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List of figures Figure 1: A Facebook bug affects external websites on February 8, 2013. Image reproduced with permission from The Next Web. http://thenextweb.com/facebook/2013/02/08/apparent-issue-with-facebook-connect-isdragging-people-from-around-the-web-to-a-moot-error-page/ [Accessed 25 March 2015]. 1 Figure 2: Four sketches showing platform interoperability among social media platforms. The sketches display the interconnections between social media platforms created by the possibility to cross-post content from one platform to another. Analysis by Anne Helmond, Sabine Niederer, Auke Touwslager, Laura van der Vlies and Esther Weltevrede. Visualizations by Anne Helmond, created with Adobe Illustrator. © Digital Methods Initiative. November 2008. 9 Figure 3: Walled garden data flows. The graphic characterizes the types of data flows between three social media platforms: Twitter, Flickr and Facebook. It displays the availability of four types of data exchange mechanisms that enable data to flow in and out of the platform: APIs, embed codes, widgets and RSS. The data flows are visualized as inbound and outbound data flows to indicate their direction. The availability of data exchange mechanisms and the direction of data flows have been used to determine the permeability of the platforms. Analysis by Anne Helmond, Sabine Niederer, Auke Touwslager, Laura van der Vlies and Esther Weltevrede. Visualization by Auke Touwslager, created with Adobe Illustrator. © Digital Methods Initiative. November 2008. 10 Figure 4: Data flow diagram depicting the various data exchange mechanisms between social media platforms. The diagram represents the data flows between the social media platforms used by a single user, myself, in the Spring of 2009. The graphic shows the interoperability mechanisms—the data exchange mechanisms of APIs, embed codes and RSS feeds—connecting the various platforms into a social media platform ecology. Visualizations by Anne Helmond, created with OmniGraffle. May 2009. 11 Figure 5: Loglijst, an early Dutch blogosphere indexing initiative. The site shows the last updated Dutch blogs, the top 10 Dutch blogs from this week and last week, the updates per hour and the number of blog posts per day in the Dutch blogosphere. Screenshot from the Loglijst website as archived in the Internet Archive’s Wayback Machine, 24 July 2002. Retrieved from: http://web.archive.org/web/20020724165825/http://www.nederhoed.com/~jeewee/ [Accessed 1 September 2011]. 50 Figure 6: The Dutch blogosphere in transition. The rise and evolution of the Dutch blogosphere between 1999 and 2009. Grey depicts the hyperlink network of all the years together and red shows the blogosphere of a particular year. The Dutch blogs were retrieved from the Internet Archive Wayback Machine between 1999 and 2009 using the Internet Archive Wayback Machine Network Per Year which outputs a network per year. Subsequently, the historical hyperlink networks were created with Gephi, based on a co- vii
link analysis. Visualization created by Anne Helmond and Esther Weltevrede with Gephi and in Adobe Illustrator, 2011. 56 Figure 7: The pre-blogosphere in 1999 showing early blogs linking outward. The network graph displays the connections between blogs in the dataset of 1999. In this graphic no co-link analysis was performed to show that early Dutch bloggers are linking outward but do not receive many links back. Due to the lack of reciprocal links the early Dutch blogs do not interconnect into a blogosphere. The Dutch blogs were retrieved from the Internet Archive Wayback Machine between 1999 and 2009 using the Internet Archive Wayback Machine Network Per Year which outputs a network per year. Visualization created by Anne Helmond and Esther Weltevrede with Gephi and in Adobe Illustrator, 2011. 57 Figure 8: The reconstructed Dutch blogosphere in 2000. All the blogs have been color-coded based on the type of host. Blue shows bloggers on personal homepages, pink shows bloggers on student pages and yellow shows bloggers on early hosted blog services such as weblogs.com and editthispage.com, provided by early blogger Dave Winer. The network graph was retrieved from the G-Atlas, a piece of software developed by the TIC- Migrations group from Paris, to load Gephi networks for further analysis. G-Atlas allows researchers to explore their corpus and can be used as an analytical tool for network statistics and for color coding a corpus. The G-Atlas contains the networks of each historical blogosphere per year between 1999 and 2009 and one composite network of all the years combined. See: https://dutchblogosphere.digitalmethods.net/gatlas/ [Accessed 12 April 2013]. 58 Figure 9: The Dutch marketing cluster in the reconstructed Dutch blogosphere in 2005. The historical blogosphere was constructed from the outlinks of a custom collection of archived Dutch blogs retrieved from the Internet Archive Wayback Machine on which co-link analysis was performed. The network graph was retrieved from the G-Atlas, a piece of software developed by the TIC-Migrations group from Paris, to load Gephi networks for further analysis. G-Atlas allows researchers to explore their corpus and can be used as an analytical tool to color-code a corpus and because it outputs corpus statistics. The G-Atlas contains the networks of each blogosphere from 1999 to 2009 and one composite network of all the years combined. See: https://dutchblogosphere.digitalmethods.net/gatlas/ [Accessed 12 April 2013]. 59 Figure 10: Bloggers linking to Nedstat Basic, a Dutch statistics provider, in the reconstructed Dutch blogosphere in 2004. The historical blogosphere was constructed from the outlinks of a custom collection of archived Dutch blogs retrieved from the Internet Archive Wayback Machine on which co-link analysis was performed. The network graph was retrieved from the G-Atlas, a piece of software developed by the TIC- Migrations group from Paris, to load Gephi networks for further analysis. G-Atlas allows researchers to explore their corpus and can be used as an analytical tool to color-code a corpus and because it outputs corpus statistics. The G-Atlas contains the networks of each blogosphere from 1999 to 2009 and one composite network of all the years combined. See: https://dutchblogosphere.digitalmethods.net/gatlas/ [Accessed 12 April 2013]. 60 Figure 11: Widgetized blogs: A collection of widgets in the sidebars of blogs. Author’s collection. 2010. 62 viii
Page 1 and 2: as Platform Data Flows in Social Me
Page 3 and 4: Promotiecommissie Promotor: Prof. d
Page 5 and 6: Thanks to Mathieu Jacomy for provid
Page 7 and 8: authored with Carolin. This paper w
Page 9: The automation of the hyperlink 72
Page 13 and 14: Figure 17: The hit economy—a coll
Page 15 and 16: screenshot, view A (left), the miss
Page 17 and 18: List of tools G-Atlas. Developed by
Page 19 and 20: the external websites they were try
Page 21 and 22: forward that social media platforms
Page 23 and 24: Felicia Song calls the so-called sh
Page 25 and 26: Walled Garden conference focused on
Page 27 and 28: automatically pulled in the latest
Page 29 and 30: external entities, processes or dat
Page 31 and 32: This field has emerged from a numbe
