Herbal Medicines in Pregnancy and Lactation : An Evidence-based ...

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BORAGEBorago officinalisHerbal medicines 55Synonyms/common names/related substances 1Borage oil, bugloss, burage, burrage, huile de bourrache, starflowerIndicationsOralRheumatoid arthritis: 2*Atopic dermatitis: 3–6Adult periodontitis: 7Attenuates stress: 8Hyperlipidemia: 9Atherosclerosis prevention: 9Skin irritation: 10Gastric cancer prevention: 11Hypertension: 12Evidence grade B1Evidence grade B1Evidence grade B1Evidence grade B2Evidence grade CEvidence grade CEvidence grade CEvidence grade DEvidence grade E*One randomized controlled trial reported that several clinical symptoms ofatopic dermatitis improved compared with placebo, but the overall response toborage oil did not reach statistical significance. 6 This study, however, foundstatistically significant benefits of borage oil on atopic dermatitis in a subgroupof the research subjects. 6EnteralAcute respiratory distress syndrome (witheicosapentaenoic acid (EPA; fish oil) andantioxidants): 13Evidence grade B1TopicalInfantile seborrheic dermatitis: 14Evidence grade B2
56 Herbal medicinesPregnancyTeratogenic and induces labor: 15Evidence level 1aA review of randomized double-blind studies was conducted on the benefit ofborage oil in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis. 15 Evidence from publishedresearch indicated that the c-linolenic acid (GLA) component of borage oilincreases prostaglandin E levels. 15 It was recommended that borage oil becontraindicated in pregnancy given the teratogenic and labor-inducing effects ofprostaglandin E agonists. 15Minimal risk: 16 Evidence level 3A study compared the effects of diets containing GLA from borage oil andother sources on reproduction, pup development and pup brain fatty acid compositionin mice. 16 An increase in dietary GLA resulted in an increase in brainlong chain n-6 fatty acids (20:4n-6 and 22:4n-6). 16 The authors did not reportany adverse effects associated with the ingestion of borage oil. 16Fetotoxin: 17 Evidence level 4Mutagen: 17 Evidence level 4Hepatotoxic: 18,19 Evidence level 4Pneumotoxic: 18,19 Evidence level 4Genotoxic: 18,19 Evidence level 4Neurotoxic: 18,19 Evidence level 4Cytotoxic: 18,19 Evidence level 4Borage oil has been reported to contain small amounts of pyrrolizidine alkaloids.20 Pyrrolizidine alkaloids are hepatotoxic, pneumotoxic, genotoxic, neurotoxicand cytotoxic, and may cause hepatic veno-occlusive disease. 18,19 Acompendium on complementary and alternative medicine reported that therapeuticdoses of borage seed oil can provide amounts of pyrrolizidine alkaloidsthat can reach toxic levels. 21 Borage seed oil containing pyrrolizidinealkaloids, dosed at 1–2 g/day, may provide approximately 10 lg of pyrrolizidinealkaloids, which exceeds the German Commission E recommendation by 10times. 21,22Anti-gonadotrophic activity: 23 Evidence level 4A review article on the potential value of plants as sources of anti-fertilityagents reported that borage had anti-gonadotrophic activity in rats. 23
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Herbal Medicines inPregnancy and La
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CONTENTSPrefacevChapter 1 Tradition
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viPrefacehealth supplements continu
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2 Herbal medicinesdifferentiated be
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Page 14 and 15: Traditional botanical medicines 745
Page 16: Chapter 2PHARMACOGNOSY - THE SCIENC
Page 19 and 20: 12 Herbal medicines5 46 3Figure 2.3
Page 21 and 22: 14 Herbal medicinesClassification o
Page 23 and 24: 16 Herbal medicinesSaponins are com
Page 25 and 26: 18 Herbal medicinesHOOOHOHOHHOOOHOH
Page 27 and 28: 20 Herbal medicinesOCH 3OHFigure 2.
