Muhtasari Jumuishi â Tathmini ya Athari za Kimazingira na Kijamii ...
Muhtasari Jumuishi â Tathmini ya Athari za Kimazingira na Kijamii ...
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<strong>Muhtasari</strong> <strong>Jumuishi</strong> – <strong>Tathmini</strong> <strong>ya</strong> <strong>Athari</strong> <strong>za</strong> <strong>Kimazingira</strong> <strong>na</strong> <strong>Kijamii</strong><br />
Za Kiwanda cha Magadi Soda katika Ziwa Natron ukurasa - 1 -<br />
1 UTANGULIZI<br />
Lake Natron Resources Ltd (Mpendeke<strong>za</strong>ji wa Mradi), kampuni i<strong>na</strong>yomilikiwa kwa pamoja <strong>na</strong><br />
Serikali <strong>ya</strong> Tan<strong>za</strong>nia kupitia Shirika la Maendeleo la Taifa (NDC) <strong>na</strong> TATA Chemicals Ltd la<br />
Mumbai, India, li<strong>na</strong>andaa ujenzi wa kiwanda cha magadi soda katika Ziwa Natron Mkoani<br />
Arusha. Ziwa Natron limepaka<strong>na</strong> <strong>na</strong> wila<strong>ya</strong> <strong>za</strong> Ngorongoro (magharibi) <strong>na</strong> Loliondo (mashariki)<br />
<strong>na</strong> kwa sasa hivi barabara i<strong>na</strong>yofika huko hupita katika Wila<strong>ya</strong> <strong>ya</strong> Monduli.<br />
Mradi u<strong>na</strong>opendekezwa u<strong>na</strong>husu ujenzi wa kiwanda cha uziduaji <strong>na</strong> utengene<strong>za</strong>ji magadi soda,<br />
pamoja <strong>na</strong> miundombinu <strong>ya</strong>ke katika Ziwa Natron, pamoja <strong>na</strong> uboreshaji wa barabara <strong>ya</strong> kufika<br />
kiwandani kupitia Mto wa Mbu.<br />
Wazo la kujenga kiwanda cha magadi soda katika Ziwa Natron limekuwako Tan<strong>za</strong>nia tangu<br />
miaka <strong>ya</strong> 1950; 1950(Guest and Stevens); 1972-76 (Toyo Soda Manufacturing) <strong>na</strong> 1993<br />
(Ingenierie). M<strong>na</strong>mo 1996 utafiti kuhusu <strong>Athari</strong> <strong>za</strong> <strong>Kimazingira</strong> ulifanyika katika eneo moja<br />
lililopendekezwa karibu <strong>na</strong> Engare Sero kwa ajili <strong>ya</strong> ku<strong>za</strong>lisha tani 150,000 <strong>za</strong> magadi soda kwa<br />
mwaka. U<strong>za</strong>lishaji wa magadi soda kibiashara katika Ziwa Magadi huko Ken<strong>ya</strong> umekuwa<br />
ukiendelea kwa <strong>za</strong>idi <strong>ya</strong> karne.<br />
Baada <strong>ya</strong> mwaka 1996 utafiti kuhusu <strong>Athari</strong> <strong>za</strong> <strong>Kimazingira</strong> pamoja <strong>na</strong> pendekezo lililotolewa <strong>na</strong><br />
Ken<strong>ya</strong> la kuanzisha Mradi mkubwa wa Ewaso Ngiro (Kusini), ambao ungeathiri chanzo kikuu<br />
cha maji safi <strong>ya</strong><strong>na</strong>yoingia katika Ziwa, Wi<strong>za</strong>ra <strong>ya</strong> Maliasili, Idara <strong>ya</strong> Wan<strong>ya</strong>mapori, ilisajili Ziwa<br />
Natron kama sehemu <strong>ya</strong> eneo la Ramsar (Julai 2001).<br />
Kutoka<strong>na</strong> <strong>na</strong> unyeti wa mazingira <strong>ya</strong> mahali pa<strong>na</strong>pokusudiwa kuanzishwa mradi pamoja <strong>na</strong><br />
athari nyingi zi<strong>na</strong>zojulika<strong>na</strong> <strong>za</strong> kimazingira <strong>na</strong> kijamii zi<strong>na</strong>zohusia<strong>na</strong> <strong>na</strong> mchakato wa ujenzi wa<br />
mradi <strong>ya</strong>ani, maandalizi, ujenzi <strong>na</strong> uendeshaji, i<strong>na</strong>pendekezwa kuwa ifanyike tathmini pa<strong>na</strong> <strong>ya</strong><br />
athari hizo.<br />
Tan<strong>za</strong>nia imeandaa miongozo kwa ajili <strong>ya</strong> watakaoanzisha mradi (wapendeke<strong>za</strong>ji wa mradi)<br />
yenye taratibu sahihi <strong>za</strong> ubainishaji <strong>na</strong> ushughulikiaji wa athari pamoja <strong>na</strong> hatua zi<strong>na</strong>zoambata<strong>na</strong><br />
<strong>na</strong> upungu<strong>za</strong>ji wa athari hizo kwa lengo la kupungu<strong>za</strong> kabisa athari zote mba<strong>ya</strong> <strong>na</strong> kuendele<strong>za</strong><br />
matokeo mazuri. Matokeo <strong>ya</strong> utaratibu huu ni <strong>Tathmini</strong> <strong>ya</strong> <strong>Athari</strong> <strong>za</strong> <strong>Kimazingira</strong> <strong>na</strong> <strong>Kijamii</strong>,<br />
ambayo imewezesha kuandaliwa kwa maelezo <strong>ya</strong> mchanganuo wa athari <strong>za</strong> kimazingira.<br />
Mchanganuo huo u<strong>na</strong>ijengea msingi mamlaka <strong>ya</strong> mazingira wa kutoa idhini kwa mradi kama<br />
mradi u<strong>na</strong>ofaa kimazingira kwa kutilia maa<strong>na</strong>ni v<strong>ya</strong> kutosha athari zote zi<strong>na</strong>zowe<strong>za</strong> kutokea.<br />
Mwongozo u<strong>na</strong>hakikisha kuwa mwenye mradi a<strong>na</strong>zingatia sheria <strong>za</strong> mazingira <strong>ya</strong>ani Sheria <strong>ya</strong><br />
Usimamizi wa Mazingira (2004) <strong>na</strong> kanuni <strong>za</strong> utekele<strong>za</strong>ji wake (<strong>Tathmini</strong> <strong>ya</strong> <strong>Athari</strong> <strong>za</strong><br />
<strong>Kimazingira</strong> <strong>na</strong> Kanuni <strong>za</strong> Ukaguzi, 2005 – G.N. Na. 349 <strong>ya</strong> 2005).<br />
1.1 Mawanda <strong>ya</strong> Kazi <strong>ya</strong> <strong>Tathmini</strong> <strong>ya</strong> <strong>Athari</strong> <strong>za</strong> <strong>Kimazingira</strong> <strong>na</strong> <strong>Kijamii</strong><br />
Mpendeke<strong>za</strong>ji wa mradi ameipatia kampuni <strong>ya</strong> Norconsult A.S ,ikishirikia<strong>na</strong> <strong>na</strong> Norconsult (T)<br />
Ltd. (hapa i<strong>na</strong>julika<strong>na</strong> kama Mshauri) jukumu la kuandaa <strong>Tathmini</strong> <strong>ya</strong> <strong>Athari</strong> <strong>za</strong> <strong>Kimazingira</strong> <strong>na</strong><br />
<strong>Kijamii</strong> katika eneo lililochaguliwa pamoja <strong>na</strong> eneo la barabara <strong>ya</strong> kutoka mto wa Mbu hadi<br />
kwenye eneo hilo.<br />
Kazi imefanyika kwa awamu tatu (usajili, ubainishaji wa mawanda, <strong>na</strong> tathmini <strong>ya</strong> athari) kukiwa<br />
<strong>na</strong> vipindi v<strong>ya</strong> upitiaji kabla <strong>ya</strong> kuan<strong>za</strong> kwa awamu i<strong>na</strong>yofuata. <strong>Tathmini</strong> <strong>ya</strong> <strong>Athari</strong> <strong>za</strong><br />
<strong>Kimazingira</strong> <strong>na</strong> <strong>Kijamii</strong>, ikijumuisha mipango <strong>ya</strong> upungu<strong>za</strong>ji wa athari hizo imekamilika<br />
kulinga<strong>na</strong> <strong>na</strong> masharti <strong>ya</strong> hadidu <strong>za</strong> rejea <strong>na</strong> kanuni <strong>na</strong> masharti <strong>ya</strong> kitaifa <strong>ya</strong> <strong>Tathmini</strong> <strong>ya</strong> <strong>Athari</strong><br />
<strong>za</strong> <strong>Kimazingira</strong> kama sehemu <strong>ya</strong> huduma.<br />
RASIMU<br />
Juni 2007<br />
Norconsult
<strong>Muhtasari</strong> <strong>Jumuishi</strong> – <strong>Tathmini</strong> <strong>ya</strong> <strong>Athari</strong> <strong>za</strong> <strong>Kimazingira</strong> <strong>na</strong> <strong>Kijamii</strong><br />
Za Kiwanda cha Magadi Soda katika Ziwa Natron ukurasa - 2 -<br />
Mchoro 1: Mahali lilipo Ziwa Natron katika Tan<strong>za</strong>nia<br />
RASIMU<br />
Juni 2007<br />
Norconsult
<strong>Muhtasari</strong> <strong>Jumuishi</strong> – <strong>Tathmini</strong> <strong>ya</strong> <strong>Athari</strong> <strong>za</strong> <strong>Kimazingira</strong> <strong>na</strong> <strong>Kijamii</strong><br />
Za Kiwanda cha Magadi Soda katika Ziwa Natron ukurasa - 3 -<br />
1.2 Uhalali wa Mradi<br />
Maeneo matatu <strong>ya</strong><strong>na</strong>toa msukumo wa upatika<strong>na</strong>ji wa Magadi Soda. Kwan<strong>za</strong> ni eneo la Vioo,<br />
ambalo li<strong>na</strong>sukumwa <strong>za</strong>idi <strong>na</strong> eneo la Magari <strong>na</strong> Miundombinu (ikijumuisha <strong>ya</strong> biashara <strong>na</strong><br />
makazi). Pili ni eneo la Sabuni, ambalo li<strong>na</strong>sukumwa <strong>na</strong> kiwango cha ongezeko la Zao Ghafi la<br />
Ndani <strong>na</strong> ongezeko la matumizi <strong>ya</strong> kila mtu. Sehemu <strong>ya</strong> tatu i<strong>na</strong>yotoa msukumo wa mahitaji ni<br />
Tasnia <strong>ya</strong> Kemikali yenyewe.<br />
Ongezeko kubwa katika matumizi <strong>ya</strong> magadi soda katika mwongo uliopita limejitoke<strong>za</strong> katika<br />
nchi zi<strong>na</strong>zoendelea, ambazo kimsingi zi<strong>na</strong>jumuisha nchi zi<strong>na</strong>zoendelea <strong>na</strong> zile zi<strong>na</strong>zoan<strong>za</strong><br />
kuinukia kiviwanda ambazo zi<strong>na</strong> kiwango cha chini cha matumizi <strong>ya</strong> magadi soda kwa kila mtu.<br />
Matumizi <strong>ya</strong> magadi soda katika nchi zi<strong>na</strong>zoendelea <strong>ya</strong>mefikia wastani wa asilimia ±5.5 katika<br />
kipindi cha 2000-2004 ikilinganishwa <strong>na</strong> mahitaji ambayo ha<strong>ya</strong>kuongezeka huko Amerika<br />
Kaskazini <strong>na</strong> Ula<strong>ya</strong> Magharibi.<br />
2 MAELEZO KUHUSU MRADI UNAOPENDEKEZWA<br />
Kwa ujumla wastani wa kilometa <strong>za</strong> mraba 1.5 <strong>za</strong> ardhi zitahitajika kwa ajili <strong>ya</strong> kiwanda <strong>na</strong><br />
makazi, pamoja <strong>na</strong> uboreshaji wa barabara <strong>ya</strong> kutoka Mto wa Mbu. <strong>Muhtasari</strong> (Jedwali 1) hapo<br />
chini u<strong>na</strong>onyesha mahitaji <strong>na</strong> uwezo wa u<strong>za</strong>lishaji u<strong>na</strong>otarajiwa katika Kiwanda cha Magadi<br />
soda.<br />
Jedwali 1: <strong>Muhtasari</strong> wa Miundombinu<br />
Wafan<strong>ya</strong>kazi<br />
Idadi <strong>ya</strong> wafan<strong>ya</strong>kazi wa kudumu: 152<br />
Idadi <strong>ya</strong> wafan<strong>ya</strong>kazi wa ujenzi 1,225<br />
Mahitaji <strong>ya</strong> Ardhi<br />
Ardhi kwa ajili <strong>ya</strong> kiwanda <strong>na</strong> Kilometa <strong>za</strong> mraba 0.5<br />
ujenzi<br />
Ardhi kwa ajili <strong>ya</strong> makazi Kilometa <strong>ya</strong> mraba 1<br />
Mahitaji <strong>ya</strong> barabara barabara <strong>ya</strong> lami <strong>ya</strong> upa<strong>na</strong> wa mita 7<br />
Mahitaji <strong>ya</strong> Raslimali<br />
Maji <strong>ya</strong> magadi kutoka Ziwa<br />
Natron<br />
Mita 561<strong>za</strong> ujazo kwa saa<br />
Maji safi kwa ajili <strong>ya</strong> kuendeshea Mita 106 <strong>za</strong> ujazo kwa saa<br />
mitambo<br />
Maji safi kwa matumizi <strong>ya</strong> Mita 23 <strong>za</strong> ujazo kwa saa<br />
nyumbani<br />
Umeme kwa ajili <strong>ya</strong> kiwanda Megawati 11.5<br />
Mkaazimwe, makaa <strong>ya</strong> mawe <strong>na</strong> Tani <strong>za</strong> kimetriki 21 kwa saa<br />
chokaa (Bwela)<br />
Asidi Salfuriki<br />
tani 0.552 kwa siku<br />
Magadi<br />
tani <strong>za</strong> kimetriki 0.1 kwa siku<br />
Mafuta <strong>ya</strong> kulainishia<br />
lita 145 kwa mwezi<br />
Dizeli (kwa ajili <strong>ya</strong> pampu <strong>za</strong> Kg 9 kwa saa<br />
maji)<br />
U<strong>za</strong>lishaji<br />
Tani <strong>za</strong> Magadi soda kwa tani <strong>za</strong> kimetriki 500,000 kwa mwaka<br />
saa/mwaka u<strong>za</strong>lishaji kwa saa 24<br />
Ma<strong>za</strong>o <strong>ya</strong> ziada <strong>na</strong> vichafuzi<br />
Maji <strong>ya</strong>liyotolewa magadi <strong>na</strong><br />
kurudishwa ziwani<br />
Tani <strong>za</strong> kimetriki 476 kwa saa<br />
Tope laini<br />
Tani <strong>za</strong> kimetriki 93 kwa saa<br />
Takajivu kutoka kwenye bwela<br />
Tani <strong>za</strong> kimetriki 5 kwa saa<br />
SO2 iliyotolewa kutoka<strong>na</strong> <strong>na</strong> haijulikani<br />
RASIMU<br />
Juni 2007<br />
Norconsult
<strong>Muhtasari</strong> <strong>Jumuishi</strong> – <strong>Tathmini</strong> <strong>ya</strong> <strong>Athari</strong> <strong>za</strong> <strong>Kimazingira</strong> <strong>na</strong> <strong>Kijamii</strong><br />
Za Kiwanda cha Magadi Soda katika Ziwa Natron ukurasa - 4 -<br />
u<strong>za</strong>lishaji wa magadi soda<br />
Maji taka<br />
Mita 10 <strong>za</strong> ujazo kwa saa<br />
2.1 Uziduaji <strong>na</strong> usindikaji wa Magadi soda<br />
Eneo la kiwanda litakuwa kilometa mraba 0.5 ambamo kutakuwa <strong>na</strong> kiwanda chenyewe,<br />
majengo <strong>ya</strong> utawala, ghala la kuhifadhia magadi soda, karaka<strong>na</strong> <strong>ya</strong> umeme <strong>na</strong> bwela, ghala la<br />
kuhifadhi makaa <strong>ya</strong> mawe <strong>na</strong> unga mwepesi wa magadi, bwawa la tope laini <strong>na</strong> mabwawa <strong>ya</strong><br />
kuhifadhi maji yenye magadi.<br />
Maji <strong>ya</strong> magadi kiasi cha mita <strong>za</strong> ujazo 561 <strong>ya</strong>tavutwa kutoka ziwani kwa kutumia pampu <strong>za</strong><br />
dizeli au umeme kupitia kwenye bomba hadi kwenye chujio. Bwawa la maji <strong>ya</strong> magadi, lenye<br />
uwezo wa kutosha kuhifadhi <strong>na</strong> kusamba<strong>za</strong> maji <strong>ya</strong> magadi wakati wa msimu wa masika,<br />
litajazwa kwa pampu zenye machujio wakati wa kipindi cha kiangazi.<br />
