New Developments in Artificial Intelligence and the Semantic Web

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Sort sights by history, nature, cultureView picturesShort description of the sightThe list of the chosensightsAdd sights that you are interested in into thelistFigure 1: Choosing sights to visit.After uploading the content, the user is asked toadd some metadata. As the first step, the photos areconnected to the sights by dragging and droppingthem to the correct sight. After that, additionalmetadata can be given in the form of keywords ortags and by indicating the genre of the photo (seeFigure 4). The keywords can be written freely or theuser may utilise those that are suggested by thesystem based on relevant ontologies. The user mayalso add free text to his or her photos and change thevisibility of the photos to other users.Users are offered commercial and other users’content, which they can combine with their own (seeFigure 5). There are several ways to search foradditional content. The user can browse through theavailable photos, videos and texts. Content can alsobe searched with the help of tags, both user’s owntags and those suggested by the application based onontologies, or by making a traditional free textsearch. The travel story is created automatically outof the content selected by the user. It can be viewedas a slide show or as a web page suitable forprinting.Theme storiesChoose themeAdditional metadataThemes:Life before and nowLife storiesNature and animalsHistorical eventsFairytales and storiesWarsArt and cultureFigure 2: Making theme stories to get backgroundinformation relating to the selected sightWho the photocan be shown to(all, family)Keywords• Tags suggested basedon the ontology• User's own freelyselected tagsGenreTheme label: Life storiesInclude a theme story intoyour travelling guideSaveFigure 4: Adding metadataPlay with the content:• View pictures andvideos (commercialand user created)• View and buildtheme stories• Try different themesFigure 3: An example of a theme story.After the trip, the user may create his or her owntravel story by utilising his/her own material and thematerials in the system. Photos can be uploadedafter selecting the visited sights. As part of theuploading process, the user determines whether thephotos can be viewed by other users, and accepts thelicensing terms.3
Combining owncontent withcommercial andother users'contentUser's owncontentTextFigure 5: Combining user-created content withcommercial and other users’ content. Additionalcontent can be found by browsing available photosand videos by media types or tags.4 ContentMedia contentThe user canbrowse through theavailable photosand videos.They can be addedto the travel story.We Different types of media content, such asfacts, stories and news, are needed in order to beable to create versatile travel plans, theme storiesand travel stories. Media content that is directlyrelated to the target area is preferred, but also moregeneral information is usable. A mixture of videos,photos, sounds and texts makes the presentationsmore appealing and interesting.The commercial media content of the pilotapplication consists of newspaper and encyclopaediaarticles with images, articles from the Häme Oxroad magazines, stories out of a book called“Hämeen Härkätiellä”, and photos from the HämeOx road website. In addition to the commercialcontent, the application has user-created photos. Thecontent is mostly general background informationand not specific travel information like openinghours or prices.This mixture of content and media formatsmeant that it was necessary to work with severalmetadata vocabularies. Different vocabularies areused to describe newspaper, magazine andencyclopaedia articles as well as short stories andusers’ own content. Also different media formats(text, photos, and videos) have different needs andvocabularies for metadata.The content was delivered for our prototype indifferent formats and the amount of metadata varieda lot. The project did not address automatic methodsfor creating semantic metadata, and adding metadataand converting it into RDF required manual work.The newspaper articles and images had somemetadata that had been generated in the normalnewspaper production process, and some moremetadata like genre, scene and IPTC subject codeswere added by the media company persons for theprototype. We received the metadata in text formatand it had a structure that helped us in converting itinto XML even though manual work could not beavoided completely.The encyclopaedia articles were delivered inXML and the structure of the articles could beutilised in converting their metadata into RDF. Theencyclopaedia content also has the potential forpopulating the target ontology, for example withpersons relating to the Finnish history.The content received from the Häme Ox road didnot contain any metadata so the metadata wascreated by hand. The articles of the Häme Ox roadmagazines were received in PDF format, and thatcaused also extra work.5 Ontologies5.1 The role of ontologiesThe prototype utilises a number of ontologies,each of which captures knowledge of some area thatis necessary to fulfil the required functionality.Ontologies are utilised when selecting content andalso to produce some basic information to be shownto the users. The ontologies are also utilised whenusers add metadata to their own content such assuggestions to keywords.The Target ontology describes the knowledgerelated to places, routes and sights, and containsinformation that has relevance to them such aspersons, events, objects and nature.The Media ontology describes the mediacontent. Relevant elements were selected out of theDublin Core (DC) and IPTC Newscodevocabularies. The Media ontology includes thetypical metadata fields, such as title, creator,publisher, date, media type, genre, scene, but alsorelations to the Time and Target ontologies, forexample relations to persons, sights, places, routes,events, objects, animals or plants. The subject ofmedia content was described with the YSA ontology(a general-purpose thesaurus in Finnish) wheneverpossible, but for news articles also the IPTC and forencyclopaedia articles the Facta ontologies wereused.The Presentation ontology contains theinformation on themes and their subcategories andwhat kind of content (subject, genre, scene, time) isto be searched for presentations. There are themeslike “Life now and then”, “Life stories”, “Natureand animals”, “Historical events”, “Fairytales andstories”, “Wars”, and “Art and culture”.An ontology based on YSA (a general-purposethesaurus in Finnish) is utilised as a kind of upperontology for classifying the knowledge. Target,Media and Presentation ontologies are connected toNew Developments in Artificial Intelligence and the Semantic WebProceedings of the 12th Finnish Artificial Intelligence Conference STeP 2006 4