Page 29 and 30: 22 Herbal medicinesThe grade of evi
Page 31 and 32: 24 Herbal medicinesSynonymsOther na
Page 33 and 34: 26 Herbal medicinesConsumed as food
Page 35 and 36: 28 Herbal medicines8. Swanston-Flat
Page 37 and 38: 30 Herbal medicinesChronic venous l
Page 39 and 40: 32 Herbal medicinesToxicology● Al
Page 41 and 42: 34 Herbal medicines26. Luyckx VA, B
Page 43 and 44: 36 Herbal medicinesConstituentsAlka
Page 45 and 46: 38 Herbal medicinesASTRAGALUSAstrag
Page 47 and 48: 40 Herbal medicinesPharmacology●
Page 49 and 50: 42 Herbal medicinesBARBERRYBerberis
Page 51 and 52: 44 Herbal medicinesDrug interaction
Page 53 and 54: 46 Herbal medicinesBLACK COHOSHCimi
Page 55 and 56: 48 Herbal medicines4. Lehmann-Wille
Page 57 and 58: 50 Herbal medicinesConstituents 1,3
Page 59 and 60: 52 Herbal medicinesEmbryotoxic: 9 E
Page 61: 54 Herbal medicines9. Kennelly EJ,
Page 65 and 66: 58 Herbal medicines● GLA suppleme
Page 67 and 68: 60 Herbal medicinesCALAMUSAcorus ca
Page 69 and 70: 62 Herbal medicines12. Newall CA, A
Page 71 and 72: 64 Herbal medicinesSpermatocide: 1
Page 73 and 74: 66 Herbal medicines9. Farnsworth NR
Page 75 and 76: 68 Herbal medicinesHormonal activit
Page 77 and 78: 70 Herbal medicines7. Berger D, Sch
Page 79 and 80: 72 Herbal medicinesCOFFEECoffea ara
Page 81 and 82: 74 Herbal medicinesbe exposed to te
Page 83 and 84: 76 Herbal medicines3. Smith AP, Ken
Page 85 and 86: 78 Herbal medicines44. Jefferson JW
Page 87 and 88: 80 Herbal medicinesFoodMinimal risk
Page 89 and 90: 82 Herbal medicines10. Dwyer PL, O
Page 91 and 92: 84 Herbal medicinesDAMIANATurnera a
Page 93 and 94: 86 Herbal medicinesDANDELIONTaraxac
Page 95 and 96: 88 Herbal medicinesH2-blockers 25Li
Page 97 and 98: 90 Herbal medicinesDEADLY NIGHTSHAD
Page 99 and 100: 92 Herbal medicinesContraindication
Page 101 and 102: 94 Herbal medicinesDONG QUAIAngelic
Page 103 and 104: 96 Herbal medicinesDrugs interactio
Page 105 and 106: 98 Herbal medicinesECHINACEAEchinac
Page 107 and 108: 100 Herbal medicines6. Melchart D,
Page 109 and 110: 102 Herbal medicinesEPHEDRAEphedra
Page 111 and 112: 104 Herbal medicinesPotential abort
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106 Herbal medicinesCaution 28Anore
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108 Herbal medicines14. Hughes SC,
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110 Herbal medicinesEVENING PRIMROS
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112 Herbal medicineswith EPO and fi
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114 Herbal medicines21. Dove D, Joh
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116 Herbal medicinesPharmacologyFal
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118 Herbal medicinesEstrogenic: 8 E
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120 Herbal medicines11. Zhu M, Wong
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122 Herbal medicinesLactationGalact
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124 Herbal medicinesFEVERFEWTanacet
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126 Herbal medicines8. de Weerdt GJ
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128 Herbal medicinesFLAXLinum usita
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130 Herbal medicinesFemale rat bone
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132 Herbal medicinesCautionLarge qu
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134 Herbal medicines9. Bougnoux P,
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136 Herbal medicines45. Prasad K. D
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138 Herbal medicinesFOXGLOVEDigital
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140 Herbal medicinesReferences1. Je
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142 Herbal medicinesAnti-Helicobact
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144 Herbal medicines● Garlic stim
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146 Herbal medicines30. Sarrell EM,
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148 Herbal medicinesGENTIANGentiana
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150 Herbal medicinesGINGERZingiber
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152 Herbal medicinesUnsafe: 26 Evid
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154 Herbal medicines3. Sripramote M
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156 Herbal medicinesGINKGOGinkgo bi
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158 Herbal medicinesLactationLeafUn
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160 Herbal medicinesThiazide diuret
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162 Herbal medicines33. Kudolo GB,
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164 Herbal medicinesGOLDENSEALHydra
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166 Herbal medicinesBerberine was f
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168 Herbal medicines32. Huang CG, C
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170 Herbal medicinesduring pregnanc
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172 Herbal medicinesEphedrine 52Erg
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174 Herbal medicines36. Cao Y, Cao
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176 Herbal medicinesGUGGULCommiphor
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178 Herbal medicines5. Kotiyal JP,
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180 Herbal medicinesHAWTHORNCrataeg
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182 Herbal medicines10. Pittler MH,
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184 Herbal medicinesroasting horsec
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186 Herbal medicines8. Gerova Z, St
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188 Herbal medicinesJUNIPERJuniperu
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190 Herbal medicines● The diureti
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192 Herbal medicinesKAVAPiper methy
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194 Herbal medicines●Kava may aff
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196 Herbal medicines34. Mathews JM,
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198 Herbal medicinesarticle on the
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200 Herbal medicines● Ginsenoside
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202 Herbal medicines21. Zhang WY, T
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204 Herbal medicinesLEMON BALMMelis