Katika chujio maji <strong>ya</strong> magadi toka Ziwani <strong>ya</strong>tachanganywa <strong>na</strong> dawa <strong>za</strong> kusafishia ili kuondoa<br />
uchafu usiotakiwa. Kisha Maji <strong>ya</strong> magadi <strong>ya</strong>liyochujwa <strong>ya</strong>tasukumwa kwenda katika eneo la<br />
uvuki<strong>za</strong>ji <strong>na</strong> topetope li<strong>na</strong>lobaki litasukumwa hadi kwenye sehemu <strong>ya</strong> kulihifadhi <strong>na</strong> mahali pa<br />
kutupia tope laini. Maji <strong>ya</strong> uzimuaji pamoja <strong>na</strong> kemikali <strong>za</strong> kusafishia kutoka kwenye lika mama<br />
<strong>ya</strong> monohidrati vitachanganywa kwenye tanki li<strong>na</strong>lopokea maji <strong>ya</strong> magadi toka kwenye chujio<br />
kabla ha<strong>ya</strong>japelekwa kwenye upoo<strong>za</strong>ji wa awali<br />
Kisha maji <strong>ya</strong> magadi <strong>ya</strong>liyopitishwa katika upoo<strong>za</strong>ji wa awali <strong>ya</strong>tajazwa kwenye kaushio ambalo<br />
hutunzwa katika hali <strong>ya</strong> uombwe. Kutoka<strong>na</strong> <strong>na</strong> upoaji, nitrati <strong>ya</strong> <strong>na</strong>tiri (Na 2 CO 3 ) hutuama kama<br />
Dekahidrati (Na 2 CO 3. 10H 2 O). Tope laini lililotuama la Deka litakuwa <strong>na</strong> Mango asilimia 33 <strong>na</strong><br />
kisha litasukumwa kwa pampu kwenda kwenye hidromviringo i<strong>na</strong>yotiririka chini kwa chini,<br />
kukandamizwa <strong>na</strong> kuondolewa mango. Mseto wenye asilimia 4 hadi 5 <strong>ya</strong> unyevu utaingizwa<br />
kwenye mashine <strong>ya</strong> kuyeyusha ili chembechembe <strong>za</strong> dekahidrati ziweze kuyeyuka <strong>na</strong> kuwa maji<br />
<strong>ya</strong>ke <strong>ya</strong> ugandishaji<br />
Pampu mzunguko kwenye mashine <strong>ya</strong> kuyeyushia hudumisha ukifishwaji wa hali <strong>ya</strong> juu<br />
usiobadilika katika mashine hizo. Kisha joto husambazwa kwenye mashine <strong>za</strong> kuyeyushia kupitia<br />
kigandishi cha mvuke ki<strong>na</strong>chogandisha up<strong>ya</strong> fuwele <strong>za</strong> Dekahirati kuwa monohidrati. Tope<br />
li<strong>na</strong>lotoka kwenye mashine <strong>ya</strong> kuyeyushia litakuwa <strong>na</strong> mango asilimia 10.13. Tope hili<br />
litapelekwa kwenye tanki la magma la kugandisha fuwele ambako litachanganyika <strong>na</strong> magma <strong>na</strong><br />
kusukumwe te<strong>na</strong> kwenye mzunguko <strong>na</strong> kukandamizwa.<br />
Mchoro 2: <strong>Muhtasari</strong> wa mchakato wa uziduaji<br />
Fresh brine from lake<br />
Decca hydrate crystalli<strong>za</strong>tion<br />
DecaHydrate Crystals<br />
Depleted brine to Lake<br />
Decca melting & Mono crystalli<strong>za</strong>tion<br />
Brine sludge<br />
to mud slurry<br />
disposal<br />
Mono crystalliser and<br />
Melter slurry<br />
Slurry & Solid Handling system<br />
Soda Ash to Silos<br />
RASIMU<br />
Juni 2007<br />
Product Handling system<br />
Norconsult
<strong>Muhtasari</strong> <strong>Jumuishi</strong> – <strong>Tathmini</strong> <strong>ya</strong> <strong>Athari</strong> <strong>za</strong> <strong>Kimazingira</strong> <strong>na</strong> <strong>Kijamii</strong><br />
Za Kiwanda cha Magadi Soda katika Ziwa Natron ukurasa - 5 -<br />
Katika kigandishi cha monohidrati, fuwele <strong>za</strong> monohidrati kutoka kwenye mvuke wa lika-mama<br />
katika mashine <strong>ya</strong> kuyeyushia zitaziduliwa kwa kutumia mvuke. Tope lililojazwa kwenye<br />
Hidromviringo litakamuliwa <strong>na</strong> kuondolewa mango ambapo mseto chepechepe utajazwa kwenye<br />
kaushio la chini litumialo kiowevu.<br />
Mvuke kutoka kwenye vukizo la mwisho utapoozwa ili kupata te<strong>na</strong> maji <strong>na</strong> kupelekwa kwenye<br />
kisima cha maji moto, ambako utasukumwa hadi kwenye m<strong>na</strong>ra wa upoo<strong>za</strong>ji. Maji <strong>ya</strong>liyotoka<strong>na</strong><br />
<strong>na</strong> mvuke <strong>ya</strong>tawekewa dawa kwenye mtambo wa kutibu maji <strong>na</strong> <strong>ya</strong>tatumika kwenye Mabwela <strong>na</strong><br />
kwenye vifaa vingine kama vile v<strong>ya</strong> kuoshea mseto, maandalizi <strong>ya</strong> flokulenti <strong>na</strong> kwa ajili <strong>ya</strong><br />
matumizi <strong>ya</strong> nyumbani. Gesi zote zisizowe<strong>za</strong> kupoa zikawa maji i<strong>na</strong>bidi ziondolewe.<br />
Fuwele <strong>za</strong> monohidrati zi<strong>na</strong>zotoka wakati wa ukamuaji zitaingizwa kwenye kigavi cha kulisha<br />
mashine <strong>ya</strong> kukaushia. Utaratibu huu wa kuzunguka husamba<strong>za</strong> fuwele kwenye uso wa mashine<br />
<strong>ya</strong> kukaushia. Magadi <strong>ya</strong>liyokaushwa yenye unyevu wa chini <strong>ya</strong> asilimia 0.1 <strong>ya</strong>tatolewa kupitia<br />
upenyo-hewa hadi kwenye bomba la ngazi moja. Kiwango cha utoaji wa chembe chafuzi<br />
ki<strong>na</strong>tarajiwa kuwa chini <strong>ya</strong> 50 mg / Nm 3 .<br />
Bidhaa kamili itakuwa magadi mazito yenye mchanganyiko ufuatao:<br />
Kaboneti <strong>na</strong>tiri asilimia 99.8<br />
Kloridi <strong>na</strong>tiri asilimia
<strong>Muhtasari</strong> <strong>Jumuishi</strong> – <strong>Tathmini</strong> <strong>ya</strong> <strong>Athari</strong> <strong>za</strong> <strong>Kimazingira</strong> <strong>na</strong> <strong>Kijamii</strong><br />
Za Kiwanda cha Magadi Soda katika Ziwa Natron ukurasa - 6 -<br />
Mchoro 3: Maeneo <strong>ya</strong> kiutawala <strong>ya</strong> Ziwa Natron <strong>na</strong> maeneo <strong>ya</strong> jirani<br />
Eneo li<strong>na</strong>lozunguka Ziwa Natron li<strong>na</strong> vitalu viwili vikubwa <strong>ya</strong> uwindaji vilivyokodishwa; Kitalu<br />
cha Loliondo ambacho kimeenea katika uwanda wa juu wa magharibi <strong>na</strong> kitalu cha Ziwa Natron<br />
GCA. Vitalu hivi vimegawanywa <strong>za</strong>idi katika Kaskazini <strong>na</strong> Kusini. Tan<strong>za</strong>nia Game Trackers<br />
wa<strong>na</strong> hati <strong>ya</strong> umiliki wa kitalu cha Ziwa Natron North GCA <strong>na</strong> hufan<strong>ya</strong> uwindaji wa kibiashara.<br />
Kitalu cha Ziwa Natron Kusini ki<strong>na</strong>milikiwa <strong>na</strong> TAWICO.<br />
Mipaka <strong>ya</strong> eneo la Ramsar i<strong>na</strong>katisha Wila<strong>ya</strong> mbili (Ngorongoro <strong>na</strong> Longido), ikiwa kwenye<br />
eneo ambalo halihusiani moja kwa moja <strong>na</strong> mipaka <strong>ya</strong> kiutawala iliyopo. Kwa mujibu wa gazeti<br />
la Serikali matumizi <strong>ya</strong> ardhi (Ramsar <strong>na</strong> GCAs) <strong>ya</strong> Ziwa <strong>na</strong> ardhi iliyo magharibi <strong>ya</strong>metengwa<br />
maalum kwa ajili <strong>ya</strong> hifadhi <strong>na</strong> utalii.<br />
Mchoro 4: Matumizi <strong>ya</strong> ardhi <strong>ya</strong> Ziwa Natron <strong>na</strong> maeneo <strong>ya</strong> chanzo cha maji <strong>ya</strong>liyo jirani<br />
RASIMU<br />
Juni 2007<br />
Norconsult
<strong>Muhtasari</strong> <strong>Jumuishi</strong> – <strong>Tathmini</strong> <strong>ya</strong> <strong>Athari</strong> <strong>za</strong> <strong>Kimazingira</strong> <strong>na</strong> <strong>Kijamii</strong><br />
Za Kiwanda cha Magadi Soda katika Ziwa Natron ukurasa - 7 -<br />
Zaidi <strong>ya</strong> matumizi <strong>ya</strong> ardhi <strong>ya</strong>liyoidhinishwa kwenye gazeti la serikali, ku<strong>na</strong> ufugaji mkubwa <strong>na</strong><br />
kilimo cha kutegemea mvua, umwagiliaji <strong>na</strong> makazi kadhaa. Eneo la Ramsar liko ndani <strong>ya</strong> GCA<br />
<strong>na</strong> hutumia mpaka wa magharibi wa Ziwa Natron GCA. Upande wa mashariki mpaka wa Ramsar<br />
u<strong>na</strong>fuata mpaka wa maji kuanzia Oldonyo Lengai hadi Gelai <strong>na</strong> kisha kaskazini hadi Ken<strong>ya</strong><br />
ukitenganisha Ki<strong>na</strong>masi cha Kipingaine <strong>na</strong> Ziwa.<br />
3.1 Maelezo Mafupi kuhusu Jamii<br />
Jamii katika Bonde la Ziwa Natron kwa kiasi kikubwa ni <strong>ya</strong> wafugaji wa Kimasai ambao<br />
wamekuwa wakijitahidi kuhifadhi mila <strong>na</strong> desturi <strong>za</strong>o katika dunia i<strong>na</strong>yobadilika kwa kasi.<br />
Wamasai ni miongoni mwa makabila <strong>ya</strong> Kiafrika <strong>ya</strong><strong>na</strong>yojulika<strong>na</strong> sa<strong>na</strong> kimataifa. Wa<strong>na</strong>endelea<br />
kushikilia desturi nyingi <strong>za</strong> utamaduni wao huku wakiingia katika mazingira map<strong>ya</strong> <strong>ya</strong> kiuchumi,<br />
kijamii <strong>na</strong> kisiasa <strong>ya</strong> kikanda <strong>na</strong> kilimwengu. Maamuzi hufanywa <strong>na</strong> wazee wa kila kikundi cha<br />
Wamasai <strong>na</strong> jukumu la uongozi ni la wa<strong>na</strong>ume.<br />
Wamasai huishi mpakani mwa Ken<strong>ya</strong> <strong>na</strong> Tan<strong>za</strong>nia, wakihamisha makazi <strong>ya</strong>o mara kwa mara<br />
kufuata ng‟ombe wao, ambao ndio tegemeo kubwa la maisha <strong>ya</strong>o. Kwa Wamasai, ng‟ombe ni<br />
sehemu muhimu <strong>ya</strong> maisha <strong>ya</strong>o; hunywa maziwa <strong>na</strong> damu <strong>ya</strong> ng‟ombe kama kinywaji cha<br />
kuheshimika; hutumia kinyesi cha ng‟ombe kukandika <strong>na</strong> kusiriba nyumba <strong>za</strong>o; hawachinji<br />
ng‟ombe wao kwa ajili <strong>ya</strong> chakula; lakini kama ng‟ombe akiuawa, basi pembe hutumika kama<br />
chombo cha kuhifadhia vitu mbalimbali; ngozi hutumika kutengene<strong>za</strong> viatu, nguo, kamba, <strong>na</strong><br />
matandiko <strong>ya</strong> vitanda; <strong>na</strong> kwato <strong>na</strong> mifupa hutengenezea mapambo. Wamasai wa<strong>na</strong>amini kuwa<br />
wao ndio wamiliki halali wa ng‟ombe, imani ambayo ndio chanzo cha migogoro mingi i<strong>na</strong>yozuka<br />
bai<strong>na</strong> <strong>ya</strong> Wamasai <strong>na</strong> jamii nyingine <strong>za</strong> wafugaji.<br />
Kabila li<strong>na</strong>lofuata kwa ukubwa baada <strong>ya</strong> Wamasai ni Wasonjo. Hawa ni wakulima <strong>na</strong> wafugaji<br />
wa ng‟ombe <strong>na</strong> hawapatani kabisa <strong>na</strong> Wamasai. Wasonyo wako kwa wingi katika eneo la<br />
Pinyinyi ambako hutumia mfumo wa <strong>za</strong>mani wa kilimo cha umwagiliaji kwa kutegemea maji<br />
kutoka kwenye maporomoko (i<strong>na</strong>dhaniwa kuwa wao ndilo kabila la kwan<strong>za</strong> Afrika Mashariki<br />
kunyweshea mashamba <strong>ya</strong>o kwa mifereji). Maji <strong>ya</strong><strong>na</strong> thamani kubwa kwao <strong>na</strong> wamekuwa<br />
RASIMU<br />
Juni 2007<br />
Norconsult
<strong>Muhtasari</strong> <strong>Jumuishi</strong> – <strong>Tathmini</strong> <strong>ya</strong> <strong>Athari</strong> <strong>za</strong> <strong>Kimazingira</strong> <strong>na</strong> <strong>Kijamii</strong><br />
Za Kiwanda cha Magadi Soda katika Ziwa Natron ukurasa - 8 -<br />
waki<strong>ya</strong>dhibiti, ambapo wazee kumi <strong>na</strong> nne „wa<strong>na</strong>miji‟ wa<strong>na</strong> haki <strong>ya</strong> umiliki. Asili <strong>ya</strong>o<br />
haikuwe<strong>za</strong> kujulika<strong>na</strong> kwa urahisi kwani lugha <strong>ya</strong>o i<strong>na</strong> sauti <strong>za</strong> Kibantu <strong>na</strong> sifa <strong>za</strong> Kinilotiki.<br />
Kabila hili limekuwa gumu kupokea teknolojia yoyote mp<strong>ya</strong>.<br />
Vijiji ambavyo vipo karibu <strong>na</strong> eneo la mradi ni pamoja <strong>na</strong> Engare Sero, Pinyinyi, Alaililai <strong>na</strong><br />
Londo Losirwa (pia hujulika<strong>na</strong> kama Magadini). Wasonjo wa<strong>na</strong>patika<strong>na</strong> <strong>za</strong>idi katika vijiji vilivyo<br />
kwenye ukingo wa magharibi wa ziwa; Engasero, Pinyinyi <strong>na</strong> baadhi katika Kijiji cha Engaruka.<br />
Wamasai ni wengi <strong>na</strong> wametapakaa karibu katika vijiji vyote katika eneo la mradi. Watu<br />
wachache wa makabila mengine kama vile Warangi, Wachagga, Wapare, <strong>na</strong> Waarusha<br />
wa<strong>na</strong>patika<strong>na</strong> kwenye vijiji vyenye shughuli <strong>za</strong> kilimo, biashara <strong>na</strong> utalii.<br />
Mchoro 5: Makazi karibu <strong>na</strong> eneo lililopendekezwa la Kiwanda cha ku<strong>za</strong>lisha Magadi<br />
3.2 Akiolojia<br />
Ziwa Natron ni ziwa la Magadi lililoko katika Bonde la Ufa (Gregory Rift) <strong>na</strong> limezungukwa <strong>na</strong><br />
miteremko <strong>ya</strong> Bonde la Ufa <strong>na</strong> milima <strong>ya</strong> volkano. Tambarare <strong>ya</strong> ziwa imezungukwa <strong>na</strong> vilima<br />
vyenye miteremko mikali vyenye mashapo <strong>ya</strong> Plio-Pleistosini yenye wingi wa visukuku <strong>na</strong> vitu<br />
v<strong>ya</strong> kale kama ilivyojadiliwa hapo chini.<br />
Pinyinyi (Peninj), ku<strong>na</strong> eneo la kihistoria ambalo li<strong>na</strong>julika<strong>na</strong> sa<strong>na</strong> kutoka<strong>na</strong> <strong>na</strong> kupatika<strong>na</strong> ta<strong>ya</strong><br />
la <strong>za</strong>madamu li<strong>na</strong>loingilia<strong>na</strong> vizuri <strong>na</strong> fuvu la <strong>za</strong>madamu wa Oldupai (OH 5, A. boisei) kama<br />
