MAXIMUM MARK: 70 - Cambridge International Examinations

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10(d) Explain why law enforcement agencies may treat some groups of offenders differentlyto other groups of offenders. [8]Candidates need to identify groups which are treated differently by the law enforcementagencies and discuss why this may be the case.Possible answers:• The police may target working class areas• The courts may be more lenient with middle class offenders• Discrimination and racism in the criminal justice system• Different treatment of offences e.g. white collar crime• Over representation of the lower classes and ethnic minorities in prisons• Gender bias – chivalry thesis/leniency towards female offenders• Different norms and values e.g. Rastafarian• Other reasonable response.Band 0No creditworthy response.Band 1 (1–3)Answers in this band will show only a limited awareness of why law enforcement agenciesmay treat some groups of offenders differently to other groups of offenders. Candidates maynot understand what is meant by law enforcement agencies. Responses may be short andundeveloped. e.g. There are groups the police don’t like. Sociological terms and conceptsare unlikely to be used. At the top of the band, candidates may offer more than one weakpoint.Band 2 (4–6)Answers in this band will show basic sociological knowledge and understanding of why lawenforcement agencies may treat some groups of offenders differently to other groups ofoffenders. Candidates may say that e.g. the police target working class areas and the courtsare more lenient with middle class offenders. At the bottom of the band, candidates areunlikely to use sociological terms and concepts accurately. Responses may beunderdeveloped and lacking in range. At the top of the band, candidates may be beginning touse sociological terms and concepts with greater accuracy. However, some aspects of theanswer may only be partially developed.Band 3 (7–8)Answers in this band will show good sociological knowledge and understanding of why lawenforcement agencies may treat some groups of offenders differently to other groups ofoffenders and will be well developed and explained. Candidates may discuss statisticalevidence of the proportion of working class and ethnic minorities in the criminal justicesystem, nature of their crimes and the treatment of white-collar crimes. Sociological termsand concepts will be used accurately. Answers will be well focused on the question and therewill be a range of reasons presented. At the top of the band explanations will be clearthroughout.© UCLES 2012 2251/02/SM/15
11(e) To what extent can criminal behaviour be explained by labelling theory? [15]Candidates need to show an understanding of labelling theory and its relationship withcriminal behaviour.Possible answers:For• Police targeting• Labelling of certain groups such as working class youths and minority ethnic groups• Stereotypes• Folk devils• Moral panics• Self-fulfilling prophecy• Other reasonable response.Against• Unemployment• Sub-culture• Poor socialisation• Underachievement in school• Status frustration• Poverty• Other reasonable response.Band 0No creditworthy response.Band 1 (1–4)Answers in this band may be vague and largely based on common sense showing limitedknowledge of how/why criminal behaviour can be explained by labelling theory. Use ofsociological terms or concepts is very unlikely. Responses may be short, undeveloped andone-sided. e.g. If you get a name for committing crime you will be ‘picked on’ by the police.Band 2 (5–8)In this band candidates will show some basic knowledge of how/why criminal behaviour canbe explained by labelling theory. Alternatively, they may offer an answer which is list-like innature but there will be no real attempt to address the issues raised by the question. Theremay be limited use of sociological terms or concepts. Candidates may discuss somestereotypes such as ‘hoodies’ as an example of labelling and incidents of ‘moral panic’ butresponses may be underdeveloped and lack range. Answers may be simplistic and twosidedresponses are unlikely. At the top of the band expect some under-development ofpoints rather than just lists/description.A one-sided answer cannot score higher than 8 marks.Band 3 (9–12)Answers in this band will show good sociological knowledge and understanding of how/whycriminal behaviour can be explained by labelling theory. Sociological terms and concepts willbe used with greater accuracy and/or frequency. For the most part, answers will be welldeveloped, focused on the question and there will be a range of points presented.Candidates may agree with the influence of labelling but state other reasons for crime suchas poor socialisation. There will be a two-sided response but this may be unbalanced. At thebottom of the band, candidates may provide a narrower range of points. At the top of theband, expect a wider range of points and clear focus on the question.© UCLES 2012 2251/02/SM/15 [Turn over
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MAXIMUM MARK: 70 - Cambridge International Examinations

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