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206 Herbal medicines3. Kennedy DO,
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208 Herbal medicinesLICORICEGlycyrr
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210 Herbal medicinesDGLUnknown: Evi
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214 Herbal medicines40. Killacky J,
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216 Herbal medicinesIntrahepatic ch
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218 Herbal medicines14. Szilard S,
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220 Herbal medicinesMONKSHOODAconit
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222 Herbal medicines12. Chan TY, To
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224 Herbal medicinesIn rats, berber
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226 Herbal medicines21. Leung AY, F
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228 Herbal medicineswhen orally adm
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230 Herbal medicinesof 6-acetylapii
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232 Herbal medicinesBoth harman and
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234 Herbal medicinesPENNYROYALHedeo
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236 Herbal medicinesContraindicatio
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238 Herbal medicines22. Lieh-Lai MW
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240 Herbal medicinesEmmenagogue: 17
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242 Herbal medicinescompared to cis
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244 Herbal medicinesRASPBERRYRubus
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246 Herbal medicinesFruitAnthocyani
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248 Herbal medicinesRED CLOVERTrifo
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250 Herbal medicinesPharmacology●
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252 Herbal medicines29. Setchell KD
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254 Herbal medicinesA herbal contra
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256 Herbal medicines2. Villar J, Gu
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258 Herbal medicinesanimal data do
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260 Herbal medicines8. Brusick D, M
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262 Herbal medicinesAdministration
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264 Herbal medicines13. Farnsworth
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266 Herbal medicinesPart usedAbove
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268 Herbal medicinesa therapeutic d
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270 Herbal medicinesAn analysis was
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272 Herbal medicines3. Linde K, Mul
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274 Herbal medicines44. Henderson L
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276 Herbal medicines83. Nebel A, Sc
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278 Herbal medicinesreports in the
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280 Herbal medicines10. Farnsworth
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282 Herbal medicinesNonmutagenic in
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284 Herbal medicines●●●●●
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286 Herbal medicines27. Chaudhuri R
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288 Herbal medicinesVALERIANValeria
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290 Herbal medicines● The lignans
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292 Herbal medicinesWILD YAMDioscor
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296 Herbal medicinesYARROWAchillea
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298 Herbal medicinesPharmacology●
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Chapter 5VITAMINSVitamins are frequ
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Vitamins 303Vitamin A hepatoxicity
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Vitamins 305Potential liver toxicit
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Vitamins 307In a study of 120 pregn
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Vitamins 309Minimal risk at 600-900
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istration of intramuscular vitamin
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vitamin K levels between colostrum
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Vitamins 315A cohort study of 40 wo
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Vitamins 317DeficiencyDeficiency of
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Vitamins 31911. Fawzi WW, Msamanga
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Vitamins 32151. Iioka H, Moriyama I
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Vitamins 323doxine treatment on sei
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326 Herbal medicinesMETHYL-SULFONYL
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328 Herbal medicinesUnknown: Eviden
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330 Herbal medicinesNon-mutagenic:
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332 Herbal medicinesOral administra
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334 Herbal medicinesBROMELAINBromel
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336 Herbal medicinesFISH OILSEicosa
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338 Herbal medicinesImproves mental
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340 Herbal medicinesGestational and
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342 Herbal medicinesLACTOBACILLUS S
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344 Herbal medicines12. Otsuka H, I
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346 Herbal medicines49. Hunter RG,
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348 Herbal medicines85. Kang KS, Ch
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350 Indexcancer 35, 38breast 110, 1
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352 Indexherbalism, defining 9Herpe
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354 IndexTanacetum parthenium 124-7
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Evening primroseFalse unicornFennel
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VITAMINSVitamin AVitamin DVitamin E
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