vile ni la <strong>za</strong>madamu huyo. Aidha eneo hilo li<strong>na</strong>julika<strong>na</strong> kwa kuwa <strong>na</strong> maeneo <strong>ya</strong>liyotangulia enzi<br />
<strong>za</strong> kale <strong>za</strong> mawe (maeneo <strong>ya</strong> kipindi cha asheuli) <strong>ya</strong><strong>na</strong>yofa<strong>na</strong><strong>na</strong> <strong>ya</strong> <strong>ya</strong>le <strong>ya</strong> huko Kenos Ethiopia<br />
(Isaac & Curtis, 1974)”. Shughuli <strong>ya</strong> uchimbuzi wa visukuku <strong>na</strong> vitu v<strong>ya</strong> kale huko Pinyinyi<br />
ilianzishwa <strong>na</strong> R.E.F. Leakey <strong>na</strong> G.Ll. Isaac kati <strong>ya</strong> 1963 <strong>na</strong> 1964 (Isaac 1967). Kati <strong>ya</strong> 1981 <strong>na</strong><br />
RASIMU<br />
Juni 2007<br />
Norconsult
<strong>Muhtasari</strong> <strong>Jumuishi</strong> – <strong>Tathmini</strong> <strong>ya</strong> <strong>Athari</strong> <strong>za</strong> <strong>Kimazingira</strong> <strong>na</strong> <strong>Kijamii</strong><br />
Za Kiwanda cha Magadi Soda katika Ziwa Natron ukurasa - 9 -<br />
1983 timu <strong>ya</strong> kimataifa ikiongozwa <strong>na</strong> Isaac ilichungu<strong>za</strong> eneo hilo, halafu kazi ikasimama hadi<br />
1995, wakati timu wa Wahispania ilipoan<strong>za</strong> te<strong>na</strong> kazi katika eneo hilo.<br />
Hadi leo jumla <strong>ya</strong> maeneo <strong>ya</strong> 27 yenye masalia <strong>ya</strong> kale <strong>na</strong> maeneo 8 <strong>ya</strong> kiakiolojia<br />
<strong>ya</strong>megunduliwa katika mwambao wa Magharibi <strong>ya</strong> Ziwa. Maeneo hayo mengi <strong>ya</strong>ko katika<br />
Humbu, eneo la chini la “Kundi la Pinyinyi” juu <strong>ya</strong> tabaka la Plio-Pleistosin. Masalia <strong>ya</strong> kale<br />
<strong>ya</strong>livyochimbuliwa <strong>na</strong> mifupa <strong>ya</strong> visukuku huoneka<strong>na</strong> hapa <strong>na</strong> pale katika maeneo makuu matatu<br />
karibu <strong>na</strong> Mto Pinyinyi wa sasa. Maeneo <strong>ya</strong> ai<strong>na</strong> hiyo (Marita<strong>na</strong>ne, Kamare & Kipalagu), Genge<br />
la Kusini (Ba<strong>ya</strong>si, Karonga Kaskazini Kusini <strong>na</strong> Mashariki <strong>ya</strong> Mugure <strong>na</strong> Genge la Kaskazini<br />
(Mgudulu) ni miongoni mwa <strong>ya</strong>le <strong>ya</strong><strong>na</strong>yojulika<strong>na</strong> sa<strong>na</strong>.<br />
3.3 Maisha <strong>ya</strong> Viumbe hai Ziwani<br />
Ukubwa <strong>na</strong> umbo la mito <strong>na</strong> Ziwa hubadilika mara kwa mara katika mzunguko wa majira <strong>ya</strong><br />
kiangazi <strong>na</strong> <strong>ya</strong> mvua <strong>na</strong> mzunguko wa miaka <strong>ya</strong> ukame <strong>na</strong> <strong>ya</strong> mvua nyingi. Pia ziwa li<strong>na</strong>athiriwa<br />
<strong>na</strong> chemchem <strong>za</strong> maji moto kutoka<strong>na</strong> <strong>na</strong> historia <strong>ya</strong>ke <strong>ya</strong> hivi karibuni <strong>ya</strong> kutokea kwa volkano.<br />
Maji <strong>ya</strong> chemchem <strong>ya</strong><strong>na</strong>yotiririka wakati wote ni chanzo kikubwa cha kutokea kwa maji <strong>ya</strong><br />
magadi <strong>na</strong> mwamba wa magadi katika ziwa. Mabadiliko ha<strong>ya</strong> <strong>ya</strong> maji <strong>ya</strong> chemchem <strong>za</strong> Ziwani<br />
<strong>ya</strong><strong>na</strong>onge<strong>za</strong> kipengele cha ziada katika masuala <strong>ya</strong> mfumo ikolojia <strong>na</strong> <strong>ya</strong> menejimenti <strong>ya</strong><br />
v<strong>ya</strong>nzo v<strong>ya</strong> maji.<br />
Ku<strong>na</strong> chemchem nyingi <strong>za</strong> kudumu zilizo karibu <strong>na</strong> ziwa au ndani <strong>ya</strong> ziwa lenyewe, ikiwa ni<br />
pamoja <strong>na</strong> chemchem <strong>za</strong> maji moto ambazo huingi<strong>za</strong> maji <strong>ya</strong> chumvi kwenye ziwa. Chemchem<br />
zi<strong>na</strong>zotiririka mfululizo zi<strong>na</strong>changia <strong>za</strong>idi katika ku<strong>za</strong>lisha maji <strong>ya</strong> magadi <strong>na</strong> tabaka la magadi<br />
katika ziwa. Kwa mujibu wa Guest and Steven (1951), ku<strong>na</strong> takribani chemchem moto 28 <strong>za</strong><br />
alkali zi<strong>na</strong>zotiririka kuingia katika Ziwa Natron. Joto la maji <strong>ya</strong> chemchem ni kati <strong>ya</strong> nyuzi<br />
sentigredi 30 - 50.<br />
Ku<strong>na</strong> maeneo madogomadogo <strong>ya</strong> ki<strong>na</strong>masi <strong>ya</strong><strong>na</strong>younga<strong>na</strong> <strong>na</strong> ziwa: maeneo mawili madogo <strong>ya</strong><br />
ki<strong>na</strong>masi Typha domingensis <strong>ya</strong>mechukua eneo kubwa la ufukwe wa magharibi <strong>na</strong> maeneo <strong>ya</strong><br />
ki<strong>na</strong>masi <strong>ya</strong> ukubwa wa kati yenye maji baridi kiasi upande wa mashariki. Vi<strong>na</strong>masi ni chanzo<br />
cha maji kwa ajili <strong>ya</strong> wan<strong>ya</strong>ma pori <strong>na</strong> mifugo.<br />
Wakati wa utafiti wa uwandani, samaki <strong>na</strong> mwani mdogo vilifanyiwa uchunguzi katika maeneo<br />
sita <strong>ya</strong>liyo katika Ziwa Natron. Kwa ujumla spishi tisa <strong>za</strong> mwani mdogo zilibainishwa kutoka<br />
katika sampuli <strong>za</strong> maji zilizokusanywa kutoka maeneo sita <strong>ya</strong> sampuli. Kinyume <strong>na</strong> ilivyokuwa<br />
i<strong>na</strong>aminika, Arthrospira fusiformis haikupatika<strong>na</strong> kwenye sampuli <strong>za</strong> maji zilizokusanywa kutoka<br />
katika vituo sita v<strong>ya</strong> sampuli ambapo mwani mdogo ulichunguzwa.<br />
Mwani ulio mwingi ulikuwa pin<strong>na</strong>te diatoms Navicula ssp. (hasahasa Navicula scolipleura <strong>na</strong><br />
Navicula sphaerophora). Ai<strong>na</strong> nyingine <strong>ya</strong> Mwani mdogo uliopatika<strong>na</strong> katika maji <strong>ya</strong> Ziwa<br />
Natron ni pamoja <strong>na</strong> sianobakteria wa makundi <strong>ya</strong> Pseudoa<strong>na</strong>bae<strong>na</strong>, Chroococcus, <strong>na</strong><br />
Microcystis <strong>na</strong> vilevile diatom Navicula oblonga ingawa ai<strong>na</strong> hizi zilitokea kwa idadi ndogo.<br />
Matokeo <strong>ya</strong><strong>na</strong>onyesha kuwa pamoja <strong>na</strong> Arthrospira fusiformis, pia vipo v<strong>ya</strong>nzo vingine muhimu<br />
v<strong>ya</strong> chakula kwa ajili <strong>ya</strong> ndege wa ai<strong>na</strong> <strong>ya</strong> Lesser Flamingo waishio hapo <strong>na</strong> kwa dagaa<br />
wa<strong>na</strong>ozunguka kwa makundi ndani <strong>ya</strong> Ziwa Natron hali i<strong>na</strong>yoruhusu upatika<strong>na</strong>ji wa chakula cha<br />
ai<strong>na</strong> mbalimbali.<br />
3.3.1 Ziwa Natron kama Eneo Maarufu kwa Ndege wa Jamii <strong>ya</strong> Lesser Flamingo<br />
Eneo la Ziwa Natron ni la kipekee katika Afrika Mashariki kutoka<strong>na</strong> <strong>na</strong> ukweli kuwa ndege wa<br />
jamii <strong>ya</strong> Lesser Flamingo hu<strong>za</strong>lia<strong>na</strong> kwa wingi hapo <strong>na</strong> pia ni eneo la kipekee duniani kwa<br />
ku<strong>za</strong>lisha spishi <strong>za</strong> ai<strong>na</strong> hii. Ku<strong>za</strong>lia<strong>na</strong> kwa wingi hutokea wakati wa Oktoba hadi Novemba<br />
ingawa ku<strong>za</strong>lia<strong>na</strong> kwa uchache huwe<strong>za</strong> kutokea wakati wote wa mwaka. Ku<strong>na</strong> sababu kadhaa<br />
RASIMU<br />
Juni 2007<br />
Norconsult
<strong>Muhtasari</strong> <strong>Jumuishi</strong> – <strong>Tathmini</strong> <strong>ya</strong> <strong>Athari</strong> <strong>za</strong> <strong>Kimazingira</strong> <strong>na</strong> <strong>Kijamii</strong><br />
Za Kiwanda cha Magadi Soda katika Ziwa Natron ukurasa - 10 -<br />
zilizo wazi zi<strong>na</strong>zofan<strong>ya</strong> eneo la Ziwa Natron lipendwe <strong>za</strong>idi <strong>na</strong> spishi hii. Yako mambo matano<br />
makubwa <strong>ya</strong><strong>na</strong>yofan<strong>ya</strong> flamingo waweze ku<strong>za</strong>lia<strong>na</strong> vizuri katika Ziwa Natron:<br />
1) Maeneo <strong>ya</strong> kutamia <strong>na</strong> kutunzia vifaranga <strong>ya</strong>liyo mbali <strong>na</strong> wan<strong>ya</strong>ma wala n<strong>ya</strong>ma <strong>na</strong> ndege.<br />
Haku<strong>na</strong> mahali pengine katika Afrika Mashariki ambapo pa<strong>na</strong>wawezesha Lesser Flamingo kuwa<br />
mbali <strong>na</strong> wan<strong>ya</strong>ma wala n<strong>ya</strong>ma. Ushahidi ulioandikwa umeele<strong>za</strong> kuwa tukio moja la usumbufu<br />
li<strong>na</strong>we<strong>za</strong> kusababisha kundi lote li<strong>na</strong>lotaga <strong>na</strong> kutamia kuhama eneo la viota.<br />
2) Kuwepo kwa chemchem <strong>za</strong> maji baridi katika kipindi chote cha mwaka. Vifaranga wa<br />
flamingo, mara wa<strong>na</strong>poanguliwa huenda kwenye maji baridi kwa makundi makubwa. Kama<br />
ukiangalia mgawanyo wa Lesser Flamingo katika Natron, kundi kubwa hukuta<strong>na</strong> kwenye delta <strong>za</strong><br />
mito <strong>na</strong> chemchem ili kuosha manyo<strong>ya</strong> <strong>ya</strong>o.<br />
3) Kuwepo kwa mwani mdogo wa magadi kwa ajili <strong>ya</strong> chakula katika kipindi chote cha mwaka.<br />
4) Kuwepo kwa safu i<strong>na</strong>yofaa kwa ujenzi wa viota. Hii ni muhimu sa<strong>na</strong>, „sehemu<br />
i<strong>na</strong>yopendelewa‟, kwa ajili <strong>ya</strong> ku<strong>za</strong>lia<strong>na</strong> ni kwenye maeneo yenye matope, katika miaka <strong>ya</strong><br />
ukame makundi <strong>ya</strong><strong>na</strong>we<strong>za</strong> kutawanyika <strong>za</strong>idi <strong>na</strong> kufuata mipasuko kwenye tro<strong>na</strong> ambapo matope<br />
<strong>ya</strong><strong>na</strong>yofaa <strong>ya</strong><strong>na</strong>we<strong>za</strong> kupatika<strong>na</strong> (hivi vi<strong>na</strong>julika<strong>na</strong> kama viota vi<strong>na</strong>vyounda kamba).<br />
5) Maeneo <strong>ya</strong><strong>na</strong>yofaa kwa makinda wa<strong>na</strong>pojifun<strong>za</strong> kuruka, kula <strong>na</strong> kupata maji baridi kama<br />
ilivyoelezwa hapo juu.<br />
Zaidi <strong>ya</strong> kuwa eneo la ku<strong>za</strong>lia<strong>na</strong>, Ziwa Natron ni eneo muhimu la malisho kwa spishi hii kwa<br />
kipindi chote cha mwaka kwa idadi i<strong>na</strong>yozidi ndege 200,000 (c asilimia 8 <strong>ya</strong> idadi iliyoko<br />
duniani). Kama ilivyoelezwa spishi hii i<strong>na</strong>hitaji mtandao wa maeneo ili kuwe<strong>za</strong> kumudu hali <strong>ya</strong><br />
mabadiliko <strong>ya</strong> mazingira.<br />
3.4 Mifumo <strong>ya</strong> Wan<strong>ya</strong>ma Pori<br />
Ziwa li<strong>na</strong> wan<strong>ya</strong>ma pori wa kudumu <strong>na</strong> wa<strong>na</strong>ohamahama. Spishi <strong>za</strong> kudumu ama ni zile<br />
zilizozoea mazingira <strong>ya</strong> ukame <strong>za</strong> jamii <strong>ya</strong> mijusi, wan<strong>ya</strong>ma wa<strong>na</strong>okula wan<strong>ya</strong>ma<br />
wadogowadogo (mbwa mwitu <strong>na</strong> mbweha), wan<strong>ya</strong>ma wa<strong>na</strong>okula wadudu <strong>na</strong> wa<strong>na</strong>okula<br />
mchanganyiko wa vitu mbalimbali (nguchiro, Gerinuk, ), au zile spishi zi<strong>na</strong>zotegemea<br />
upatika<strong>na</strong>ji wa maji baridi. Ku<strong>na</strong> wan<strong>ya</strong>ma wengi wa kudumu wa jamii <strong>ya</strong> n<strong>ya</strong>ni pembeni mwa<br />
mito <strong>na</strong> karibu <strong>na</strong> makazi. Pia wapo wan<strong>ya</strong>ma wengi wa kudumu wala majani kwenye misitu <strong>ya</strong><br />
Galei yenye maji <strong>ya</strong> visima.<br />
Nje <strong>ya</strong> eneo la Wosi Wosi, maisha <strong>ya</strong> wan<strong>ya</strong>ma hawa wa kudumu <strong>ya</strong><strong>na</strong>oneka<strong>na</strong> kuwa hatarini<br />
kutoka<strong>na</strong> <strong>na</strong> matumizi makubwa <strong>ya</strong> ardhi (TAWIRI & FZS, 2002). Upande wa magharibi wa<br />
ziwa wan<strong>ya</strong>mapori wamehama kutoka<strong>na</strong> <strong>na</strong> matumizi <strong>ya</strong> ardhi kwa ajili <strong>ya</strong> kilimo, umwagiliaji <strong>na</strong><br />
makazi. Upande wa kusini mashariki (Magadi) ku<strong>na</strong> mahitaji makubwa <strong>ya</strong> malisho <strong>ya</strong> wan<strong>ya</strong>ma<br />
katika majira <strong>ya</strong> kiangazi <strong>na</strong> majaribio <strong>ya</strong> kila wakati <strong>ya</strong> kuwafuku<strong>za</strong> wan<strong>ya</strong>mapori katika eneo la<br />
malisho wakati wa ukame. Gelai ku<strong>na</strong> makazi mengi, shughuli <strong>za</strong> kilimo <strong>na</strong> <strong>za</strong> ufugaji.<br />
Mchoro 6: Mfumo <strong>na</strong> Uchunguzi wa Wan<strong>ya</strong>mapori Agosti 2006<br />
RASIMU<br />
Juni 2007<br />
Norconsult
<strong>Muhtasari</strong> <strong>Jumuishi</strong> – <strong>Tathmini</strong> <strong>ya</strong> <strong>Athari</strong> <strong>za</strong> <strong>Kimazingira</strong> <strong>na</strong> <strong>Kijamii</strong><br />
