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EDUCATION FOR ALL GLOBAL MONITORING REPORT 2015 GENDER SUMMARY Contents List of boxes and figures ..................................................................................... v Introduction ........................................................................................................ 1 Key Messages .................................................................................................... 3 Global progress towards gender parity and equality 2000–2015 ............................ 5 Growing international commitment to gender parity and equality in education from 2000......................................................................... 5 Trends in education and gender, 2000–2015 .................................................... 6 Progress towards gender parity in education.................................................... 7 Gender parity has nearly been achieved in pre-primary education......................................................................... 9 Major progress in primary education but much more is needed............................................................................. 9 Progress has been made in countries where girls faced the greatest disadvantage.................................... 10 The poorest girls remain the least likely to enrol in school............................................................................ 12 Given the chance to enrol in school, girls progress alongside boys............................................................... 12 Poverty deepens gender disparities in attainment of primary education...................................................... 14 Gender disparity is wider and more varied in secondary education...................................................................... 14 Poor primary attainment and dropout from secondary education reinforce disparity.................................. 17 More women than men in tertiary education except in two regions...................................................................... 17 Gender parity in learning outcomes yet to be achieved.......................................................................................... 17 Learning assessments highlight gender differences in subject performance.............................................. 20 In poorer settings, girls continue to face disadvantage in achievement.........................................................20 Girls may face disadvantage in national examinations....................................................................................20 Gender parity in literacy is poor................................................................................................................................20 World Inequality Database on Education (WIDE) .................................................. 24 Challenges and policy solutions to achieve gender equality post-2015 ................ 26 Persistent barriers to achieving equality in education.................................... 26 Early marriage and adolescent pregnancy limit girls’ education .......................................................................... 26 Legislation has been strengthened but is not sufficient to eliminate child marriage ...................................26 Adolescent mothers face challenges in continuing their education ............................................................. 27 Children’s work affects their schooling .................................................................................................................. 28 School-related gender-based violence must be tackled ....................................................................................... 29 Achieving gender parity and equality in education: Key strategies and policies .............................................................................. 30 International coordination and campaigns have pushed for gender equality ...................................................... 31 Gender mainstreaming is a key strategy ................................................................................................................ 32 Comprehensive policy frameworks have supported progress in girls’ education ........................................ 32 Budgets can be used to promote gender equality ......................................................................................... 33 Policy frameworks can face challenges ......................................................................................................... 33 iii
GENDER SUMMARY EDUCATION FOR ALL GLOBAL MONITORING REPORT 2015 Civil society and community mobilization is necessary ......................................................................................... 33 Reducing costs of schooling is effective ................................................................................................................. 34 There is some success with scholarships and stipends ................................................................................ 35 Cash transfers and school-feeding programmes are generally positive ...................................................... 36 Expanding and improving school infrastructure benefits both girls and boys...................................................... 36 Building more schools reduces the barrier of distance ................................................................................. 36 Water and sanitation must be addressed for gender equality ....................................................................... 37 Recruiting female teachers has a positive effect on girls’ schooling ................................................................... 37 Female representation in the teaching force falls as the level of education rises ....................................... 39 Gender-sensitive classroom practices should be promoted ................................................................................. 40 Gender equality can be promoted through teaching and learning materials ....................................................... 41 Gender-sensitive curricula should be developed ........................................................................................... 41 Comprehensive sexuality education, including HIV and AIDS, is important ................................................. 41 Eliminating gender bias in textbooks is challenging .......................................................................................42 Violence in schools can be addressed by advocacy and policy responses ............................................................ 43 Effective initiatives exist to support equality in learning outcomes .......................................................................44 Girls’ participation and performance in mathematics and science can be encouraged ...............................44 Young people who are out of school should be able to access alternative education opportunities ................... 45 A greater push for gender equality and empowerment ................................ 45 Recommendations ................................................................................................ 48 iv
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