Page 1 and 2: Publications of the Finnish Artific
Page 3 and 4: Sponsors and Partners of STeP 2006i
Page 5 and 6: Table of ContentsSemantic Web at Wo
Page 7: 2 Use scenarioOur initial use scena
Page 11 and 12: The ontology editor Protégé 3.1 w
Page 13 and 14: - Ontologies contain knowledge that
Page 15 and 16: 2005) concentrates on post-visitors
Page 17 and 18: To summarise, we can conclude that
Page 19 and 20: 2006). The system is based on metad
Page 21 and 22: Figure 1: The situation ontologyFig
Page 23 and 24: tionElement. All the instances of t
Page 25 and 26: exercise together. John and Michael
Page 27 and 28: scheme there is no notion of reific
Page 29 and 30: J. Sowa. Knowledge Representation.
Page 31 and 32: teroperable, but also the values us
Page 33 and 34: Figure 2: Kullervo departs for the
Page 35 and 36: Figure 4: The painting of figure 3
Page 37 and 38: new information with respect to the
Page 39 and 40: Figure 7: Using Google Maps in CULT
Page 41 and 42: M. Junnila, E. Hyvönen, and M. Sal
Page 43 and 44: an area or domain of the Earth’s
Page 45 and 46: Initial Ontology ConstructionRule
Page 47 and 48: An entity point represents the coor
Page 49 and 50: Maps application where Ajax 12 is u
Page 51 and 52: Improving the Quality of Medication
Page 53 and 54: send it back to the electronic pres
Page 55 and 56: Each component in the architecture
Page 57 and 58: RosettaNet and Semantic Web Service
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hierarchies and a middleware adapte
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44 47 20448 52 dozen53 92 93 Better
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“Pip3A1RequestForQuoteRespond”
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CASCOM: Context-Aware Service Coord
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Towards reflective information mana
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the capability to provide the peopl
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Steven Pinker. The Language Instinc
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2 Cybernetics as controlNew useful
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The parameters μ s and λ s are fi
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fully eliminated, and the closed lo
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neocybernetic model structure. In g
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New Developments in Artificial Inte
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Object-oriented declarative model s
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directly in C++ programs as instanc
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Solving and Rating Sudoku Puzzles w
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e equal to 45. Constrained optimiza
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Table 1. The comparison of how effe
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University Press, London, 1859, A r
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amount of the data grows the neural
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towards more accurate results. We c
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• Environment: Neoybernetic syste
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5 LinearityThe system is in a state
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merkki. Toisin kuin merkit, tulkinn
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analysoinnin perusmenetelmillä. Si
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3.3 Kieliopin määritelmäKieliopi
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translaatiolausekkeiden kautta sek
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Ohjelmasilmukoiden käsittely on si
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(observer), joka mallin käsittelyn
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Työkalun evaluointiprosessi on vie
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Risto.lahdelma@cs.utu.fi aiyron@utu
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where x j are decision variables,
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J 1 Set of pure alloying materials,
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from 0 to 1 based on an increasing
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First, the fuzzy parameters such as
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This requires modeling of the subje
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Timo Honkela, Ville Pulkki, and Teu
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Maintenance Comprehensiontasks to b
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5. Symbolic result set is a set of
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We defined Symbolic to be an indepe
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1.4Q/A2.3.9.1 Influence modelEach P
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Norman Wilde,and Ross Huitt, "Maint
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speaking, not communicable.” Late
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For example, the tag ’skin’ or
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pages 3-7, Paris, France, October 1
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