Za Kiwanda cha Magadi Soda katika Ziwa Natron ukurasa - 11 -<br />
Wakati wa majira <strong>ya</strong> kiangazi wan<strong>ya</strong>ma wengi wa<strong>na</strong>okula majani huhamia kwenye maji baridi<br />
<strong>na</strong> chemchem zenye magadi kidogo <strong>na</strong> vi<strong>na</strong>masi kwa ajili <strong>ya</strong> malisho. Wakati wa kipindi cha<br />
mvua wan<strong>ya</strong>ma hao huhamia kwenye uwanda wazi wa n<strong>ya</strong>si kusini mashariki <strong>na</strong> kusini<br />
magharibi.<br />
Kwa mujibu wa maandiko, ziko njia mbili <strong>za</strong> uhamiaji kati <strong>ya</strong> Ziwa <strong>na</strong> maeneo mengine <strong>ya</strong><br />
wan<strong>ya</strong>mapori:<br />
<br />
<br />
Muungano wa Eneo la Hifadhi <strong>ya</strong> Ngorongoro <strong>na</strong> Natron kupitia n<strong>ya</strong>nda wazi <strong>za</strong> n<strong>ya</strong>si<br />
Muungano wa Hifadhi <strong>ya</strong> Taifa <strong>ya</strong> Ziwa Man<strong>ya</strong>ra (Mto wa Mbu GCA) <strong>na</strong> Ziwa Natron<br />
GCA kupitia kandokando <strong>ya</strong> barabara <strong>ya</strong> kutoka Mto wa Mbu hadi Engare Sero.<br />
4 UBAINISHAJI WA ATHARI<br />
Kazi <strong>ya</strong> awali <strong>ya</strong> <strong>Tathmini</strong> <strong>ya</strong> <strong>Athari</strong> <strong>za</strong> <strong>Kimazingira</strong> <strong>na</strong> <strong>Kijamii</strong> imebaini kuwa, kweli ku<strong>na</strong><br />
mabadiliko <strong>ya</strong><strong>na</strong>yotokea, pote karibu <strong>na</strong> Ziwa <strong>na</strong> katika v<strong>ya</strong>nzo v<strong>ya</strong> mito i<strong>na</strong>yoingia katika Ziwa<br />
Natron. Mabadiliko ha<strong>ya</strong> <strong>ya</strong>taongezeka kwa haraka sa<strong>na</strong> mara tu baada <strong>ya</strong> ujenzi wa barabara <strong>ya</strong><br />
lami kutoka Mto wa Mbu hadi Loliondo (huu ni mradi wa TANROADS ambao upo katika<br />
awamu <strong>ya</strong>ke <strong>ya</strong> mwisho <strong>ya</strong> kuandaa michoro <strong>na</strong> hausiani <strong>na</strong> mradi uliopendekezwa wa kiwanda<br />
cha Magadi Soda”.). Kwa hali hiyo, limekuwa jambo gumu lakini lenye manufaa kutenganisha<br />
athari zitakazotoka<strong>na</strong> <strong>na</strong> mradi uliopendekezwa <strong>na</strong> zile zi<strong>na</strong>zotoka<strong>na</strong> <strong>na</strong> mabadiliko<br />
<strong>ya</strong><strong>na</strong>yoendelea pamoja <strong>na</strong> zile <strong>za</strong> ujenzi wa barabara mp<strong>ya</strong> itakayotumika katika kipindi chote<br />
cha mwaka, nk.<br />
RASIMU<br />
Juni 2007<br />
Norconsult
<strong>Muhtasari</strong> <strong>Jumuishi</strong> – <strong>Tathmini</strong> <strong>ya</strong> <strong>Athari</strong> <strong>za</strong> <strong>Kimazingira</strong> <strong>na</strong> <strong>Kijamii</strong><br />
Za Kiwanda cha Magadi Soda katika Ziwa Natron ukurasa - 12 -<br />
Kumekuwa <strong>na</strong> malalamiko mengi <strong>ya</strong>liyotolewa kutoka<strong>na</strong> <strong>na</strong> eneo lililopendekezwa kwa ajili <strong>ya</strong><br />
mradi kuwa kwenye ki<strong>na</strong>masi chenye umuhimu wa kipekee kimataifa, Eneo la Ramsar la Ziwa<br />
Natron. Umuhimu wa Ziwa kwa ai<strong>na</strong> fulani <strong>ya</strong> ndege pamoja <strong>na</strong> sifa <strong>ya</strong> tabia <strong>ya</strong> kuhamahama <strong>ya</strong><br />
ndege wa jamii <strong>ya</strong> lesser flamingo kutoka eneo moja hadi jingine, kiasi kwamba japo ndege hao<br />
hu<strong>za</strong>lia<strong>na</strong> katika Ziwa Natron, huruka <strong>na</strong> kula katika Maziwa mengi <strong>ya</strong> Bonde la Ufa, umelifan<strong>ya</strong><br />
ziwa hili kuwa muhimu sio tu kwa Tan<strong>za</strong>nia bali pia kwa nchi nyingine.<br />
Ndege, hasa wale wa spishi zilizo hatarini kutoweka kimataifa ambazo ni kubwa <strong>na</strong><br />
zi<strong>na</strong>zojulika<strong>na</strong> <strong>za</strong>idi, zitapata msaada mkubwa wa kimataifa endapo umma utao<strong>na</strong> hatari yoyote<br />
i<strong>na</strong>yowe<strong>za</strong> kusababishwa <strong>na</strong> mradi kwa ndege hao. Hali hii i<strong>na</strong>ifan<strong>ya</strong> hatua <strong>ya</strong> kutoa uamuzi iwe<br />
<strong>ya</strong> msingi wa kisiasa badala <strong>ya</strong> msingi wa kimazingira <strong>na</strong> kiuchumi.<br />
4.1 <strong>Muhtasari</strong> wa Viwango v<strong>ya</strong> athari<br />
Kumbuka kuwa athari ni hasi isipokuwa zi<strong>na</strong>tofautia<strong>na</strong> kwa viwango<br />
4.1.1 <strong>Muhtasari</strong> wa <strong>Athari</strong> <strong>za</strong> Kiutawala <strong>na</strong> Mipango<br />
Na. Sehemu Shughuli <strong>na</strong> Kipengele Maalum <strong>Athari</strong> Kiwango<br />
Utawala <strong>na</strong> Mipango<br />
A/P 1 Mabadiliko <strong>ya</strong><br />
mipango <strong>ya</strong> mahali<br />
Wastani -<br />
kidogo<br />
Mabadiliko katika miundombinu <strong>na</strong><br />
fursa zi<strong>na</strong>zotambulika kwa kutangazwa<br />
<strong>ya</strong>taonge<strong>za</strong> msukumo mkubwa katika<br />
mahitaji <strong>ya</strong> mipango iliyoko <strong>na</strong> <strong>ya</strong><br />
serikali <strong>za</strong> mitaa zi<strong>na</strong>zotekele<strong>za</strong><br />
mipango <strong>ya</strong> menejimenti<br />
Kama hapo juu<br />
Kama hapo juu<br />
A/P 2 Mabadiliko katika Vyombo v<strong>ya</strong> utawala v<strong>ya</strong> Serikali <strong>za</strong><br />
wajibu wa kiutawala mitaa ni dhaifu sa<strong>na</strong> (kiuwezo, kistadi<br />
<strong>na</strong> kisheria) kusimamia mradi ipasavyo<br />
A/P 3 Miradi mingine<br />
Uwezekano wa kutokea athari <strong>za</strong><br />
pamoja <strong>za</strong> mradi wa Ewaso Ngiro <strong>na</strong> ule<br />
wa magadi soda kwa ekolojia <strong>na</strong> kwa<br />
hadhi <strong>ya</strong> Ramsar<br />
Mradi uliopendekezwa wa kiwanda cha<br />
magadi soda u<strong>na</strong>we<strong>za</strong> kuhatarisha hadhi<br />
<strong>ya</strong> i “Ramsar” <strong>ya</strong> Ziwa<br />
Mradi utadhoofisha mchakato wa<br />
mipango <strong>ya</strong> Ramsar<br />
Mradi u<strong>na</strong>we<strong>za</strong> kukwamisha mabadiliko<br />
<strong>ya</strong><strong>na</strong>yotokea katika mipango <strong>ya</strong> GCA <strong>na</strong><br />
maendeleo <strong>ya</strong> WMAs<br />
Mamlaka <strong>ya</strong> mazingira <strong>na</strong> maafisa wa<br />
wila<strong>ya</strong> hawa<strong>na</strong> uwe<strong>za</strong>o wa kuhakikisha<br />
utekele<strong>za</strong>ji wa hatua <strong>za</strong> kupungu<strong>za</strong><br />
athari zi<strong>na</strong>zotarajiwa kujitoke<strong>za</strong><br />
Kutoweka kwa hadhi <strong>ya</strong> Ramsar <strong>ya</strong><br />
Ziwa Natron<br />
Wastani -<br />
kidogo<br />
Kidogo<br />
Wastani<br />
Wastani<br />
A/P 4 Ujenzi wa<br />
miundombinu<br />
Mradi uliopendekezwa utakuwa kwenye<br />
eneo la Hifadhi <strong>ya</strong> Wan<strong>ya</strong>ma Pori<br />
lililokodishwa kwa tasnia <strong>ya</strong> uwindaji<br />
<strong>na</strong> Idara <strong>ya</strong> Wan<strong>ya</strong>ma pori<br />
U<strong>na</strong>gonga<strong>na</strong> <strong>na</strong> mkataba uliopo wa<br />
ukodishaji <strong>na</strong> umiliki haramu wa eneo<br />
Kidogo<br />
RASIMU<br />
Juni 2007<br />
Norconsult
<strong>Muhtasari</strong> <strong>Jumuishi</strong> – <strong>Tathmini</strong> <strong>ya</strong> <strong>Athari</strong> <strong>za</strong> <strong>Kimazingira</strong> <strong>na</strong> <strong>Kijamii</strong><br />
Za Kiwanda cha Magadi Soda katika Ziwa Natron ukurasa - 13 -<br />
4.1.2 <strong>Muhtasari</strong> wa Mabadiliko <strong>ya</strong> Mazingira <strong>ya</strong> Mahali/ <strong>ya</strong> Kikemikali<br />
Na. Sehemu Shughuli <strong>na</strong> Kipengele Maalum <strong>Athari</strong> Kiwango<br />
P/C 1 Mabadiliko <strong>ya</strong> Kuvuta maji kwa ajili <strong>ya</strong> kiwanda <strong>na</strong> Kupungu<strong>za</strong> maji baridi ardhini<br />
Kidogo<br />
ubora/wingi wa<br />
maji ardhini<br />
makazi<br />
Kupen<strong>ya</strong> kwa maji machafu kwenye Uchafuzi wa maji ardhini <strong>na</strong> uharibifu wa Kidogo<br />
P/C 2 Mabadiliko <strong>ya</strong><br />
maeneo <strong>ya</strong> ma<strong>za</strong>o<br />
<strong>na</strong> malisho <strong>ya</strong><br />
wan<strong>ya</strong>ma (ardhi<br />
yenye rutuba)<br />
P/C 3 Mabadiliko <strong>ya</strong><br />
vichafuzi<br />
vi<strong>na</strong>vyotoka<br />
P/C 4 Mabadiliko <strong>ya</strong><br />
ubora wa maji <strong>ya</strong><br />
Ziwa<br />
maji <strong>ya</strong> ardhini<br />
Udhibiti wa taka ngumu<br />
Kuanzisha maeneo <strong>ya</strong> mimea, makazi<br />
<strong>na</strong> barabara<br />
Uendeshaji wa kiwanda<br />
Matumizi <strong>ya</strong> maji baridi katika<br />
mchakato wa u<strong>za</strong>lishaji wa magadi.<br />
Matumizi <strong>ya</strong> maji <strong>ya</strong><strong>na</strong>yotiririka juu <strong>ya</strong><br />
ardhi <strong>ya</strong><strong>na</strong>yoingia Ziwani<br />
Kuondoa magadi katika Ziwa<br />
Uendeshaji wa bwela <strong>na</strong> hifadhi <strong>ya</strong><br />
takavumbi toka kiwandani<br />
v<strong>ya</strong>nzo v<strong>ya</strong> maji<br />
Maji kutoka kwenye taka ngumu<br />
hujichuja <strong>na</strong> kuchanganyika kwenye maji<br />
<strong>ya</strong> ardhini au kutiririka kwenye Ziwa<br />
Kupote<strong>za</strong> ardhi <strong>ya</strong> malisho<br />
Kukosa mahali muhimu pa malisho<br />
wakati wa ukame karibu <strong>na</strong> ufukwe wa<br />
Kusini Mashariki mwa Ziwa Natron<br />
Moshi <strong>na</strong> taka ambazo zitaathiri viba<strong>ya</strong><br />
Ziwa<br />
Mchanganyiko wa maji <strong>ya</strong> Ziwa<br />
utabadilika kutoka<strong>na</strong> <strong>na</strong> u<strong>za</strong>lishaji wa<br />
magadi <strong>na</strong> ongezeko la maji baridi<br />
kutoka<strong>na</strong> <strong>na</strong> mchakato<br />
Mchanganyiko wa kemikali katika Ziwa<br />
utabadilika sa<strong>na</strong> kutoka<strong>na</strong> <strong>na</strong> u<strong>za</strong>lishaji<br />
wa Magadi<br />
Utoaji wa kaboni <strong>na</strong> SO2 kutoka kwenye<br />
dohani la bwela <strong>na</strong> jivu la takavumbi<br />
lililotuama ziwani vitaharibu ubora wa<br />
maji kwa viumbe hai vilivyopo<br />
Wastani<br />
wastanikidogo<br />
wastanikidogo<br />
wastanikidogo<br />
Kidogo<br />
Muhimu<br />
Kidogo<br />
P/C 5 Kubadilika kwa Uendeshaji wa kiwanda, karaka<strong>na</strong> <strong>za</strong><br />
viwango v<strong>ya</strong> kelele umeme <strong>na</strong> <strong>za</strong> mvuke utasababisha<br />
kelele<br />
Viwango v<strong>ya</strong> juu v<strong>ya</strong> kelele vitapungu<strong>za</strong><br />
hali <strong>ya</strong> upori katika mazingira <strong>ya</strong> Ziwa <strong>na</strong><br />
kubughudhi viumbe hai<br />
Wastani<br />
P/C 6 Mabadiliko <strong>ya</strong><br />
ubora wa hewa<br />
P/C 7 Mabadiliko <strong>ya</strong><br />
mwanga<br />
Moshi kutoka kwenye matanuru <strong>ya</strong> Harufu <strong>ya</strong> SO2 hupungu<strong>za</strong> ubora wa asili<br />
bwela <strong>ya</strong><strong>na</strong>yotumia makaa <strong>ya</strong> mawe wa Ziwa<br />
Mwanga mkali kutoka mjini, kiwandani Hupungu<strong>za</strong> hali <strong>ya</strong> upori wa usiku katika<br />
<strong>na</strong> kwenye mifumo <strong>ya</strong> usalama Ziwa<br />
Kidogo<br />
Muhimu<br />
sa<strong>na</strong><br />
P/C 8 Mabadiliko <strong>ya</strong><br />
mtiririko wa maji<br />
juu <strong>ya</strong> ardhi<br />
Uwezekano wa kuchukua maji yote <strong>ya</strong><br />
Mto Wosi Wosi<br />
Uchukuaji wa maji yote <strong>ya</strong> mto Wosi<br />
Wosi wakati wa mvua <strong>na</strong> wa ukame<br />
utaathiri mtiririko wa maji <strong>ya</strong><strong>na</strong>yoingia<br />
Ziwani<br />
Kidogo<br />
Ujenzi wa barabara <strong>na</strong> njia juu <strong>ya</strong><br />
Ziwani <strong>na</strong> utanda<strong>za</strong>ji wa mabomba <strong>na</strong><br />
n<strong>ya</strong><strong>ya</strong> juu <strong>ya</strong> ardhi<br />
Mabadiliko <strong>ya</strong> muundo <strong>na</strong> hali <strong>ya</strong> Ziwa<br />
pamoja <strong>na</strong> mabadiliko <strong>ya</strong> mzunguko wa<br />
maji juu <strong>ya</strong> ardhi kutoka<strong>na</strong> <strong>na</strong> vizuizi<br />
wastanikidogo<br />
RASIMU<br />
Juni 2007<br />
Norconsult
<strong>Muhtasari</strong> <strong>Jumuishi</strong> – <strong>Tathmini</strong> <strong>ya</strong> <strong>Athari</strong> <strong>za</strong> <strong>Kimazingira</strong> <strong>na</strong> <strong>Kijamii</strong><br />
Za Kiwanda cha Magadi Soda katika Ziwa Natron ukurasa - 14 -<br />
4.1.3 <strong>Muhtasari</strong> wa Mabadiliko <strong>ya</strong> Mazingira <strong>ya</strong> Kibiolojia / Kiikolojia<br />
Na. Sehemu Shughuli <strong>na</strong> Kipengele Maalum <strong>Athari</strong> Kiwango<br />
B/E 1 Mabadiliko kwa<br />
jamii <strong>ya</strong> samaki<br />
Mabadiliko <strong>ya</strong> hali <strong>ya</strong> maji kutoka<strong>na</strong> <strong>na</strong> Tishio kwa maisha <strong>ya</strong> samaki<br />
