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THE GODsome manual gesture, by a password, or by some token carriedon his person. The token seen1s to have been carried on thefoot, and \Vas perhaps a specially formed boot or shoe, or afoot-covering worn under the shoe. 1Besides the Grand l\1aster himself there was often a ~econd' Devil', younger than the Chief. There is no indicationwhatsoever as to the method of appointing the head of thewitch-community, but it seems probable that on the death ofthe principal ' Devil ' the junior succeeded, and that thejunior was appointed from among the officers (see chap. vii).This suggestion, however, does not appear· to hold goodwhere a woman was the Chief, for her second in command wasalways a n1an and often one well advanced in years. Theelderly men always seem to have had grey beards.Danaeus in 1575 summarizes the evidence and says of theDevil, 'he appeareth ,·nto them in likenesse of a man, insomuchthat it hapneth many tymes, that among a great companyof men, the Sorcerer only knoweth Satan, that is present,when other doo not know hitn, although they see anotherman, but who or what he is they know not '. 2 De Lancresays,' On a obserue de tout temps que 1ors qu'il ''eut receuoirquelcun a faire pacte auec luy, il se presente tousiours enhomme '. ~ Cooper states that 'the \;Vizards and \Vitchesbeing met in a place and titne appointed, the devil'-appears to them in humane shape '. 4 Even a 1nodern WTiter,after studying the evidence, acknowledges that the witches'seem to have been undoubtedly the victims of unscrupulousand designing knaves, who personated Satan '. 5The witches not only described the personal appearance ofthe Devil, but often gave careful details as to his clothes ; suchdetails are naturally fuller whe!l given by the women thanby the men.1It is possible that the shoe was cleft like the modern 'hygienic · shoeSuch a shoe is described in the ballad of the Coh!cr of Can.f,'rbm:v, datet6o8, as part of a woman's costume :' Her sleeves blue, her traine behind,\Vith silver hookes was tucked, J find ;Her shoes broad, and forked before.'2Dan a eus~ ch. iv. :~ De Lancr{', Ttlbleau, p. 69.4Cooper, Pleasant Tn·allst', p. 2. c. Burns Bcgg 1 p. 21 7.