Page 33 and 34: In this dissertation I align myself
Page 35 and 36: Twitter’s platform. 42 Together,
Page 37 and 38: of the web have changed, requiring
Page 39 and 40: (Rogers 2013) with methods for what
Page 41 and 42: and counters as metrics for user en
Page 43 and 44: 2. The platformization of the web S
Page 45 and 46: the other connotations to address o
Page 47 and 48: as walled gardens has a longer hist
Page 49 and 50: ivals (2011, 323). 51 Whereas inter
Page 51 and 52: when Tim O’Reilly rhetorically re
Page 53 and 54: The platformization of the web With
Page 55 and 56: within the Facebook environment its
Page 57 and 58: code—like a reversed black hole
Page 59 and 60: website, webmasters need to make th
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on an external website. Such mechan
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3. The coming of the platforms: Ret
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network visualizations, they all pr
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matter” in a December 2010 blog p
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embedded into a much bigger picture
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In what follows, I further describe
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Figure 6: The Dutch blogosphere in
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Retecool who form a closely linked
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Figure 13 shows how social media pl
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widget” (Braiker 2006). Personali
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single Twitter.com node. I further
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Although the Dutch blogosphere pref
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media platforms and a consequence t
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the existing configuration as the h
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this economy and have contributed t
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The pre-configuration of the hyperl
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within the Digg documentation, whic
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ecoming unclickable—in email clie
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a general USS for statistics, many
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To generate the stories that are ba
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analysis. The Topsy API allows URL
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First, it shows the proliferation o
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and consumed by a particular commun
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5. The Like economy: Social buttons
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ought or exchanged directly, websit
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possibilities for more web users to
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forward as a social activity that c
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traffic, affects, connections, and
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content and data into the platform,
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traffic comes with an embedded data
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production and recentralized data p
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Langlois et al. (2009), that is cre
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that the German Consumer Advice Cen
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Figure 22: The Facebook Demetricato
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social buttons has reintroduced the
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these websites are embedded in. In
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developing a method to reconstruct
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contribute a new approach that exam
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analytics, advertisements or social
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Brügger describes that the “impa
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Analyzing historical website ecosys
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such as trackers, shows a specific
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Figure 25: Ghostery detecting track
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In a second step I used the Tracker
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Figure 28: The number of trackers t
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This case study on the New York Tim
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Figure 30: Live web view of the Huf
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Figure 32: The Facebook Comments pl
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mechanism for data, comments, which
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eceives a unique ID to identify the
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This second case study has demonstr
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7. Conclusion: Studying the platfor
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their boundaries. Employing the app
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production online. Search engines t
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platforms use their platform featur
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Further research should focus on th
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with the consequences. Whilst the r
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methods, I analyze the underlying p
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Most prominently, apps are supposed
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web van links naar likes, en 5) de
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van verbindingen tussen websites, 3
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———. 2012. “Writing Web His
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Blood, Rebecca. 2004. “How Bloggi
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“Participations| Part 5: PLATFORM
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Facebook Statistics. 2011. “Faceb
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———. 2014. “What Do Metrics
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Kinsey, Mark. 2009. “Keeping Coun
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Lomborg, Stine, and Anja Bechmann.
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Naaijkens, Maarten. 2013. “Hyves
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Rogers, Richard. 2002. “Operating
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Star, Susan Leigh, and Karen Ruhled
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Van Dijck, José, and David Nieborg
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Appendices Appendix A: GREL coded a
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Appendix C: URL Follow with cURL Th
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