uondoaji wa magadi soda au mabadiliko wa<strong>na</strong>opatika<strong>na</strong> ziwani<br />
<strong>ya</strong> maji baridi <strong>ya</strong><strong>na</strong>yoingia Ziwani<br />
Kidogo<br />
B/E 2 Mabadiliko katika<br />
bioanuwai<br />
Mabadiliko <strong>ya</strong> hali <strong>ya</strong> maji kutoka<strong>na</strong> <strong>na</strong> Tishio kubwa kwa spishi nyingi <strong>za</strong> samaki.<br />
uondoaji wa magadi soda au mabadiliko Tishio kwa jamii <strong>ya</strong> lesser flamingo<br />
<strong>ya</strong> maji baridi <strong>ya</strong><strong>na</strong>yoingia ziwani<br />
Wastani<br />
B/E 3 Mabadiliko katika<br />
wadudu<br />
wa<strong>na</strong>oambuki<strong>za</strong><br />
magonjwa<br />
Taka <strong>za</strong> nyumbani huvuta wadudu.<br />
Mashimo <strong>ya</strong> taka <strong>ya</strong>liyotelekezwa<br />
hugeuka mahali pa ku<strong>za</strong>lia<strong>na</strong> mbu.<br />
Ongezeko la wadudu kutoka<strong>na</strong> <strong>na</strong><br />
kuingia <strong>na</strong>kutoka kwa wa<strong>na</strong>damu <strong>na</strong><br />
magari<br />
Kuzuka kwa vimelea vi<strong>na</strong>vyosababisha<br />
maradhi kwa wan<strong>ya</strong>ma<br />
Kidogo<br />
B/E 4 Mabadiliko katika<br />
viumbe wa majini<br />
B/E 5 Mabadiliko katika<br />
mimea <strong>ya</strong> nchi<br />
kavu<br />
Uvutaji wa maji kutoka Mto Wosi Wosi Kupotea kwa viumbe waishio katika maji<br />
baridi kwenye Ziwa kutoka<strong>na</strong> <strong>na</strong> uvutaji wa<br />
maji wakati wa ukame<br />
Barabara <strong>ya</strong> kupita pembeni mwa Ziwa Mimea jamii <strong>ya</strong> Cyperus laevigatus<br />
i<strong>na</strong>yozunguka chemchem zenye magadi<br />
kiasi pande <strong>za</strong> kusini <strong>na</strong> mashariki mwa<br />
Ziwa ni malisho muhimu wakati wa ukame<br />
kwa wan<strong>ya</strong>ma wafugwao <strong>na</strong> wa porini.<br />
Misukosuko <strong>na</strong> usumbufu <strong>za</strong>idi<br />
vikiongezeka <strong>za</strong>idi vi<strong>na</strong>we<strong>za</strong> kupungu<strong>za</strong><br />
sa<strong>na</strong> wan<strong>ya</strong>ma waliosalia<br />
Shughuli <strong>za</strong> ujenzi, uanzishaji wa Uanzishaji wa jamii <strong>na</strong> spishi mp<strong>ya</strong> <strong>za</strong><br />
bustani <strong>za</strong> nyumbani, uingi<strong>za</strong>ji wa uduvi mimea <strong>na</strong> <strong>za</strong> wan<strong>ya</strong>ma<br />
wa maji <strong>ya</strong> magadi<br />
Kidogo<br />
Wastani<br />
Kidogo<br />
B/E 6 Mabadiliko katika<br />
wan<strong>ya</strong>ma pori wa<br />
nchi kavu<br />
Ongezeko la usumbufu u<strong>na</strong>ofanywa <strong>na</strong><br />
wafan<strong>ya</strong>kazi <strong>na</strong> wajenzi; kuongezeka<br />
kwa uwindaji haramu <strong>na</strong> shinikizo la<br />
malisho kutoka<strong>na</strong> <strong>na</strong> uhamiaji<br />
usiodhibitiwa pamoja <strong>na</strong> makazi katika<br />
eneo hili<br />
Upunguaji wa sasa wa spishi <strong>za</strong> wan<strong>ya</strong>ma<br />
pori adimu kama vile gerenuk and Coir<br />
bustard pamoja <strong>na</strong> utowekaji nchini wa<br />
faru <strong>na</strong> choroa u<strong>na</strong>otoka<strong>na</strong> <strong>na</strong> ongezeko la<br />
mahitaji makubwa <strong>ya</strong> sehemu <strong>za</strong> malisho <strong>na</strong><br />
uwindaji haramu. Hali hii itaongezeka<br />
kadiri bi<strong>na</strong>damu wa<strong>na</strong>vyozidi kuhamia<br />
katika eneo hili.<br />
Kidogo<br />
Barabara upande wa mashariki mwa<br />
Ziwa<br />
Ujenzi wa kiwanda <strong>na</strong> usafirishaji wa<br />
bidhaa <strong>na</strong> idadi kubwa <strong>ya</strong> malori<br />
<strong>ya</strong>takayotumika kwenda <strong>na</strong> kutoka<br />
kiwandani<br />
Usumbufu au kutoweka kwa maeneo<br />
muhimu wakati wa kipindi cha ukame kwa<br />
maisha <strong>ya</strong> wan<strong>ya</strong>ma walao n<strong>ya</strong>si<br />
Kuvuruga mzunguko wa wan<strong>ya</strong>ma wakati<br />
wa uhamaji katika korido <strong>ya</strong> Man<strong>ya</strong>ra -<br />
Natron<br />
Wastani<br />
Wastani<br />
RASIMU<br />
Juni 2007<br />
Norconsult
<strong>Muhtasari</strong> <strong>Jumuishi</strong> – <strong>Tathmini</strong> <strong>ya</strong> <strong>Athari</strong> <strong>za</strong> <strong>Kimazingira</strong> <strong>na</strong> <strong>Kijamii</strong><br />
Za Kiwanda cha Magadi Soda katika Ziwa Natron ukurasa - 15 -<br />
Na. Sehemu Shughuli <strong>na</strong> Kipengele Maalum <strong>Athari</strong> Kiwango<br />
B/E 7 Mabadiliko <strong>ya</strong><br />
Kiasi<br />
idadi <strong>ya</strong> ndege<br />
Usumbufu kutoka<strong>na</strong> <strong>na</strong> uendeshaji wa<br />
kiwanda, u<strong>za</strong>lishaji, <strong>na</strong> shughuli <strong>za</strong><br />
starehe <strong>za</strong> wafan<strong>ya</strong>kazi <strong>na</strong> usafirishaji<br />
wa bidhaa. Mabadiliko <strong>ya</strong> viumbehai<br />
kutoka<strong>na</strong> <strong>na</strong> uendeshaji wa kiwanda.<br />
Flamingo ni walishaji maarufu sa<strong>na</strong> <strong>na</strong><br />
wepesi kuhisi mabadiliko katika v<strong>ya</strong>nzo<br />
v<strong>ya</strong>o v<strong>ya</strong> chakula. Kutoka<strong>na</strong> <strong>na</strong><br />
kuharibika kwa mazingira <strong>ya</strong> wan<strong>ya</strong>ma<br />
pamoja <strong>na</strong> kuchafuliwa kwa mazingira<br />
katika maeneo mengine muhimu kwa<br />
spishi hizi (k.m. Ziwa Nakuru),<br />
i<strong>na</strong>aminika kuwa ndege hawa<br />
wamepungua <strong>na</strong> Ziwa Natron limebaki<br />
kuwa kimbilio pekee la spishi hizi<br />
Mabomba <strong>na</strong> n<strong>ya</strong><strong>ya</strong> kati <strong>ya</strong> kiwanda <strong>na</strong><br />
eneo la uvutaji wa maji <strong>ya</strong> magadi<br />
Sauti <strong>za</strong> magari, eropleni, ujenzi <strong>na</strong><br />
mabadiliko <strong>ya</strong> sifa <strong>za</strong> mfumo wa<br />
kiekolojia<br />
Uvutaji wa maji kutoka katika mito<br />
i<strong>na</strong>yoingi<strong>za</strong> maji Ziwani u<strong>na</strong>we<strong>za</strong><br />
kupungu<strong>za</strong> kiwango madimbwi <strong>ya</strong><br />
kudumu ambayo hutumika kama kinga<br />
dhidi <strong>ya</strong> wavamizi (au wageni) katika<br />
maeneo <strong>ya</strong> wa<strong>na</strong>ko<strong>za</strong>lia flamingo<br />
Usumbufu mkubwa au mabadiliko<br />
makubwa katika makazi hupungu<strong>za</strong> ubora<br />
wa mazingira <strong>ya</strong> Ziwa kwa ajili <strong>ya</strong> Lesser<br />
Flamingo <strong>na</strong> baada <strong>ya</strong> muda mrefu<br />
husababisha kupungua kwa ndege jamii <strong>ya</strong><br />
flamingo katika Afrika Mashariki.<br />
Kikwazo kwa mzunguko wa flamingo<br />
(wadogo <strong>na</strong> wakubwa) kukati<strong>za</strong> juu <strong>ya</strong> eneo<br />
la mtambo (mabomba, n<strong>ya</strong><strong>ya</strong><br />
zi<strong>na</strong>zoning‟inia, moshi, madimbwi <strong>ya</strong>liyo<br />
wazi <strong>ya</strong> maji <strong>ya</strong> magadi<br />
Usumbufu kwa maeneo <strong>ya</strong> ma<strong>za</strong>lio <strong>ya</strong><br />
flamingo<br />
Kuharibika kwa maeneo <strong>ya</strong> ku<strong>za</strong>lia<strong>na</strong> <strong>na</strong><br />
kuacha viota kutoka<strong>na</strong> <strong>na</strong> wan<strong>ya</strong>ma<br />
wawindaji au usumbufu wowote<br />
Wastani<br />
Wastani<br />
B/E 9 Mabadiliko katika<br />
maeneo <strong>ya</strong><br />
mazingira asili<br />
(pamoja <strong>na</strong><br />
maeneo<br />
<strong>ya</strong>liyotengwa)<br />
B/E 10 Mabadiliko kwa<br />
vigezo v<strong>ya</strong> sifa <strong>za</strong><br />
kiekolojia <strong>za</strong><br />
Ramsar<br />
Kupungua kwa upatika<strong>na</strong>ji wa maji<br />
kutoka<strong>na</strong> <strong>na</strong> kuvutwa <strong>na</strong> kuongezeka<br />
kwa usumbufu u<strong>na</strong>ofanywa <strong>na</strong> mashine<br />
<strong>na</strong> vifaa kutoka nje karibu <strong>na</strong> chemchem<br />
<strong>na</strong> delta <strong>za</strong> mito zi<strong>na</strong>zotumiwa mara<br />
kwa mara <strong>na</strong> spishi hizi<br />
Uvutaji wa maji baridi kutoka kwenye<br />
mito i<strong>na</strong>yoingia Ziwani<br />
Hadhi <strong>ya</strong> hifadhi <strong>ya</strong> wan<strong>ya</strong>mapori <strong>na</strong><br />
makazi ni mba<strong>ya</strong>. Kumekuwa <strong>na</strong><br />
mapendekezo, kupitia mchakato wa<br />
Ramsar, <strong>ya</strong> kuimarisha masuala <strong>ya</strong><br />
kisheria kwa ajili <strong>ya</strong> ulinzi wa eneo hilo<br />
kwa kupiga marufuku uwindaji katika<br />
eneo la Ramsar <strong>na</strong> kubadili hadhi <strong>ya</strong><br />
Eneo la Wan<strong>ya</strong>ma Li<strong>na</strong>lodhibitiwa<br />
kuwa Eneo la Hifadhi <strong>ya</strong> Wan<strong>ya</strong>mapori.<br />
Kukoseka<strong>na</strong> kwa mazingira muhimu kwa<br />
ajili <strong>ya</strong> maisha <strong>ya</strong> vifaranga v<strong>ya</strong> flamingo<br />
Sehemu <strong>ya</strong> juu <strong>ya</strong> maji <strong>na</strong> vi<strong>na</strong>masi ambapo<br />
hupatika<strong>na</strong> chakula, malazi <strong>na</strong> maeneo <strong>ya</strong><br />
kuangulia kwa ndege wengi, reptilia <strong>na</strong><br />
amfibia ambao ni muhimu kwa mfumo wa<br />
kiekolojia wa Ziwa. Mabadiliko yoyote<br />
ambayo <strong>ya</strong>takausha vi<strong>na</strong>masi <strong>ya</strong>taathiri<br />
viba<strong>ya</strong> mfumo huu muhimu wa kiekolojia<br />
Makazi <strong>ya</strong>siyodhibitiwa <strong>na</strong> <strong>ya</strong> hatari katika<br />
matumizi <strong>ya</strong> maliasili <strong>za</strong> Ziwa kusababisha<br />
kuvurugika kwa mchakato ulioko wa<br />
mfumo ekolojia pamoja <strong>na</strong> kuharibu<br />
mazingira <strong>ya</strong><strong>na</strong>yofaa kwa wan<strong>ya</strong>mapori,<br />
hasa ndege.<br />
Muhimu<br />
Wastanikidogo<br />
Wastanikidogo<br />
Wastani<br />
RASIMU<br />
Juni 2007<br />
Norconsult
<strong>Muhtasari</strong> <strong>Jumuishi</strong> – <strong>Tathmini</strong> <strong>ya</strong> <strong>Athari</strong> <strong>za</strong> <strong>Kimazingira</strong> <strong>na</strong> <strong>Kijamii</strong><br />
Za Kiwanda cha Magadi Soda katika Ziwa Natron ukurasa - 16 -<br />
4.1.4 <strong>Muhtasari</strong> wa <strong>Athari</strong> <strong>za</strong> <strong>Kijamii</strong> <strong>na</strong> Kiutamaduni<br />
Na. Sehemu Shughuli <strong>na</strong> Kipengele Maalum <strong>Athari</strong> Kiwango<br />
S/C 1 Mabadiliko Kuanzisha barabara <strong>ya</strong> lami Haku<strong>na</strong> hasara zilizobainishwa haku<strong>na</strong><br />
<strong>ya</strong><strong>na</strong>yohusisha<br />
kupote<strong>za</strong> makazi<br />
S/C 2 Mabadiliko<br />
<strong>ya</strong><strong>na</strong>yojumuisha<br />
hasara <strong>ya</strong> majengo<br />
<strong>ya</strong> biashara/umma<br />
Ujenzi wa kiwanda, mji <strong>na</strong><br />
miundombinu <strong>ya</strong> huduma<br />
Haku<strong>na</strong> hasara iliyobainishwa<br />
haku<strong>na</strong><br />
S/C 3 Mabadiliko<br />
<strong>ya</strong><strong>na</strong>yojumuisha<br />
hasara <strong>ya</strong> urithi wa<br />
utamaduni <strong>na</strong><br />
mambo <strong>ya</strong> kale<br />
Idadi kubwa <strong>ya</strong> masalia <strong>ya</strong> bi<strong>na</strong>damu wa<br />
kale imebainishwa kuweko huko<br />
Humbo magharibi mwa Ziwa.<br />
I<strong>na</strong>sadikiwa pia kuwa masalia <strong>ya</strong> ai<strong>na</strong><br />
hiyo <strong>ya</strong><strong>na</strong>patika<strong>na</strong> upande wa mashariki<br />
mwa Ziwa. Ziwa hili ni moja <strong>ya</strong><br />
maeneo muhimu <strong>ya</strong> kiakiolojia katika<br />
Afrika Mashariki.<br />
Uwezekano wa kupote<strong>za</strong> masalia <strong>ya</strong><br />
kiakiolojia kwenye eneo la kiwanda kwa<br />
umebainishwa kuwa wa kiwango kidogo.<br />
Eneo la makazi bado halijabainishwa <strong>na</strong><br />
athari hazijulikani lakini zi<strong>na</strong>we<strong>za</strong> kuwa<br />
kubwa.<br />
S/C 4 Mabadiliko katika<br />
maisha<br />
S/C 5 Mabadiliko <strong>ya</strong><br />
mwelekeo wa<br />
usafiri <strong>na</strong> makazi<br />
S/C 6 Mabadiliko<br />
<strong>ya</strong><strong>na</strong>yohusu<br />
uhamishaji wa<br />
watu<br />
S/C 7 Mabadiliko<br />
<strong>ya</strong><strong>na</strong>yohusia<strong>na</strong> <strong>na</strong><br />
kuimarika/kushika<br />
ma<strong>na</strong> kwa kijamii<br />
Urithi wa mambo <strong>ya</strong> kale ulio karibu <strong>na</strong> Uwezekano wa kupote<strong>za</strong> hazi<strong>na</strong> <strong>za</strong><br />
barabara i<strong>na</strong>yopendekezwa u<strong>na</strong>julika<strong>na</strong> kiakiolojia wakati wa ujenzi wa barabara <strong>na</strong><br />
kutoka Selela ambapo vitu vingi v<strong>ya</strong> uchimbaji mchanga<br />
kale v<strong>ya</strong> MSA <strong>na</strong> LSA vimekusanywa<br />
<strong>na</strong> kuripotiwa. Masalia mengi <strong>ya</strong><br />
mambo <strong>ya</strong> kale <strong>ya</strong> mfumo wa<br />
umwagiliaji huko Engaruka, <strong>na</strong><br />
pamaripotiwa kuweko kwa mtawanyiko<br />
wa <strong>za</strong><strong>na</strong> <strong>za</strong> Asheuli/MSA and LSA<br />
