loanwords

—dktÀ > Jol ,r`khmf ‘battler eagle’Bmn r’mô ‘dorcas gazelle’ > Jol ,r’hm` 'd.r( ‘type of antelope’? PMdn )r‡k… ‘monkey’, )i~m ‘long’ > Mdk r‡k` * i»À > Jol ,rtk`i`mf ‘jackal’.7. CookingMdk c»`r``l` ‘breakfast’, c… r⁄nl` ‘to eat breakfast’ > Jol c``rnnl` 'd.r( ‘morning meal’PMdn )jómCñm ‘midday meal’ > Mnk jómcñm+ Mdk j¤msnÀ > Jol ,jnmsnÀ 'd(Mnk l»meúm ‘sauce’, Mdk l»`edd+ l»`edÀ > Jol l``edÀ ')d( ‘sauce made of flour’ (C.f. Wlf l``ed, Songhayl``ed, all borrowed from Manding languages?)Bmn lòm’ ‘boiled flour’, Mdk l⁄mh > Jol ,lnm` 'd(Bmn, Mnk r‡l…m+ r‡l… ‘meal, food, harvest’, Mdk r‘hl`À ‘take the evening meal’ > Jol ,rhhl`À ')d( ‘eveningmeal’? Mdk r‡at ‘meat’, i’ ‘water’ > Jol ,r‡ati 'jt.t( ‘sauce, soup’PMdn )s·kt ‘oil’ > Jol ,s·kt 'd+ )d( ‘butter’8. Body PartsPMdn )e~m ‘side, direction’ > Mdk e»À > Jol ,o`m 'j`.t+ d.r(? Mnk, Bmn j»l…m ‘shoulder’, Mdk j»lo`À+ c»lo`À ‘wing’ > Jol ,a`mc 'j`.t( ‘shoulder’? PMdn )júm ‘grease, to be greasy’ > Mdk j—À+ b—À > Jol bdmf 'e.j( ‘large and well-made buttocks’PMdn )MÖ,rómaô (?) ‘marrow’ > Bmn rúlô+ rólh+ Bdia mrúlô+ Mnk rúmaô > Jol bdla 'a(? PMdn )MÖ,¡’rh (?) ‘breast’ > Bmn c’rh, Mnk, Mdk r’rh > Jol ,r·r 'a.t(Bmn s»f`i·+ s»`i· ‘molar’ > Jol ,s`j`l 'j`.t(-9. Commerce? Bmn j⁄k¤m ‘cowries’, Mdk j‡tqtÀ > Jol f‡tq` 'd.r(PMdn )j∆lú ‘hundred’ > Mdk j–ld, Mdk-Casamance b–ld > Jol bdld 'd(PMdn )e∆ôqú ‘trick, means, plot’ > Mdk fèere > Jol eddqd 'd( ‘bargain, means, manner’PMdn )¡ófñ,jtm ‘week’, Mdk k¤njtÀ > Jol k¤nbdm 'd.r(Bmn r…mt ‘gold’, Mnk, Mdk r…mh > Jol r`m` ')d( ‘gold’10. Particle, Interjections, Postpositions, etc.PMdn )æ»` ‘indicator of a question’ > Bmn v~`, Mnk a»`, Mdk a…À > Jol a`g+ a`ÀMdk e»À,⁄n,e»À ‘everywhere’ > Jol a`mnna`mBdia a–qh ‘but’, Mnk, Mdk a»qh > Jol a`qd?PMdn *bára ‘at the home of’ > Bmn a…q`+ Mnk a…c`+ Mdk a…s` (rarely used) > Jol adqhBmn j»a’+ j»a’mh ‘since’, Mdk a’qhÀ+ j…ahqhÀ > Jol ahqhÀ+ j`ahqhÀBmn, Mnk jòqh ‘question marker with an accent of insinuation’, Mdk j⁄qh > Jol b—qhÀ (c.f. Ful jnqh ‘is...?’)Mdk e…À ‘oneself’, Mnk (rare) e»m > Jol e`ÀPMdn )e·+ e·t ‘without importance, worthless, stupid’ > Jol et ‘of no value’Mnk, Bmn g…kh ‘even’, Mdk g…mh > Jol g`mh-11. VariousPMdn )j…khx` ‘parasitic worms’ > Mdk j»khx`` > Jol j`khx` ')d( ‘ascarides’? Mdk j‡À ‘head’, ,a` ‘augmentative suffix’, i»À ‘long’ > Jol ,jtlo`i`^ '`.j( ‘one with a long neck (praise)? Bmn s¤mjtm+ sómjñm ‘exterior corner, projection’, Mnk s¤mjnm+ s·mjtm+ Mdk s⁄mjnÀ ‘corner’ > Jol ,snmj 'd.r(‘cheekbone’.III. Borrowings from a Third LanguageMdk a»r` ‘mat’ < Wlf a`r`À 'f(, Serer j`,v`r`m.h,a`r`m >Jol a`r` 'j`.h(Mdk a»i`+ la»i` ‘woolen blanket’ < Wlf la»ii 'l( > Jol ,la`mi 'e.j(Bmn f…k`at ‘energy, physical condition, shape’ < Ar γalla:b ‘powerful, very strong’ > Jol f…k`a '`( ‘a great man’(praise)Jol ,i``j`kh ‘to be surprised’ < Wlf i`gkd > Mdk i»`j`kh ‘to be worried, surprised’Mdk m»s``kh ‘image, to photograph’, Bmn (rare) m»s`khxd ‘geographic map, image, drawing’ < Wlf m`s``k ‘todraw, to paint’, 'a( image, drawing (from Creole m`s`k ‘Christmas’, because of Christmas cards? – JeanDoneux, pers. comm.) > Jol ,m`s`kh ‘photo, resemblance, to show a resemblance’Mdk s⁄onsn ‘to be busy with < Wlf sno`sn > Jol ,snonsnnqMdk s‡a``ann ‘European’ < Wlf sta`a > Jol ,a…`a '`.j( (reintepretation of the first syllable as a noun classmarker followed by a change of class)IV. Words of Unknown Origin (Local innovations, unidentified borrowings from third languages, etc.)Mdk a–qdmsdÀ ‘artisanal flintlock rifle’ – Jol adqdmsdÀ 'd.r(Jol ,bhhe ‘breath in while vibrating the lips (an offensive sound)’ – Mdk b’het+ b’ha`+ b’hot ‘make a sound