Experimental Mechanics in Biological Tissues

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Programme 10.00 – 10.30 Registration and coffee 10.30 – 10.55 Dr Stéphane Avril Identification of the elastic properties of human arteries from full-field measurements 10.55 – 11.20 Dr Katia Genovese Whole-body measurements on vascular segments under in-vitro testing 11.20 – 11.45 Prof. Margaret Lucas Ultrasonic cutting of bone 11.45 – 12.15 Sponsors’ presentations 12.15 – 14.00 Lunch, exhibition, posters 14.00 – 14.25 Dr Sandra Guérard Experimental characterization of cancellous bone: from 2D measurements to 3D identification 14.25 – 14.50 Dr Pablo D. Ruiz Phase-contrast optical metrology for depth-resolved corneal deformation measurements 14.50 – 15.10 Coffee break 15.10 – 15.35 Dr Guillaume Puel Microextensometry measurements and identification of mechanical properties on cortical bone 15.35 – 16.00 Dr Sam L. Evans Measuring the mechanical properties of human skin in vivo using digital image correlation and nonlinear finite element modeling 16.00 Close
Speakers Dr Stéphane Avril (Ecole des Mines de St-Etienne, France) Identification of the elastic properties of human arteries from full-field measurements Over the past few decades much scientific effort has been applied to the study of haemo-dynamics in curved arteries. It is now well accepted that lesions form preferably at locations of disturbed flow but this alone cannot explain all types of vascular lesions. The mechanical behaviour and structural response of complex shaped arteries should also be considered. In this context it is necessary to characterise and understand the mechanical properties of arterial walls. Performing in-vivo measurements is obviously the most exact approach, however, in-vitro tests still seem to be essential for reliably determining properties. In both cases (in-vivo and in-vitro), the identification raises some difficulty due to the geometry of arteries in the regions where the lesions may occur. Added to this is the uncertainty due to the non-linear, heterogeneous and anisotropic behaviour of arterial tissue. In this presentation these difficulties are addressed by describing two approaches for characterising arterial tissues: one is in-vivo using magnetic resonance imaging to measure the deformation of carotids subject to vascular pressure. The other one is in-vitro using digital image correlation to measure the deformation of aorta segments in inflation-extension tests. For both approaches, an inverse method has been implemented for deriving the mechanical properties of the arterial tissues from the measured data. Dr Katia Genovese (University of Potenza, Italy) Whole-body measurements on vascular segments under in-vitro testing A single-camera panoramic video system able to perform time-resolved 3-D whole-body measurements on arterial segments under finite deformation is presented. This method allows the capture of any eventual inhomogeneity of deformation and thus could be useful for testing arteries with irregular geometries and/or material heterogeneities. Full-field data reduction for mesh generation, and adaptation, to be used within hybrid inverse characterization approaches is discussed. Prof. Margaret Lucas (University of Glasgow, UK) Ultrasonic cutting of bone The use of ultrasonic cutting devices as an alternative method to cut bone in orthopaedic surgery was investigated for the first time in Russia over forty years ago. Despite the observed beneficial effects such as increased operational control and precision, ultrasonic devices have never become the tools of choice for surgeons in orthopaedics. The main reason for this can be attributed to the temperatures generated during cutting, which were well above the tissue necrosis threshold. This presentation reports research which aims to design improved ultrasonic devices for orthopaedic procedures. The research relies on experimental characterisations of the device vibration behaviour through experimental modal analysis and identifying the linear and nonlinear responses at the ultrasonic driving frequency. Finite element simulations of ultrasonic cutting have been developed that have relied on effective bone material properties extracted from standard tests, but these have enabled reasonable predictions of the temperature at the bone and cutting blade interface. Some device designs are presented that have resulted in a considerable reduction in cutting temperature. Dr Sandra Guérard (Arts et Métiers ParisTech, France) Experimental characterization of cancellous bone: from 2D measurements to 3D identification 2-D digital image correlation can be used to assess strain localisation in cancellous bone samples for comparison with histology and a non-linear ultrasound method to evaluate damage. An extension to 3-D displacement fields and local strain measurement was performed using an in-situ compression test machine under micro-MRI.
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Experimental Mechanics in Biological Tissues

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