katika ukanda wa Gelai Oldonyo Lengai<br />
I<strong>na</strong>wezeka<strong>na</strong> kuwepo ongezeko la fursa <strong>za</strong><br />
Uchukuaji wa ardhi<br />
Ujenzi wa barabara<br />
Ku<strong>na</strong> migogoro iliyopo juu <strong>ya</strong> matumizi<br />
<strong>ya</strong> raslimali <strong>za</strong> Ziwa. Hii i<strong>na</strong>husu<br />
matumizi asili <strong>ya</strong> malisho, u<strong>za</strong>lishaji<br />
magadi kwa njia <strong>ya</strong> kienyeji,<br />
unyweshaji maji mifugo, makazi <strong>na</strong><br />
kuni.<br />
kazi <strong>za</strong> vibarua<br />
Ongezeko la mahitaji <strong>ya</strong> ardhi <strong>ya</strong> malisho<br />
kutoka<strong>na</strong> <strong>na</strong> kuchukuliwa ardhi kwa ajili <strong>ya</strong><br />
makazi <strong>na</strong> usafirishaji litachochea<br />
kuongezeka kwa migogoro <strong>ya</strong> kijamii.<br />
.<br />
Kuboreka kwa barabara i<strong>na</strong>yoingia ziwani<br />
ku<strong>na</strong>we<strong>za</strong> kusababisha ujio wa watu wengi<br />
katika eneo <strong>na</strong> kusababisha migogoro <strong>na</strong><br />
wenyeji wa eneo hilo<br />
Haku<strong>na</strong> uhamishaji uliobainishwa<br />
Raslimali <strong>za</strong> Ziwa kwa ajili <strong>ya</strong> malisho<br />
zimepungua sa<strong>na</strong>; maji wakati wa ukame ni<br />
kidogo <strong>na</strong> hivyo mgawo huwa mdogo<br />
wakati wa msimu wa kiangazi; kuni ni<br />
chache. Mradi u<strong>na</strong>opendekezwa utazidisha<br />
migogoro hii<br />
wastani<br />
wastani<br />
Uhamiaji <strong>na</strong> makazi <strong>ya</strong>siyodhibitiwa<br />
Uwezekano wa kuzuka kwa mitaa <strong>ya</strong><br />
mabanda isiyo <strong>na</strong> raslimali <strong>za</strong> kutosha<br />
pamoja <strong>na</strong> mfumo wa kusimamia uondoaji<br />
taka <strong>na</strong> athari kubwa <strong>za</strong> kijamii<br />
wastanikidogo<br />
wastanikidogo<br />
chan<strong>ya</strong><br />
kidogo<br />
wastanikidogo<br />
wastanikidogo<br />
RASIMU<br />
Juni 2007<br />
Norconsult
<strong>Muhtasari</strong> <strong>Jumuishi</strong> – <strong>Tathmini</strong> <strong>ya</strong> <strong>Athari</strong> <strong>za</strong> <strong>Kimazingira</strong> <strong>na</strong> <strong>Kijamii</strong><br />
Za Kiwanda cha Magadi Soda katika Ziwa Natron ukurasa - 17 -<br />
Na. Sehemu Shughuli <strong>na</strong> Kipengele Maalum <strong>Athari</strong> Kiwango<br />
S/C 8 Mabadiliko Uu<strong>za</strong>ji wa magadi ni shughuli Uwezekano wa watumiaji wa asili kupote<strong>za</strong> kidogo<br />
<strong>ya</strong><strong>na</strong>yohusu<br />
upote<strong>za</strong>ji wa haki<br />
i<strong>na</strong>yoingi<strong>za</strong> mapato hasa kwa wa<strong>na</strong>wake haki <strong>ya</strong> kupata <strong>na</strong> kutumia magadi<br />
<strong>na</strong> ni sehemu <strong>ya</strong> mapato <strong>ya</strong> ka<strong>ya</strong>.<br />
<strong>ya</strong> kutumia<br />
rasilimali<br />
S/C 9 Mabadiliko katika<br />
hali <strong>ya</strong> kiaf<strong>ya</strong> <strong>na</strong><br />
magonjwa<br />
S/C 10 Mabadiliko katika<br />
upatika<strong>na</strong>ji wa<br />
huduma <strong>za</strong> jamii<br />
S/C 11 Mabadiliko katika<br />
mandhari<br />
S/C 12 Mabadiliko<br />
kwenye hali <strong>ya</strong><br />
hifadhi <strong>ya</strong> Ziwa<br />
Natron<br />
S/C 13 Mabadiliko kwa<br />
watumiaji wa maji<br />
Kuhamia kwa wafan<strong>ya</strong>kazi wa mkataba<br />
<strong>na</strong> uelewa mdogo wa masuala <strong>ya</strong><br />
VVU/UKIMWI katika eneo la Ramsar<br />
Mawasiliano mazuri <strong>ya</strong> barabara<br />
Ongezeko la VVU/UKIMWI kwa wakazi<br />
wa eneo hilo<br />
Kuboresha upatika<strong>na</strong>ji wa suhula <strong>za</strong><br />
huduma <strong>ya</strong> af<strong>ya</strong><br />
muhimu<br />
chan<strong>ya</strong><br />
wastanikidogo<br />
Mimea, barabara, reli, taa, sauti<br />
zitabadilisha ubora wa mapori <strong>ya</strong> ziwa<br />
Maendeleo <strong>ya</strong> viwanda, makazi <strong>na</strong><br />
athari katika michakato <strong>ya</strong> mfumo wa<br />
kiekolojia<br />
Uvutaji wa maji <strong>ya</strong> juu <strong>ya</strong> ardhi kutoka<br />
mto Wosi Wosi<br />
Ziwa kupote<strong>za</strong> hadhi <strong>ya</strong> kuwa kivutio cha<br />
utalii<br />
Kupote<strong>za</strong> hadhi <strong>ya</strong> mazingira <strong>ya</strong> wan<strong>ya</strong>ma<br />
<strong>na</strong> kupungua kwa hadhi <strong>ya</strong> hifadhi<br />
Ongezeko la mahitaji <strong>ya</strong> raslimali zilizopo<br />
<strong>za</strong> maji baridi<br />
Muhimu<br />
Muhimu<br />
Kidogo<br />
4.1.5 <strong>Muhtasari</strong> wa <strong>Athari</strong> <strong>za</strong> Kiuchumi<br />
Mawasiliano mazuri <strong>ya</strong> barabara Kuboresha upatika<strong>na</strong>ji wa huduma <strong>za</strong> jamii chan<strong>ya</strong><br />
wastanikidogo<br />
Na. Sehemu Shughuli <strong>na</strong> Kipengele Maalum <strong>Athari</strong> Kiwango<br />
E/1 Mabadiliko <strong>ya</strong><br />
mapato<br />
<strong>ya</strong><strong>na</strong>yotoka<strong>na</strong> <strong>na</strong><br />
ma<strong>za</strong>o/mifugo<br />
Kukosa eneo la malisho <strong>na</strong><br />
usumbufu/uharibifu wa mfumo wa<br />
malisho katika malisho <strong>ya</strong> msimu wa<br />
ukame<br />
Kupungua kwa u<strong>za</strong>lishaji wa mifugo wastanikidogo<br />
E/2 Mabadiliko katika<br />
mapato/fursa <strong>za</strong><br />
kazi <strong>za</strong> wenyeji<br />
E/3 Mabadiliko katika<br />
mapato/fursa <strong>za</strong><br />
bishara<br />
E/4 Gharama <strong>za</strong><br />
kuhamisha watu<br />
kwa kupote<strong>za</strong><br />
ardhi (kwa mradi)<br />
E/5 Gharama <strong>za</strong> fidia<br />
kwa ajili <strong>ya</strong><br />
majengo (kwa<br />
mradi)<br />
E/6 Gharama <strong>za</strong><br />
kulinda ubora wa<br />
maisha (kwa<br />
mradi)<br />
E/7 Mabadiliko katika<br />
uchumi wa utalii<br />
(<strong>ya</strong><strong>na</strong>yowezeka<strong>na</strong>)<br />
Hatari <strong>za</strong> ujio usiodhibitika wa watu <strong>na</strong><br />
ushindani kwa ajili <strong>ya</strong> ardhi <strong>ya</strong> kilimo<br />
<strong>na</strong> maeneo <strong>ya</strong> malisho <strong>ya</strong> wan<strong>ya</strong>ma<br />
Kuboresha barabara kwa ajili <strong>ya</strong> utalii<br />
<strong>na</strong> shughuli nyingine <strong>za</strong> kiuchumi<br />
kutoka<strong>na</strong> <strong>na</strong> mradi<br />
Ku<strong>na</strong> kambi kadhaa <strong>za</strong> watalii <strong>na</strong><br />
shughuli <strong>za</strong> utalii wa mazingira ambazo<br />
hufanyika upande wa kusini mwa Ziwa,<br />
Hizi zi<strong>na</strong>we<strong>za</strong> kupata athari hasi<br />
(kupitia athari zi<strong>na</strong>zooneka<strong>na</strong>) <strong>na</strong><br />
chan<strong>ya</strong> (barabara iliyoboreshwa)<br />
Uwezekano wa fursa <strong>za</strong> ajira <strong>za</strong> muda<br />
mfupi.<br />
Uwezekano wa ongezeko la muda mrefu<br />
katika shughuli <strong>za</strong> kiuchumi<br />
Haku<strong>na</strong><br />
Kidogo<br />
Kupungua kwa ubora wa maisha kwa<br />
wakulima <strong>na</strong> wafugaji<br />
Kuongezeka kwa utalii <strong>na</strong> kubadili ai<strong>na</strong> <strong>ya</strong><br />
wateja wa utalii kutoka<strong>na</strong> <strong>na</strong> mradi<br />
<strong>Athari</strong> hasi zi<strong>na</strong>zooneka<strong>na</strong> kwa thamani<br />
asilia, thamani <strong>ya</strong> mazingira pori <strong>na</strong> utalii<br />
<strong>na</strong> upotevu wa miundombinu <strong>ya</strong> utalii<br />
iliyoko (kambi <strong>na</strong> masoko)<br />
chan<strong>ya</strong><br />
wastanikidogo<br />
chan<strong>ya</strong><br />
muhimu<br />
haku<strong>na</strong><br />
haku<strong>na</strong><br />
wastani<br />
chan<strong>ya</strong><br />
kidogo<br />
wastani<br />
RASIMU<br />
Juni 2007<br />
Norconsult
<strong>Muhtasari</strong> <strong>Jumuishi</strong> – <strong>Tathmini</strong> <strong>ya</strong> <strong>Athari</strong> <strong>za</strong> <strong>Kimazingira</strong> <strong>na</strong> <strong>Kijamii</strong><br />
Za Kiwanda cha Magadi Soda katika Ziwa Natron ukurasa - 18 -<br />
Na. Sehemu Shughuli <strong>na</strong> Kipengele Maalum <strong>Athari</strong> Kiwango<br />
Uwindaji wa kitaalamu hufanyika upande<br />
wa mashariki kwa Ziwa kwa kibali cha<br />
TGT. Maendeleo <strong>ya</strong> viwanda <strong>na</strong> ongezeko<br />
la makazi <strong>ya</strong> watu <strong>ya</strong>takuwa <strong>na</strong> athari hasi<br />
kwa shughuli hii<br />
wastani<br />
Maendeleo <strong>ya</strong><strong>na</strong>yopendekezwa Kubadili uchumi endelevu kwa kuingi<strong>za</strong><br />
<strong>ya</strong><strong>na</strong>we<strong>za</strong> <strong>ya</strong>siwe endelevu wala <strong>ya</strong>sifae uchumi usio <strong>na</strong> uhakika wa kuwa endelevu<br />
kiuchumi kama <strong>ya</strong>livyo matumizi <strong>ya</strong><br />
sasa <strong>ya</strong> ardhi<br />
kidogo<br />
5 KIUNZI CHA MENEJIMENTI NA UFUATILIAJI WA KIMAZINGIRA NA KIJAMII<br />
Mpango wa Menejimenti <strong>na</strong> Ufuatiliaji wa <strong>Kimazingira</strong> <strong>na</strong> <strong>Kijamii</strong> (ESMMP) kwa ajili <strong>ya</strong> mradi<br />
utaan<strong>za</strong> kutumika katika ngazi kadhaa, kulinga<strong>na</strong> <strong>na</strong> awamu <strong>ya</strong> mradi, athari zi<strong>na</strong>zotarajiwa,<br />
masharti <strong>ya</strong> upungu<strong>za</strong>ji athari <strong>na</strong> kiwango ki<strong>na</strong>chotakiwa cha ufuatiliaji.<br />
Kiunzi cha (ESMMP) kitakuwa <strong>na</strong> ngazi tatu kubwa zitakazotumika kwa pamoja katika mfumo<br />
wa menejimenti <strong>ya</strong> mazingira (EMS) wa kudhibiti maendeleo <strong>ya</strong> mradi. Ukaguzi huru wa mara<br />
kwa mara wa kimazingira <strong>na</strong> kijamii litakuwa jukumu la (EMS).<br />
5.1.1 Ngazi <strong>ya</strong> 1 <strong>ya</strong> Mipango<br />
Ngazi <strong>ya</strong> 1 ambayo itakuwa mpango mkuu u<strong>na</strong>ounganisha mradi katika mchakato wa<br />
menejimenti <strong>ya</strong> Ramsar, mpango wa maendeleo <strong>ya</strong> Wila<strong>ya</strong>, <strong>na</strong> mpango wa kitaifa <strong>na</strong> kimataifa<br />
wa hifadhi. I<strong>na</strong>pendekezwa kuwa mipango <strong>ya</strong> Ngazi <strong>ya</strong> 1 uwe mchakato endelevu<br />
utakaoshughulikia mabadiliko katika aula <strong>za</strong> Wila<strong>ya</strong>, mahitaji <strong>ya</strong> mpendeke<strong>za</strong>ji wa mradi <strong>na</strong><br />
matokeo <strong>ya</strong> programu <strong>ya</strong> ufuatiliaji wa kimazingira.<br />
Msingi wa mafanikio <strong>ya</strong> mipango <strong>ya</strong> Ngazi <strong>ya</strong> 1 utakuwa mawasiliano <strong>na</strong> kujituma. Hivyo,<br />
i<strong>na</strong>pendekezwa kuwa kamati <strong>ya</strong> ESMMP iundwe <strong>na</strong> wajumbe wafuatao NEMC, Maafisa<br />
mipango waandamizi wa Wila<strong>ya</strong>, uongozi wa juu wa kiwanda <strong>na</strong> afisa msimamizi wa mazingira.<br />
Kamati hii iwe ikikuta<strong>na</strong> mara kwa mara (kila miezi miwili wakati wa ujenzi <strong>na</strong> kila miezi sita<br />
wakati wa u<strong>za</strong>lishaji) kujadili matokeo kutoka katika programu <strong>ya</strong> ufuatiliaji, kuridhia<br />
marekebisho <strong>ya</strong>liyotolewa <strong>ya</strong> upungu<strong>za</strong>ji athari <strong>na</strong>./au <strong>ya</strong> programu <strong>ya</strong> ufuatiliaji kama ikibidi.<br />
Maamuzi <strong>ya</strong> Ngazi <strong>ya</strong> 1 <strong>ya</strong>tatumika katika kupungu<strong>za</strong> athari <strong>na</strong> katika ufuatiliaji katika eneo la<br />
mradi wakati wa awamu <strong>ya</strong> ujenzi, u<strong>za</strong>lishaji <strong>na</strong> hatimaye awamu <strong>ya</strong> kukabidhi.<br />
Mchoro 7: Kiunzi cha Mradi cha Menejimenti <strong>na</strong> Ufuatiliaji wa <strong>Kimazingira</strong> <strong>na</strong> <strong>Kijamii</strong><br />
RASIMU<br />
Juni 2007<br />
Norconsult
<strong>Muhtasari</strong> <strong>Jumuishi</strong> – <strong>Tathmini</strong> <strong>ya</strong> <strong>Athari</strong> <strong>za</strong> <strong>Kimazingira</strong> <strong>na</strong> <strong>Kijamii</strong><br />
Za Kiwanda cha Magadi Soda katika Ziwa Natron ukurasa - 19 -<br />
RASIMU<br />
Juni 2007<br />
Norconsult
<strong>Muhtasari</strong> <strong>Jumuishi</strong> – <strong>Tathmini</strong> <strong>ya</strong> <strong>Athari</strong> <strong>za</strong> <strong>Kimazingira</strong> <strong>na</strong> <strong>Kijamii</strong><br />
Za Kiwanda cha Magadi Soda katika Ziwa Natron ukurasa - 20 -<br />
5.1.2 Ngazi <strong>ya</strong> 2 <strong>ya</strong> Mipango<br />
Mpango wa Ngazi <strong>ya</strong> 2 utalenga katika kuhakikisha kuwa hatua <strong>za</strong> kupungu<strong>za</strong> athari<br />
zilizopendekezwa <strong>na</strong> <strong>Tathmini</strong> <strong>ya</strong> <strong>Athari</strong> <strong>za</strong> <strong>Kimazingira</strong> <strong>na</strong> <strong>Kijamii</strong> zi<strong>na</strong>tekelezwa ipasavyo <strong>na</strong><br />
kuwa ufuatiliaji wa mara kwa mara u<strong>na</strong>fanyika. Hii itatumika katika upungu<strong>za</strong>ji wa athari <strong>na</strong><br />
