSection 3 (pp. 836–841)10 In what city did Chiang Kai-shek form a newChinese republic?A BeijingB ShanghaiC TianjinD Nanjing11 Which of the following was a result of theLong March?A The Communists surprised the Nationalists in Jiangxiand drove them out.B The Communists formed an alliance with the ChineseNationalists.C The Communists chose Mao Zedong as their leader.D The Communists lost the support of the rural peasants.Critical ThinkingDirections: Choose the best answers to the following questions.Use the following map to answer question 14.120°EeijingPort ArthurCHINAJapanese Expansion, 1910–1933ShanghaiMANCHUKUO(MANCHURIA)YellowSeaEast NagasakiChinaSeaRyukyuKOREARUSSIAto 1922,SOVIET UNION1922–1991IslandsTaiwan (Formosa)VladivostokSea of Japan(East Sea)140°EHonshuHokkaidoKuril IsPACIFICOCEANTokyo (Edo)KyotoOsakaShikokuKyushu Japanese territory, 1910Japanese acquisitionsto 1932JAPAN0KARAFUTO200 kilometersNW ETropic of Cancer0200 milesMiller projectionSlands40°NSection 4 (pp. 844–849)12 Which of the following was part of the GoodNeighbor policy in 1934?A The last U.S. investors left Latin America.B The last U.S. troops were removed from Latin America.C U.S. troops removed several ruthless Latin Americandictators.D U.S. troops protected Latin America against Europeanaggression.13 Which Latin American countries were mostharmed by the Great Depression?A Countries that exported a wide variety of foodstuffsand raw materialsB Countries that had a large manufacturing baseC Countries that depended on the export of only oneproductD Countries that had large government-run industriesNeed Extra Help?If You Missed Questions . . .Go to Page . . .14 How did Japan’s territory change between 1910and 1933?A Japan acquired Manchuria in 1910, doubling its size.B Japan acquired Korea and Manchuria.C Japan gave up Manchuria, losing half its territory.D Japan acquired Manchuria by 1933, doubling its size.15 Why did Chiang’s land-reform program havelittle effect?A There was little unowned land to divide.B His council favored more land taxes.C His support came from the landed gentry.D He spent too much on building railways.16 Why was Mexico not “truly democratic” inthe 1930s?A There was a military dictatorship.B The authoritarian New State refused to hold elections.C There was a ruling oligarchy.D There was one dominant political party.9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16832 837 839 845 846 852 841 847Go GO OnON852 CHAPTER 25 Nationalism Around the World

Assessment17 Which of the following statements represents aneffect of the zaibatsu economy on Japan?A Internal tension decreased, as economic successbrought wealth to all social classes.B Militarism increased, as Japan needed to expand tofind resources to fuel its industries.C Relations with other Asian nations improved, as tradeamong them increased.D Population decreased, as fewer children were neededto work on family farms.Base your answer to question 18 on the cartoon below and yourknowledge of world history.Constructed ResponseDirections: Write a short essay in response to each of the followingquestions. A well-written essay will:• address all parts of the question• incorporate information from the chapter• cite facts, examples, and details relevant to the question• use a logical and clear plan of organization19 Discuss how Europeans determined borders anddivided the people of the former OttomanEmpire through the creation of the MiddleEastern states of Iraq, Palestine, Jordan, Syria,and Lebanon.20 Describe how Japanese government and societybecame more militant during the 1920s and1930s. What were the consequences for Westernideas in Japan?21 Compare and contrast the goals of theNationalist Party with those of the CommunistParty in China during the 1920s and 1930s.22 Write a paragraph comparing and contrasting theimpact of the Great Depression on Germany, theUnited States, and Latin America.STOP18 Which statement best expresses the cartoon’smessage?A England will use its economic power to save theArmenians.B England will not help the Armenians because it fearswar with the Ottoman Turks.C England’s vast economic power will not be enough tosave the Armenians.D England will not give up its economic interests in theregion to help the Armenians. For additional test practice, use Self-Check Quizzes—Chapter 25 at glencoe.com.Need Extra Help?If You Missed Questions . . .Go to Page . . .17 18 19 20 21 22834 853 823 835 836 845STOPBettmann/CORBISCHAPTER 25 Nationalism Around the World 853