ufuatiliaji kwenye eneo la mradi katika awamu <strong>ya</strong> ujenzi <strong>na</strong> pia awamu <strong>ya</strong> uendeshaji <strong>na</strong> <strong>ya</strong><br />
makabidhiano.<br />
Mikutano <strong>ya</strong> mara kwa mara kati <strong>ya</strong> wawakilishi wa mradi, viongozi wa jamii kwenye eneo la<br />
mradi <strong>na</strong> serikali <strong>za</strong> mitaa itafanyika kuangalia mafanikio <strong>na</strong> upungufu wowote u<strong>na</strong>owe<strong>za</strong><br />
kujitoke<strong>za</strong> katika utaratibu wa upungu<strong>za</strong>ji athari <strong>na</strong> ufuatiliaji. Masuala madogo madogo<br />
<strong>ya</strong>tashughulikiwa mara moja katika hatua hii, bali masuala makubwa <strong>ya</strong>tapelekwa kwenye<br />
mikutano <strong>ya</strong> kawaida au <strong>ya</strong> dharura <strong>ya</strong> kamati <strong>ya</strong> Ngazi <strong>ya</strong> 1.<br />
5.1.3 Ngazi <strong>ya</strong> 3 <strong>ya</strong> Mipango<br />
Ngazi <strong>ya</strong> 3 <strong>ya</strong> mipango i<strong>na</strong>husu hasa awamu <strong>ya</strong> ujenzi <strong>na</strong> muhimu <strong>za</strong>idi utaratibu wa kazi <strong>na</strong><br />
mwenendo wa mkandarasi wa ujenzi <strong>na</strong> hatua muhimu <strong>za</strong> kupungu<strong>za</strong> athari <strong>na</strong> ufuatiliaji<br />
u<strong>na</strong>otakiwa ili mradi uweze kutimi<strong>za</strong> wajibu kwa mujibu wa miongozo <strong>ya</strong> kitaifa <strong>na</strong> utendaji bora<br />
wa kitaifa <strong>na</strong> kimataifa.<br />
Kwa kawaida mpango wa menejimenti <strong>ya</strong> mazingira (EMP) utatoa mwongozo kwa ajili <strong>ya</strong><br />
mchakato wa mipango <strong>na</strong> ufuatiliaji wa Ngazi <strong>ya</strong> 3. Kiambatisho D ki<strong>na</strong>toa taarifa <strong>za</strong> ki<strong>na</strong> kuhusu<br />
EMP <strong>na</strong> muhtasari u<strong>na</strong>fuata hapa chini.<br />
5.2 Mpango wa Menejimenti <strong>ya</strong> Mazingira <strong>ya</strong> Ujenzi (EMP)<br />
Mpango wa Menejimenti <strong>ya</strong> Mazingira <strong>ya</strong> Ujenzi u<strong>na</strong>bainisha kwa ki<strong>na</strong> majukumu muhimu <strong>ya</strong><br />
mpendeke<strong>za</strong>ji wa mradi <strong>na</strong> <strong>ya</strong> makandarasi wa ujenzi katika kuzingatia miongozo husika <strong>ya</strong><br />
mazingira kulinga<strong>na</strong> <strong>na</strong> mapendekezo <strong>ya</strong> <strong>Tathmini</strong> <strong>ya</strong> <strong>Athari</strong> <strong>za</strong> <strong>Kimazingira</strong> <strong>na</strong> <strong>Kijamii</strong>. Mpango<br />
kamili wa Menejimenti <strong>ya</strong> Mazingira <strong>ya</strong> Ujenzi upo kwenye Kiambatisho D cha <strong>Tathmini</strong> <strong>ya</strong><br />
<strong>Athari</strong> <strong>za</strong> <strong>Kimazingira</strong> <strong>na</strong> <strong>Kijamii</strong> <strong>na</strong> kutolewa muhtasari hapa.<br />
Hivyo, Mpango huu maalumu kwa ajili <strong>ya</strong> Menejimenti <strong>ya</strong> Mazingira <strong>ya</strong> Ujenzi, u<strong>na</strong>tekele<strong>za</strong><br />
mwongozo ulio kwenye <strong>Tathmini</strong> <strong>ya</strong> <strong>Athari</strong> <strong>za</strong> <strong>Kimazingira</strong> <strong>na</strong> <strong>Kijamii</strong>. Mpango wa Menejimenti<br />
<strong>ya</strong> Mazingira <strong>ya</strong> Ujenzi u<strong>na</strong>zingatia kanuni <strong>za</strong> ISO 14001 (1996) kuhusu Mifumo <strong>ya</strong> Menejimenti<br />
<strong>ya</strong> Mazingira, <strong>na</strong> u<strong>na</strong>toa muundo wa uendele<strong>za</strong>ji, utekele<strong>za</strong>ji <strong>na</strong> upitiaji wa Mpango <strong>na</strong> mchakato<br />
ambao u<strong>na</strong>hakikisha uboreshaji endelevu katika shughuli <strong>za</strong> menejimenti <strong>ya</strong> mazingira <strong>ya</strong> ujenzi.<br />
Mpango wa Usimamizi wa Mazingira <strong>ya</strong> Ujenzi :<br />
U<strong>na</strong>jumuisha maelezo <strong>ya</strong> Sera <strong>ya</strong> Mazingira;<br />
U<strong>na</strong>angalia mahitaji <strong>ya</strong> mkataba <strong>na</strong> kanuni;<br />
U<strong>na</strong>toa taratibu zilizoandaliwa kushughulikia masuala <strong>ya</strong> mazingira <strong>na</strong> hatari<br />
zi<strong>na</strong>zohusia<strong>na</strong> <strong>na</strong> ujenzi;<br />
U<strong>na</strong>ele<strong>za</strong> utekele<strong>za</strong>ji <strong>na</strong> uendeshaji wa Mpango wa Menejimenti <strong>ya</strong> Mazingira <strong>ya</strong><br />
Ujenzi ili kuhakikisha kuwa muundo <strong>na</strong> majukumu vimepangwa; wafan<strong>ya</strong>kazi<br />
wamepatiwa mafunzo, wa<strong>na</strong>tambua <strong>na</strong> wa<strong>na</strong> ujuzi wa kutosha; <strong>na</strong> kuwa ku<strong>na</strong><br />
mawasiliano sahihi, utun<strong>za</strong>ji wa n<strong>ya</strong>raka, udhibiti wa uendeshaji <strong>na</strong> uta<strong>ya</strong>ri wa<br />
kukabilia<strong>na</strong> <strong>na</strong> dharura.<br />
U<strong>na</strong>bainisha wazi <strong>na</strong> kwa usahihi taratibu <strong>za</strong> kimuundo <strong>na</strong> kiufundi kwa ajili <strong>ya</strong><br />
utekele<strong>za</strong>ji wa Mpango wa Menejimenti <strong>ya</strong> Mazingira katika kuhakikisha kuwa<br />
shughuli <strong>za</strong> ujenzi zi<strong>na</strong>zowe<strong>za</strong> kuleta athari <strong>za</strong> kimazingira zi<strong>na</strong>fanyika kwa njia nzuri<br />
<strong>na</strong> kwa uangalifu mkubwa.<br />
RASIMU<br />
Juni 2007<br />
Norconsult
<strong>Muhtasari</strong> <strong>Jumuishi</strong> – <strong>Tathmini</strong> <strong>ya</strong> <strong>Athari</strong> <strong>za</strong> <strong>Kimazingira</strong> <strong>na</strong> <strong>Kijamii</strong><br />
Za Kiwanda cha Magadi Soda katika Ziwa Natron ukurasa - 21 -<br />
U<strong>na</strong>ele<strong>za</strong> hatua <strong>za</strong> uhakiki <strong>na</strong> urekebishaji kwa njia <strong>ya</strong> ufuatiliaji <strong>na</strong> upimaji.<br />
U<strong>na</strong>eleke<strong>za</strong> ukusan<strong>ya</strong>ji <strong>na</strong> uhifadhi wa taarifa, <strong>na</strong> ukaguzi wa programu;<br />
U<strong>na</strong>jumuisha mapitio <strong>ya</strong> menejimenti katika Mpango wa Menejimenti <strong>ya</strong> Mazingira <strong>na</strong><br />
u<strong>na</strong>wezesha uingi<strong>za</strong>ji wa marekebisho kwenye Mpango.<br />
5.2.1 Dha<strong>na</strong> <strong>na</strong> Malengo <strong>ya</strong> Mpango wa Menejimenti <strong>ya</strong> Mazingira <strong>ya</strong> Ujenzi<br />
Ni madhumuni <strong>ya</strong> Mpango wa Menejimenti <strong>ya</strong> Mazingira kufafanua hatua ambazo zitatekelezwa<br />
<strong>na</strong> mpendeke<strong>za</strong>ji wa mradi, pamoja <strong>na</strong> Mkandarasi wa Ujenzi wakati wa ujenzi wa Mradi ili<br />
kuondoa au kupungu<strong>za</strong> kwa viwango vi<strong>na</strong>vyokubalika athari kubwa <strong>za</strong> kibiofizikia, kijamii <strong>na</strong><br />
kiaf<strong>ya</strong> zi<strong>na</strong>zotoka<strong>na</strong> <strong>na</strong> shughuli <strong>za</strong> ujenzi. Utekele<strong>za</strong>ji wa mafanikio wa Mpango huu u<strong>na</strong>hitaji<br />
uthibitisho wa uhakika kuwa hatua maalum zilizo katika Mpango zitachukuliwa <strong>na</strong> pande husika<br />
<strong>za</strong> Mradi.<br />
Kwa kuzingatia mkabala huu wa jumla, Mradi uepuke, pale <strong>na</strong> wakati i<strong>na</strong>powezeka<strong>na</strong>, hali au<br />
matukio <strong>ya</strong>le ambayo <strong>ya</strong><strong>na</strong>we<strong>za</strong> kusababisha athari zisizokubalika, <strong>na</strong> mba<strong>ya</strong> kibiofizikia, kijamii<br />
<strong>na</strong> kiuchumi, au kiaf<strong>ya</strong>. Hata hivyo, kwa hali au athari zile <strong>za</strong> kimazingira ambazo haziwezi<br />
kuepukika, Mradi uchukue hatua sahihi <strong>za</strong> upungu<strong>za</strong>ji athari hizo.<br />
Mpango wa Menejimenti <strong>ya</strong> Mazingira umeandaliwa kwa msingi wa malengo <strong>ya</strong>fuatayo:<br />
<br />
Kuonyesha masuala <strong>ya</strong> kimazingira <strong>na</strong> kijamii <strong>na</strong> athari zilizobainishwa wakati wa<br />
maandalizi <strong>ya</strong> mradi <strong>na</strong> kuingizwa kwenye <strong>Tathmini</strong> <strong>ya</strong> <strong>Athari</strong> <strong>za</strong> Kiuchumi <strong>na</strong> <strong>Kijamii</strong><br />
(2007);<br />
Kukubalia<strong>na</strong> <strong>na</strong> kanuni <strong>na</strong> sheria <strong>za</strong> Serikali <strong>ya</strong> Tan<strong>za</strong>nia pamoja <strong>na</strong> kanuni <strong>za</strong><br />
ISO14001;<br />
<br />
Kubainisha marejeo <strong>ya</strong> utekele<strong>za</strong>ji <strong>na</strong> <strong>za</strong><strong>na</strong> kwa ajili <strong>ya</strong> menejimenti <strong>ya</strong> mazingira<br />
wakati wa shughuli <strong>za</strong> ujenzi.<br />
Mpango wa Menejimenti <strong>ya</strong> Mazingira <strong>ya</strong> Ujenzi umeandaliwa kama waraka u<strong>na</strong>owe<strong>za</strong><br />
kubadilika <strong>na</strong> kubadilishwa u<strong>na</strong>otoa uwezekano wa kufanyika mabadiliko kulinga<strong>na</strong> <strong>na</strong> shughuli<br />
<strong>za</strong> ujenzi, maeneo <strong>na</strong> hali <strong>ya</strong> mazingira. Taarifa <strong>na</strong> maelezo <strong>ya</strong>liyomo kwenye Mpango<br />
<strong>ya</strong><strong>na</strong>chukuliwa kuwa sahihi <strong>na</strong> <strong>ya</strong> kufaa katika Mradi kwa hali <strong>ya</strong>ke <strong>ya</strong> sasa. Hata hivyo, jinsi<br />
Mradi u<strong>na</strong>vyoendelea katika ujenzi, baadhi <strong>ya</strong> mabadiliko muhimu <strong>ya</strong><strong>na</strong>tarajiwa kutokea.<br />
Kufuatia hali hiyo i<strong>na</strong>we<strong>za</strong> ikalazimu kubadili <strong>na</strong> kurekebisha baadhi <strong>ya</strong> hatua <strong>na</strong> utekele<strong>za</strong>ji wa<br />
menejimenti <strong>ya</strong> mazingira katika Mpango huu ili kuonyesha kwa usahihi mabadiliko <strong>ya</strong> Mradi.<br />
Vivyo hivyo, i<strong>na</strong>we<strong>za</strong> ikalazimu kuongezea hatua mp<strong>ya</strong> <strong>za</strong> upungu<strong>za</strong>ji wa athari ili kushughulikia<br />
kwa usahihi matukio map<strong>ya</strong> <strong>na</strong> <strong>ya</strong>siyotegemewa <strong>ya</strong> Mradi. Kwa hali yoyote, marekebisho au<br />
nyonge<strong>za</strong> yoyote <strong>ya</strong> malengo, hatua <strong>na</strong> programu <strong>za</strong> menejimenti <strong>ya</strong> mazingira <strong>ya</strong> Mradi,<br />
<strong>ya</strong>fanyike kwa makini makubwa <strong>na</strong> kwa mchakato mzuri ili <strong>ya</strong>weze kutekelezeka. Menejimenti<br />
<strong>ya</strong> mchakato wa mabadiliko utatekelezwa wakati wa awamu <strong>ya</strong> ujenzi wa Mradi i<strong>na</strong>zingatia<br />
mapendekezo <strong>ya</strong> ISO 14001, ikiwa ni pamoja <strong>na</strong> ukaguzi wa ndani <strong>na</strong> mchakato wa upitiaji wa<br />
menejimenti.<br />
5.3 Muundo wa Mazingira<br />
Ngazi tatu <strong>za</strong> muundo, zi<strong>na</strong>zokamilisha<strong>na</strong> kikamilifu, zimewekwa <strong>na</strong> Mpango wa Menejimenti <strong>ya</strong><br />
Mazingira.<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
Mkaguzi wa Mazingira<br />
Afisa Msimamizi wa Mazingira (EMO),<br />
Afisa Mazingira wa Eneo la Ujenzi (ESO)<br />
RASIMU<br />
Juni 2007<br />
Norconsult
<strong>Muhtasari</strong> <strong>Jumuishi</strong> – <strong>Tathmini</strong> <strong>ya</strong> <strong>Athari</strong> <strong>za</strong> <strong>Kimazingira</strong> <strong>na</strong> <strong>Kijamii</strong><br />
Za Kiwanda cha Magadi Soda katika Ziwa Natron ukurasa - 22 -<br />
Muundo wa jumla umewasilishwa kwenye mchoro ufuatao:<br />
Mchoro wa 8: Utaratibu wa Menejimenti <strong>ya</strong> Mazingira <strong>ya</strong> Ujenzi<br />
Muundo wa Menejimenti <strong>ya</strong> Mazingira uliofafanuliwa hapo juu u<strong>na</strong>jumuisha Afisa Msimamizi<br />
wa Mazingira (EMO) <strong>na</strong> Afisa Mazingira <strong>ya</strong> Eneo la Ujenzi (ESO). Kazi <strong>ya</strong> EMO ni kwa muda<br />
wa kipindi cha ujenzi pamoja <strong>na</strong> kipindi cha ukaguzi baada <strong>ya</strong> ujenzi.<br />
Kazi <strong>ya</strong> Afisa Msimamizi wa Mazingira i<strong>na</strong>tekelezwa <strong>na</strong>:<br />
<br />
<br />
Afisa mtaalamu wa usimamizi wa mazingira kwenye Mradi (<strong>na</strong> wasaidizi);<br />
Msaada kutoka kwa Mhandisi Mshauri (CE) kupitia mfan<strong>ya</strong>kazi msimamizi wa eneo la<br />
ujenzi.<br />
Afisa Msimamizi wa Mazingira a<strong>na</strong>ratibu (moja kwa moja au kupitia Mhandisi Mshauri) <strong>na</strong><br />
Makandarasi mbalimbali wa Ujenzi <strong>na</strong> Maafisa Mazingira wa Eneo la Ujenzi walioteuliwa <strong>na</strong><br />
Makandarasi wa Ujenzi. Jukumu la jumla la Afisa Msimamizi wa Mazingira ni kusimamia <strong>na</strong><br />
kufuatilia jinsi Makandarasi wa ujenzi wa<strong>na</strong>vyozingatia <strong>na</strong> kutekele<strong>za</strong> Mpango wa Menejimenti<br />
<strong>ya</strong> Mazingira (ikiwa ni pamoja <strong>na</strong> kuzingatia majukumu muhimu <strong>ya</strong>liyoko kwenye Mpango).<br />
Afisa Msimamizi wa Mazingira husaidiwa <strong>na</strong> Mhandisi Mshauri <strong>na</strong> Afisa Msimamizi wa<br />
Mazingira <strong>ya</strong> Eneo la Ujenzi, ambaye a<strong>na</strong>wajibika katika ufuatiliaji wa shughuli zi<strong>na</strong>zohusia<strong>na</strong> <strong>na</strong><br />
ujenzi <strong>na</strong> uchukuaji wa hatua <strong>za</strong> kulinda mazingira kwenye eneo la ujenzi kama sehemu <strong>ya</strong><br />
masharti <strong>ya</strong> Mpango wa Menejimenti <strong>ya</strong> Mazingira.<br />
Afisa Msimamizi wa Mazingira <strong>ya</strong> Eneo la Ujenzi ndiye mhusika mkuu katika masuala yote <strong>ya</strong><br />
kimazingira <strong>na</strong> huwasilia<strong>na</strong> moja kwa moja <strong>na</strong> Afisa Msimamizi wa Mazingira <strong>na</strong> Mhandisi<br />
Mshauri. Afisa Msimamizi wa Mazingira <strong>ya</strong> Eneo la Ujenzi mara kwa mara huwa kwenye eneo la<br />
ujenzi wakati wa ujenzi.<br />
Maafisa Wasimamizi wa Mazingira <strong>ya</strong> Eneo la Ujenzi ni maafisa wa masuala <strong>ya</strong> kiufundi wenye<br />
ujuzi wa kutosha (mara nyingi ni mhandisi wa Mkandarasi wa Ujenzi katika eneo la ujenzi).<br />
Afisa Msimamizi wa Mazingira <strong>ya</strong> Eneo la Ujenzi hufan<strong>ya</strong> ukaguzi wa mara kwa mara wa<br />
shughuli zi<strong>na</strong>zohusia<strong>na</strong> <strong>na</strong> masuala <strong>ya</strong> mazingira <strong>na</strong> hutoa ushauri wa kila siku kwa wafan<strong>ya</strong>kazi<br />
wa kuhusu masuala <strong>ya</strong> mazingira. Uthibitisho hufanywa <strong>na</strong> Afisa Msimamizi wa Mazingira Eneo<br />
la Ujenzi.<br />
RASIMU<br />
Juni 2007<br />
Norconsult
<strong>Muhtasari</strong> <strong>Jumuishi</strong> – <strong>Tathmini</strong> <strong>ya</strong> <strong>Athari</strong> <strong>za</strong> <strong>Kimazingira</strong> <strong>na</strong> <strong>Kijamii</strong><br />
Za Kiwanda cha Magadi Soda katika Ziwa Natron ukurasa - 23 -<br />
5.4 Gharama <strong>za</strong> Kupungu<strong>za</strong> <strong>Athari</strong><br />
Ukiondoa upungu<strong>za</strong>ji athari kimuundo, gharama <strong>za</strong> kupungu<strong>za</strong> uharibifu wa mazingira <strong>na</strong><br />
ufuatiliaji (mtaji <strong>na</strong> matumizi <strong>ya</strong> kawaida <strong>ya</strong> mwaka) zi<strong>na</strong>kadiriwa kuwa wastani wa dola <strong>za</strong><br />
Kimarekani milioni 2.9 kwa awamu <strong>ya</strong> ujenzi.<br />
6 UHUSIKAJI WA MAMLAKA ZA SERIKALI NA WANANCHI/AZISE<br />
Kuhusishwa kwa wa<strong>na</strong>nchi (jamii i<strong>na</strong>yozunguka mradi uliopendekezwa, mamlaka <strong>za</strong> serikali<br />
pamoja <strong>na</strong> pande nyingine zi<strong>na</strong>zopenda <strong>na</strong> zi<strong>na</strong>zoathirika) ni jambo muhimu <strong>na</strong> la lazima katika<br />
Tan<strong>za</strong>nia kwa ajili <strong>ya</strong> kuidhinishwa /kukubalika kwa tathmini <strong>ya</strong> athari <strong>za</strong> <strong>Kimazingira</strong> <strong>na</strong><br />
<strong>Kijamii</strong>. Mchango wa maoni <strong>ya</strong> wa<strong>na</strong>nchi u<strong>na</strong>toa <strong>na</strong>fasi kwa mamlaka zi<strong>na</strong>zounga mkono mradi,<br />
watu watakaoathirika <strong>na</strong> mradi pamoja <strong>na</strong> mwendele<strong>za</strong>ji wa mradi kuhakikisha kwamba maamuzi<br />
<strong>ya</strong><strong>na</strong>yofikiwa kuhusu mradi <strong>ya</strong><strong>na</strong>tilia maa<strong>na</strong>ni v<strong>ya</strong> kutosha hofu <strong>na</strong> mapendekezo <strong>ya</strong>liyotolewa.<br />
Kufan<strong>ya</strong> hivyo kutajenga uhusiano endelevu kikazi bai<strong>na</strong> <strong>ya</strong> mwendele<strong>za</strong>ji <strong>na</strong> pande zenye<br />
maslahi au zitakazoathirika. Aidha, kutatoa picha halisi <strong>ya</strong> ubora <strong>na</strong> mshikamano wa ushirikiano<br />
<strong>na</strong> miundombinu ambavyo mpendeke<strong>za</strong>ji wa mradi a<strong>na</strong>we<strong>za</strong> kuvitumia au kuvitegemea katika<br />
kupungu<strong>za</strong> athari <strong>za</strong> mradi.<br />
Kutoka katika awamu <strong>ya</strong> uibuaji washauri wamebainisha pande muhimu zenye maslahi <strong>na</strong><br />
zi<strong>na</strong>zoathirika kupitia ushauri <strong>na</strong> kwa njia hiyo orodha pa<strong>na</strong> <strong>ya</strong> pande zenye maslahi <strong>na</strong><br />
zitakazoathirika imeandaliwa. Orodha hiyo i<strong>na</strong>jumuisha pande <strong>za</strong> kitaifa <strong>na</strong> kimataifa pamoja <strong>na</strong><br />
watu bi<strong>na</strong>fsi wenye maslahi <strong>na</strong> eneo la mradi kama vile Asasi zisizo <strong>za</strong> Kiserikali (AZISE),<br />
Mashirika <strong>ya</strong> Kiraia, Mashirika <strong>ya</strong> <strong>Kijamii</strong> <strong>na</strong> wawakilishi wa jamii, maafisa wa serikali, nk.<br />
Pande zote zenye maslahi <strong>na</strong> zitakazoathirika zilipewa taarifa kuhusu mradi katika waraka wa<br />
taarifa <strong>za</strong> mradi, kufan<strong>ya</strong> hivyo kulikuwa <strong>na</strong> lengo la kuchochea mjadala kwa kuwa taarifa zilitoa<br />
picha kubwa kwa mradi ambayo ilitegemewa iwezeshe pande zenye maslahi <strong>na</strong> zitakazoathirika<br />
kuibua masuala <strong>ya</strong><strong>na</strong>yotarajiwa au <strong>ya</strong>liyopo kuhusia<strong>na</strong> <strong>na</strong> mradi.<br />
Mashauriano <strong>na</strong> pande zenye maslahi <strong>na</strong> zitakazoathirika <strong>ya</strong>liendelea wakati wote katika tathmini<br />
<strong>ya</strong> <strong>Athari</strong> <strong>za</strong> <strong>Kimazingira</strong> <strong>na</strong> <strong>Kijamii</strong> <strong>na</strong> kumbukumbu zote <strong>za</strong> mikutano ziliandikwa <strong>na</strong><br />
kuwasilishwa katika Kiambatisho C cha tathmini <strong>ya</strong> <strong>Athari</strong> <strong>za</strong> <strong>Kimazingira</strong> <strong>na</strong> <strong>Kijamii</strong><br />
6.1 Pande zenye Maslahi <strong>na</strong> Zitakazoathirika <strong>na</strong> Kiwanda cha Magadi Soda katika Ziwa Natron<br />
Pande zenye maslahi <strong>na</strong> zitakazoathirika zimepangwa katika makundi matatu <strong>ya</strong>fuatayo <strong>ya</strong><br />
maslahi/kazi:<br />
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Mpendeke<strong>za</strong>ji wa mradi; NDC <strong>na</strong> TCL ambao ni wamiliki wa hisa katika Lake Natron<br />
Resources Limited<br />
Serikali Kuu <strong>na</strong> wasimamizi wa mazingira<br />
Serikali <strong>za</strong> Mitaa,<br />
AZISE <strong>za</strong> Kitaifa <strong>na</strong> Kimataifa, Mashirika <strong>ya</strong> Kiraia, Mashirika <strong>ya</strong> <strong>Kijamii</strong><br />
Wadau wa Biashara/Utalii<br />
Wadau wa nje <strong>ya</strong> mipaka<br />
Wadau wote walioorodheshwa waliombwa kushiriki kwenye mikutano <strong>ya</strong> ushauri.<br />
RASIMU<br />
Juni 2007<br />
Norconsult
<strong>Muhtasari</strong> <strong>Jumuishi</strong> – <strong>Tathmini</strong> <strong>ya</strong> <strong>Athari</strong> <strong>za</strong> <strong>Kimazingira</strong> <strong>na</strong> <strong>Kijamii</strong><br />
Za Kiwanda cha Magadi Soda katika Ziwa Natron ukurasa - 24 -<br />
7 MUHTASARI NA MAHITIMISHO<br />
7.1 Eneo la Mradi<br />
<strong>Tathmini</strong> <strong>ya</strong> maeneo <strong>ya</strong>liyofikiriwa i<strong>na</strong>onyesha kuwa eneo la kufaa <strong>za</strong>idi lilikuwa eneo la Wosi<br />
Wosi ambalo lipo upande wa mashariki <strong>ya</strong> ufukwe kwa Ziwa. Kisha mambo kadhaa <strong>ya</strong>litumika<br />
katika kubainisha mahali pa<strong>na</strong>pofaa kuwa eneo la mradi, mambo hayo <strong>ya</strong>likuwa:<br />
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Eneo lenye athari chache katika ku<strong>za</strong>lia<strong>na</strong> kwa flamingo;<br />
Kuepuka delta <strong>za</strong> mito i<strong>na</strong>yoingia ziwani<br />
Eneo la kutosha kujenga kiwanda<br />
Tofauti ndogo <strong>ya</strong> mwinuko kati <strong>ya</strong> usawa wa Ziwa <strong>na</strong> kiwanda<br />
Makazi machache <strong>na</strong> matumizi madogo <strong>ya</strong> ardhi<br />
Karibu <strong>na</strong> chanzo cha maji <strong>ya</strong> magadi iwezeka<strong>na</strong>vyo<br />
Mchoro 9: Eneo la jumla lililopendekezwa ujenzi (kuelekea Mtoni) - Novemba 2006<br />
Eneo li<strong>na</strong> sehemu chache zi<strong>na</strong>zofaa kwa kuwa kusogea eneo la kaskazini <strong>za</strong>idi kutaingilia eneo<br />
la Lesser Flamingo <strong>na</strong> Chestnut-banded Plover <strong>na</strong> sehemu <strong>ya</strong> kusini ku<strong>na</strong> maeneo machache<br />
yenye eneo la wazi la kutosha kwa ajili <strong>ya</strong> kiwanda.<br />
Matatizo <strong>na</strong> wasiwasi kuhusu eneo ulikuwa:<br />
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Kuwepo kwa chemchem <strong>za</strong> magadi karibu <strong>na</strong> eneo;<br />
Ukusan<strong>ya</strong>ji wa magadi katika chemchem <strong>za</strong> magadi zilizo kusini u<strong>na</strong>ofanywa <strong>na</strong> jamii<br />
<strong>za</strong> wenyeji (kiwango kidogo, lakini muhimu);<br />
RASIMU<br />
Juni 2007<br />
Norconsult
<strong>Muhtasari</strong> <strong>Jumuishi</strong> – <strong>Tathmini</strong> <strong>ya</strong> <strong>Athari</strong> <strong>za</strong> <strong>Kimazingira</strong> <strong>na</strong> <strong>Kijamii</strong><br />
Za Kiwanda cha Magadi Soda katika Ziwa Natron ukurasa - 25 -<br />
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Ndani <strong>ya</strong> mipaka <strong>ya</strong> eneo la Ramsar <strong>ya</strong> Ziwa Natron;<br />
Eneo dogo la upanuzi kutoka<strong>na</strong> <strong>na</strong> miamba iliyon<strong>ya</strong>nyuka hadi mita 90 kutoka ziwani;<br />
Kuwepo kwa makazi <strong>ya</strong> wafugaji karibu <strong>na</strong> eneo (karibu <strong>na</strong> boma ni 1.5 km kutoka<br />
pembeni mwa eneo).<br />
Kuwepo kwa mawe <strong>ya</strong> kale (hasa chert) vitu v<strong>ya</strong> kale vimesambaa katika eneo lote<br />
Uzuri wa eneo:<br />
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Lipo katika ukanda wenye athari ndogo kwa ndege;<br />
Karibu <strong>na</strong> Ziwa;<br />
Karibu <strong>na</strong> chanzo cha maji <strong>ya</strong> magadi:<br />
Tofauti ndogo <strong>ya</strong> mwinuko kati <strong>ya</strong> kiwanda <strong>na</strong> usawa wa ziwa;<br />
Watu wachache katika maeneo <strong>ya</strong><strong>na</strong>yozunguka;<br />
Mpaka wa Ramsar chini <strong>ya</strong> 3.5 km kutoka eneo ambalo litafaa kujengwa mji mdogo nje<br />
<strong>ya</strong> eneo la Ramsar<br />
Mchoro 10: Eneo la Ziwa Natron li<strong>na</strong>lohitaji ulinzi wakati wa ujenzi <strong>na</strong> uendeshaji<br />
8 MAELEZO KUHUSU ATHARI ZA KIMAZINGIRA<br />
Utafiti kuhusu <strong>Athari</strong> <strong>za</strong> <strong>Kimazingira</strong> <strong>na</strong> <strong>Kijamii</strong> u<strong>na</strong>hitimisha kuwa:<br />
RASIMU<br />
Juni 2007<br />
Norconsult
<strong>Muhtasari</strong> <strong>Jumuishi</strong> – <strong>Tathmini</strong> <strong>ya</strong> <strong>Athari</strong> <strong>za</strong> <strong>Kimazingira</strong> <strong>na</strong> <strong>Kijamii</strong><br />
Za Kiwanda cha Magadi Soda katika Ziwa Natron ukurasa - 26 -<br />
Kutoka<strong>na</strong> <strong>na</strong> maarifa <strong>na</strong> uelewa uliopo wa hali <strong>za</strong> kijamii <strong>na</strong> kimazingira katika Ziwa Natron,<br />
haku<strong>na</strong> athari hata moja au <strong>za</strong> pamoja zilizobainishwa kuwa kwa uhakika zitazuia uendele<strong>za</strong>ji wa<br />
mradi. Hata hivyo kutoka<strong>na</strong> <strong>na</strong> unyeti wa mazingira husika, uendele<strong>za</strong>ji wa ai<strong>na</strong> yoyote itabidi<br />
uzingatie kikamilifu kanuni <strong>na</strong> sheria <strong>za</strong> menejimenti <strong>ya</strong> mazingira pamoja <strong>na</strong> utaratibu dhabiti<br />
wa ufuatiliaji wa kimazingira.<br />
Hata hivyo, lazima ieleweke kuwa maarifa kidogo <strong>ya</strong>liyopo kuhusu mfumo wa ekolojia <strong>ya</strong> Ziwa<br />
Natron u<strong>na</strong>vyofan<strong>ya</strong> kazi kuhusia<strong>na</strong> <strong>na</strong> Lesser Flamingo <strong>ya</strong><strong>na</strong>onyesha kuwa mradi u<strong>na</strong>we<strong>za</strong><br />
kuwa <strong>na</strong> kiwango kikubwa uhatarishaji wa mazingira kwa spishi hizi baada <strong>ya</strong> muda mrefu<br />
kiwango ambacho mradi u<strong>na</strong>we<strong>za</strong> usiwe <strong>na</strong> uwezo wa kupungu<strong>za</strong> athari <strong>za</strong>ke moja kwa moja.<br />
Uhusiano wenye nguvu kiutekele<strong>za</strong>ji bai<strong>na</strong> <strong>ya</strong> ufuatiliaji wa masuala <strong>ya</strong> mazingira <strong>na</strong> maendeleo<br />
<strong>ya</strong> shughuli <strong>za</strong> mradi itabidi uundwe kama njia muhimu <strong>ya</strong> kuzuia hatari hizo kadiri<br />
iwezeka<strong>na</strong>vyo.<br />
RASIMU<br />
Juni 2007<br />
Norconsult